ADC全容积直方图分析法鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块样病变

目的 探讨ADC全容积直方图分析法鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿块样病变的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的88例乳腺肿块样病变患者,其中恶性57例、良性31例,均接受乳腺MR平扫+动态增强及DWI扫描,测量并记录ADC全容积直方图参数（包括多个百分位ADC值、ADC_min、ADC_max、ADC_mean、偏度、峰度及标准差）及常规平均ADC值。比较乳腺良恶性病变各ADC直方图参数及常规平均ADC值,采用ROC曲线分析评估各参数鉴别良恶性病变的效能。结果 良恶性病变ADC直方图参数（各ADC值、偏度、峰度、标准差）及常规平均ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;其中第75、90百分位ADC值鉴别良恶性病变的AUC最高,为0.84。ADC直方图参数ADC_mean、第50百分位ADC值鉴别乳腺肿块样病变良恶性的AUC与常规平均ADC值的AUC比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 ADC全容积直方图可全面反映病灶整体信息,对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变具有一定价值。     

MRI对乳腺非肿块样强化良恶性病变的鉴别诊断

目的 探讨MRI对乳腺非肿块样强化（NME）良恶性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析96例乳腺NME病灶的MRI,参考2013年BI-RADS观察并比较良恶性病变间分布方式、内部强化特征、脂肪抑制T2WI信号、时间信号曲线（TIC）类型的差异,以多因素Logistic回归分析获得NME恶性病变的危险因素。结果 96例患者中良性28例,恶性68例。单因素分析结果显示,在内部强化方式上,良恶性病变间表现为均匀强化的差异有统计学意义（P=0.026）;在脂肪抑制T2WI信号上,良恶性病变间表现为高信号和等信号的差异有统计学意义（P=0.025、0.045）;在TIC类型上,良恶性病变间表现为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型的差异有统计学意义（P=0.013、0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析,得到脂肪抑制T2WI等信号和TIC Ⅲ型是恶性病变的危险因素,优势比分别为5.228和10.841。结论 MRI征象对鉴别乳腺良恶性NME病变具有一定的价值。     

乳腺MRI特征及ADC值预测乳腺影像报告和数据系统4类良恶性病变

目的 探讨乳腺MRI特征及ADC值对乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类良恶性病变的预测能力，并尝试建立Logistic回归预测模型。方法 收集MRI诊断为BI-RADS 4类病变、并取得病理结果的79例乳腺病变患者（82个病变）。采用单因素二元Logistic回归及两独立样本t检验分析各MRI特征和ADC值鉴别良恶性乳腺病变的统计学意义，并建立多因素Logistic回归预测模型，绘制ROC曲线评价回归模型预测BI-RADS 4类病变良恶性的效能。结果 肿块型病变中，将边缘、内部强化及ADC值纳入Logistic回归预测模型中（P均<0.05，伪R²=0.62），其诊断良恶性乳腺病变的ROC曲线AUC为0.981，敏感度为87.80%，特异度为100%。非肿块型病变中，无预测变量纳入建立Logistic回归预测模型（P均>0.1）。结论 乳腺MRI特征（边缘、内部强化）及ADC值对预测肿块型BI-RADS 4类病变的良恶性具有一定意义；Logistic回归预测模型可有效鉴别BI-RADS 4类肿块型病变性质。     

DCE-MRI联合IVIM-DWI鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变

目的 探讨动态增强MRI(DCE-MRI)联合体素内不相干运动DWI(IVIM-DWI)鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值.方法 收集因乳腺病变接受DCE-MRI及IVIM-DWI检查的患者87例,经术后病理证实共93个病灶,其中良性病灶42个(良性组),恶性病灶51个(恶性组).对两组的DCE-MRI参数(病变形态、强化特点、峰值时间、最大增强斜率和TIC类型)及IVIM-DWI参数(f、D和D^*值)进行比较.采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定DCE-MRI、IVIM-DWI及二者联合鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的独立影响因素.以病理诊断结果为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,并计算曲线下面积(AUC).结果 DCE-MRI、IVIM-DWI及二者联合诊断乳腺良恶性病变,纳入Logistic回归方程的独立影响因素分别为形态、TIC类型,D值,形态、TIC类型及D值.DCE-MRI、IVIM-DWI及二者联合鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为78.43%、71.43%、75.27%,70.59%、66.67%、68.82%,84.31%、78.57%、81.72%.3种方法的AUC分别为0.75、0.69、0.81.结论 DCE-MRI联合IVIM-DWI可提高鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的效能.     

动态增强MRI定量评估乳腺良恶性病变的效能

目的 探讨动态增强磁共振成像（DCE-MRI）评价乳腺良恶性病变中病灶及背景实质血流动力学参数的价值。方法 收集41例接受乳腺DCE-MRI检查的患者（共45个病灶）,其中良性病变21个（良性组）,恶性病变24个（恶性组）,测量病灶及背景实质的容量转移常数（K_trans）、速率常数（K_ep）、血浆分数（V_p）,对2组各参数进行统计学分析;以病理结果为金标准,评价各参数诊断乳腺恶性病灶的效能。结果 恶性组病灶K_trans和K_ep、背景实质K_trans和K_ep均高于良性组（P均<0.05）。2组病灶V_p和背景实质V_p差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。诊断乳腺恶性病变时,背景实质K_trans的AUC较其他参数高,敏感度、特异度分别为87.50%、76.19%。所有参数联合的Logistic回归模型AUC值最高,为0.86（P<0.001）。结论 DCE-MRI相关参数中,背景实质K_trans对乳腺疾病的诊断价值较高。定量分析DCE-MRI数据有助于鉴别乳腺良恶性病变,其背景实质的血流动力学特征有望成为无创诊断乳腺病变的新方法。     

对比增强能谱乳腺X线摄影诊断乳腺影像报告和数据系统4类钙化

目的 对比分析全视野数字化乳腺X线（FFDM）与对比增强能谱乳腺X线摄影（CESM）对乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类钙化的诊断价值。方法 收集常规乳腺X线片中以钙化为唯一征象、且诊断报告定为BI-RADS 4类乳腺病变患者，根据检查方式不同分为FFDM组（n=48）和CESM组（n=31）。FFDM根据钙化分布及形态、CESM根据钙化相应处有无强化为依据作出良恶性诊断，以病理结果为金标准，计算并比较FFDM及CESM对恶性钙化的诊断效能。结果 FFDM诊断恶性钙化的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为69.23%（9/13）、77.14%（27/35）、52.94%（9/17）、87.10%（27/31）和75.00%（36/48），CESM组分别为90.00%（9/10）、95.24%（20/21）、90.00%（9/10）、95.24%（20/21）和93.55%（29/31）。CESM诊断恶性钙化的阳性预测值和准确率高于FFDM，差异有统计学意义（χ²=3.891、4.444，P=0.049、0.035）。结论 与FFDM比较，CESM可提高对BI-RADS 4类钙化的诊断效能。     

酰胺质子转移成像和扩散加权成像鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变

目的 观察MR酰胺质子转移成像（APTWI）和扩散加权成像（DWI）鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值，并分析不同参数间的相关性。方法 对65例乳腺病变患者行APTWI及DWI，测量并比较乳腺良恶性病变间平均ADC（ADC_mean）、最小ADC（ADC_min）及非对称磁化转移率[MTRasym（3.5 ppm）]值的差异；采用ROC曲线评估各参数鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的诊断效能，并分析良恶性病变中各参数间的相关性。结果 共70个病灶纳入研究，包括32个良性（良性组）和38个恶性病灶（恶性组）。良性组ADC_mean、ADC_min及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值均高于恶性组（t=－5.63、－5.94、－0.24，P均<0.05）；ADC_min、ADC_mean及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的AUC分别为0.850、0.827及0.729（P均<0.01）；ADC_min的AUC大于MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值（Z=1.990，P=0.046），其余各参数AUC差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。恶性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_mean（r=－0.325，P=0.046）和ADC_min值（r=－0.384，P=0.017）均呈负相关；良性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_min值呈负相关（r=－0.357，P=0.045）。结论 APTWI及DWI均可用于鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变；相比DWI，APTWI的诊断效能有待进一步提高。     

两种声触诊组织定量技术对不同大小乳腺良恶性肿块的诊断价值

目的 比较声触诊组织量化（VTQ）技术、声触诊组织量化成像（VTIQ）技术对不同大小乳腺良恶性肿块的诊断价值。方法 选取行手术切除并经病理证实的219个乳腺肿块,根据肿块的最大径分为3组：5~10 mm（S1组）、11~20 mm（S2组）、21~39 mm（S3组）。术前经VTQ检查获得剪切波速度（SWV）值（SWV_VTQ）,经VTIQ检查获得SWV最大值（SWV_max）和SWV_max与同深度周围腺体SWV的比值（SWV_ratio）。以病理结果为金标准,比较两种声触诊组织定量技术对不同大小乳腺良恶性肿块的诊断价值。结果 3组组内乳腺良、恶性肿块SWV_VTQ、SWV_max、SWV_ratio比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。3组乳腺恶性肿块SWV_VTQ（F=35.037,P<0.001）、SWV_max（F=30.771,P<0.001）、SWV_ratio（F=6.866,P=0.002）比较总体差异有统计学意义,除S2与S3组间SWV_ratio差异无统计学意义（P=0.752）,余两两组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。VTQ及VTIQ技术诊断S2和S3组乳腺恶性肿块的AUC均>0.90。S1组SWV_VTQ与SWV_max及SWV_ratio的AUC比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;S2组和S3组SWV_VTQ、SWV_max及SWV_ratio的AUC比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 对于最大径>10 mm的乳腺肿块,VTQ、VTIQ技术的诊断价值相当,均可较好地应用于良恶性的鉴别诊断;对于最大径≤ 10mm的乳腺良恶性肿块的鉴别,VTIQ技术较VTQ技术具有更高的诊断价值。     

剪切波弹性成像联合CEUS校正乳腺影像报告和数据系统3~5类乳腺病变

目的 探讨剪切波弹性成像（SWE）联合CEUS在校正乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）3~5类乳腺肿瘤中的应用价值。方法 收集50例乳腺病变患者（57个病灶）,其中良性病灶28个,恶性29个。对所有病灶术前行常规超声、SWE和CEUS检查,以常规超声进行BI-RADS分类,并采用SWE、CEUS及SWE联合CEUS对BI-RADS分类进行校正。以病理结果为金标准,计算常规超声、SWE、CEUS及SWE联合CEUS诊断乳腺良恶性病灶的敏感度、特异度和诊断正确率。结果 SWE参数最大杨氏模量值（E_max）诊断乳腺良恶性病灶的临界值为87.2 kPa,CEUS的临界值为8.5分,SWE联合CEUS的多因素Logistic回归模型为Y（P）=-18.785+0.161X₁+11.822X₂,X₁为E_max,X₂为增强后病灶大小改变。SWE联合CEUS将11个病灶正确降为3级,4个病灶误诊;SWE联合CEUS诊断乳腺良恶性病灶的敏感度、特异度和诊断正确率分别为100%（29/29）、85.71%（24/28）和92.98%（53/57）。结论 SWE联合CEUS对BI-RADS 3~5类乳腺病灶具有良好的校正作用,可提高超声诊断正确率。     

光谱CT平扫定量参数鉴别诊断乳腺良、恶性病变

目的 观察光谱CT平扫定量参数鉴别诊断乳腺良、恶性病变的价值。方法 回顾性分析110例女性乳腺占位性病变患者的胸部光谱CT资料,包括53例共53处恶性病变(恶性组)和 57例共60处良性病变(良性组);对比组间光谱CT平扫定量参数的差异,包括虚拟单能级40~100 keV下CT值、有效原子序数(Eff-Z)及光谱曲线斜率(λ_HU)。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),分析光谱CT平扫单一定量参数CT_{40 keV}、CT_{70 keV}、Eff-Z、λ_HU及其联合鉴别诊断乳腺良、恶性病变的效能。结果 40~100 keV下,恶性组CT值及Eff-Z均高于、而λ_HU小于良性组(P均＜0.001)。单一CT_{40 keV}、CT_{70 keV}、Eff-Z及λ_HU鉴别乳腺良、恶性病变的AUC分别为0.90、0.80、0.87及0.87;四者联合的AUC为0.91,其敏感度为84.9%,特异度为88.3%,准确率为85.0%。结论 根据光谱CT平扫定量参数可有效鉴别诊断乳腺良、恶性病变。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.