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1.
Zinc is the authoritative metal which is present in our body, and reactive zinc metal is crucial for neuronal signaling and is largely distributed within presynaptic vesicles. Zinc also plays an important role in synaptic function. At cellular level, zinc is a modulator of synaptic activity and neuronal plasticity in both development and adulthood. Different importers and transporters are involved in zinc homeostasis. ZnT‐3 is a main transporter involved in zinc homeostasis in the brain. It has been found that alterations in brain zinc status have been implicated in a wide range of neurological disorders including impaired brain development and many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, and mood disorders including depression, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion disease. Furthermore, zinc has also been implicated in neuronal damage associated with traumatic brain injury, stroke, and seizure. Understanding the mechanisms that control brain zinc homeostasis is thus critical to the development of preventive and treatment strategies for these and other neurological disorders.  相似文献   

2.
目的观察人参总皂苷(TG)对脓毒症心肌损伤(SMI)大鼠缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)/血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)信号通路的调控作用,探究其治疗SMI的作用机制。方法SD雄性大鼠给予内毒素+脂多糖诱导建立大鼠SMI模型,随机分为模型组(SMI组),TG低(20mg/kg)、中(40 mg/kg)、高(60 mg/kg)剂量组和乌司他丁阳性对照组(阳性组,10 000 U/kg)组,每组10只。另取10只,给予生理盐水设置为正常对照组(Normal组)。观察各组大鼠毛发、活动、精神状态等一般行为后,麻醉处死,取血清,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测大鼠心功能指标心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平及血清炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和白细胞介素-8(IL-8)含量;取心脏组织,用苏木精-伊红试剂(HE)染色观察心脏组织病理损伤形态;用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术检测心脏组织HIF-1αmRNA、HO-1mRNA相对表达水平;用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测心脏组织HIF-1α、HO-1、IL-8及TNF-α蛋白相对表达水平。结果与Normal组比较,SMI组大鼠出现精神萎靡、毛发松乱、活动减少、眼睑部出现黏稠分泌物等脓毒症表现,心肌细胞水肿、坏死、炎性浸润等病理损伤现象明显,血清TNF-α、IL-8、cTnI、CK-MB含量和心肌组织HIF-1αmRNA及蛋白、HO-1 mRNA及蛋白、IL-8及TNF-α蛋白表达升高(P <0.05)。与SMI组比较,TG低、中、高剂量组及阳性组大鼠心肌组织HIF-1αmRNA及蛋白、HO-1 mRNA及蛋白表达升高(P <0.05),脓毒症表现改善,病理损伤现象减弱,血清cTnI、CK-MB含量以及血清及组织中IL-8和TNF-α表达降低(P <0.05),且TG各剂量组上述指标改善呈剂量依赖性。与TG高剂量组比较,阳性组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 TG可激活HIF-1α、HO-1基因及蛋白表达,抑制炎症反应,改善SMI大鼠心肌损伤。  相似文献   

3.
Many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease (HD) are characterized by neuronal damage that may be caused by toxic, abnormal, aggregation‐prone proteins. The purpose of this review is threefold: 1) to provide the reader with an overview of the genes involved in the abnormal processing and accumulation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases using PD as a model disease; 2) to understand the cellular mechanisms for disposal of abnormal proteins, and the effects of toxic protein accumulation on ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and neuronal survival and 3) to discuss the development and challenges of cell culture and animal models for a rational and effective treatment for these disorders.  相似文献   

4.
5.
Microglia are critical nervous system-specific cells influencing brain development, maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury, and repair. They contribute to neuronal proliferation and differentiation, pruning of dying neurons, synaptic remodeling and clearance of debris and aberrant proteins. Colonization of the brain occurs during gestation with an expansion following birth with localization stimulated by programmed neuronal death, synaptic pruning, and axonal degeneration. Changes in microglia phenotype relate to cellular processes including specific neurotransmitter, pattern recognition, or immune-related receptor activation. Upon activation, microglia cells have the capacity to release a number of substances, e.g., cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, which could be detrimental or beneficial to the surrounding cells. With aging, microglia shift their morphology and may display diminished capacity for normal functions related to migration, clearance, and the ability to shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state to regulate injury and repair. This shift in microglia potentially contributes to increased susceptibility and neurodegeneration as a function of age. In the current review, information is provided on the colonization of the brain by microglia, the expression of various pattern recognition receptors to regulate migration and phagocytosis, and the shift in related functions that occur in normal aging.  相似文献   

6.
Pancuronium bromide, a 3,17-diacetoxy-5α-androstane, and three of its analogues, the 17-desoxy, the 3,17-dibutyryloxy and the 16-N-monoquatemary ammonium derivatives have been used as inhibitors of the usual and atypical plasma cholinesterase variants. In all cases the usual enzyme is more sensitive to inhibition by the substituted steroids than the dibucaine resistant enzyme. The relative affinities of the bis-quaternary ammonium compounds for either enzyme is in the order dibutyryloxy derivative > 17-desoxy derivative ? pancuronium bromide. The monoquatemary compound has the least affinity of all the inhibitors for the usual enzyme but the greatest affinity for the atypical enzyme. These observations show that the bis-quaternary compounds are very powerful differentiators of the variants. The monoquatemary derivative shows less differential inhibition, but provides additional evidence that the usual and dibucaine resistant variants differ in structure at or near their esteratic active site.  相似文献   

7.
The role of tau in Alzheimer's disease   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Despite earlier uncertainties about the role of tau pathology in AD, the discovery of multiple mutations in the tau gene that lead to the abnormal aggregation of tau and the onset/progression of FTDP-17 demonstrates that tau dysfunction is sufficient to produce neurodegenerative disease. The mutations lead to specific cellular alterations, including altered expression, function and biochemistry of tau. The finding that specific tau gene mutations lead to diverse FTDP-17 phenotypes raises the possibility that the clinical and pathological expression of hereditary and related sporadic tauopathies may be influenced by tau gene polymorphisms, other genetic factors and epigenetic events. However, the precise mechanisms whereby tau assembles into filaments and causes neurodegeneration in the human brain remain to be elucidated, but further investigation into the mechanisms of tau dysfunction, as well as the identification of potential disease-modifying factors, will provide additional insight into novel strategies for the treatment and prevention of AD and related disorders. Moreover, development of additional animal models of tauopathies that more closely recapitulate human diseases will facilitate this undertaking, and this is likely to have implications for other neurodegenerative disorders since the aggregation of tau in AD and and related tauopathies is an example of abnormal protein-protein interactions resulting in the intracellular accumulation of filamentous proteins that is a common feature of many fatal CNS diseases characterized by relentlessly progressive brain degeneration [1-3]. Thus, the fibrillization and aggregation of proteins in the brain is a common theme in a diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders and insight into the pathogenesis of any one of these disorders may have implications for understanding the mechanisms that underlie all these diseases as well as for the discovery of better strategies to treat them [1-3].  相似文献   

8.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are key regulators of cell homeostasis, and their cytoprotective role has been largely investigated in the last few decades. However, an increasing amount of evidence highlights their deleterious effects on several human pathologies, including cancer, in which they promote tumor cell survival, proliferation and drug resistance. Therefore, HSPs have recently been suggested as therapeutic targets for improving human disease outcomes. Fibrotic diseases and cancer share several properties; both pathologies are characterized by genetic alterations, uncontrolled cell proliferation, altered cell interactions and communication and tissue invasion. The discovery of new HSP inhibitors that have been shown to be efficacious against certain types of cancers has given rise to a new field of research that investigates the activity of these compounds in other incurable human diseases such as fibrotic disorders. The aim of this review is to discuss new findings regarding the involvement of HSPs in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis and to note recent discoveries that indicate that HSPs could be important therapeutic targets to improve the current dismal outcome of fibrotic diseases.  相似文献   

9.
Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15 (PEA-15) is a cytoplasmic protein that sits at an important junction in intracellular signalling and can regulate diverse cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis, dependent upon stimulation. Regulation of these processes occurs by virtue of the unique interaction of PEA-15 with other signalling proteins. PEA-15 acts as a cytoplasmic tether for the mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) preventing nuclear localisation. In order to release ERK1/2, PEA-15 requires to be phosphorylated via several potential pathways. PEA-15 (and its phosphorylation state) therefore regulates many ERK1/2-dependent processes, including proliferation, via regulating ERK1/2 nuclear translocation. In addition, PEA-15 contains a death effector domain (DED) which allows interaction with other DED-containing proteins. PEA-15 can bind the DED-containing apoptotic adaptor molecule, Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) which is also dependent on the phosphorylation status of PEA-15. PEA-15 binding of FADD can inhibit apoptosis as bound FADD cannot participate in the assembly of apoptotic signalling complexes. Through these protein–protein interactions, PEA-15-regulated cellular effects have now been investigated in a number of disease-related studies. Changes in PEA-15 expression and regulation have been observed in diabetes mellitus, cancer, neurological disorders and the cardiovascular system. These changes have been suggested to contribute to the pathology related to each of these disease states. As such, new therapeutic targets based around PEA-15 and its associated interactions are now being uncovered and could provide novel avenues for treatment strategies in multiple diseases.  相似文献   

10.
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