18例危重症甲型H1N1流感诊治分析

目的:总结危重症甲型H1N1流感诊断与治疗方法,提高疾病的诊疗水平.方法:回顾性分析18例危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床资料.结果:13例行机械通气,5例吸氧;16例治愈,2例死亡,1例死于急性肾功能衰竭合并呼吸衰竭,1例死于急性心肌梗死.结论:氧气治疗或辅助机械通气是纠正危重症甲型H1N1流感患者低氧血症的有效方法;白细胞计数和C反应蛋白水平可作为判断病情变化的有效指标.     

甲型H1N1流感合并急性低氧性呼吸衰竭

目的：研究甲型H1N1流感合并急性低氧性呼吸衰竭患者的临床特征以及无创正压通气（NIV）联合中剂量糖皮质激素在治疗中的作用。方法：分析34例甲型H1N1流感合并急性低氧性呼吸衰竭患者的临床资料。所有患者采用无创正压通气联合糖皮质激素（2mg.kg-1.d-1）的治疗方案。随访治疗后的血常规、氧合指数、肺部影像学检查的动态变化。将治疗前后患者急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）进行比较。结果：患者住重症监护室的中位天数为12d。30例（88.2%）患者经治疗后症状和影像学检查结果明显好转出院,4例（11.8%）患者死亡。34例患者经NIV治疗2h后,PaO2/FiO2中位数由132.5mmHg上升至246mmHg。NIV联合激素治疗5d后,APACHEⅡ中位数由11分降为0.5分。结论：无创正压通气联合中剂量糖皮质激素的治疗方案对甲型H1N1流感合并急性低氧性呼吸衰竭患者有效且无明显不良反应。     

重症甲型H1N1流感患者39例临床分析

目的:探讨住院甲型H1N1流感重症病例的基本临床特征、治疗和结局.方法:回顾性分析2009年5月至2010年4月入住我院的39例甲型H1N1流感重症患者的临床资料.结果:平均发病年龄18.4岁;存在慢性基础疾病者5例,入院初始平均APACHE Ⅱ评分9.3分,第1日胸部X线影像学检查有11例存在双侧肺感染病灶;危重病例17例,均存在低氧血症,循环衰竭也较常见,还有部分患者出现脏器功能障碍综合征.所有患者均用抗病毒治疗(达菲),其中8例行机械通气治疗,7例应用血管活性药物,1例给予了ECMO治疗.所有患者中有4例死亡,其14、28和60 d后病死率分别为7.7%、7.7%和10.3%.死亡者与存活者间的比较,起病到开始服用奥司他韦的时间和疗程较长.结论:甲型H1N1流感重症患者青少年及儿童居多,多数预后良好;如病情进展迅速则主要表现为呼吸衰竭和多脏器功能障碍综合征,及时的抗病毒治疗、机械通气和循环支持治疗可以减慢疾病进展和改善预后.     

妊娠晚期合并重症甲型H1N1流感患者的护理

目的:探讨妊娠晚期合并重症甲型H1N1流感患者的护理.方法:对9例妊娠晚期合并重症甲型H1N1流感患者给予隔离、体位护理、机械通气护理、胎心监护、产褥期护理及心理护理等措施.结果:9例患者中5例为剖宫产患者,其中3例好转出院,2例患者家属放弃治疗自动出院,经随访2例患者出院当日即死亡;4例新生儿存活,1例死亡.其他4例患者未行剖宫产,积极治疗无效死亡.结论:加强医护人员对甲型H1N1流感疾病的认识、及早的产科处理、机械通气护理、合理接种流感疫苗以及心理护理等综合护理措施,能提高妊娠晚期合并重症甲型H1N1流感患者母婴的存活率,降低病死率.     

甲型H1N1流感呼吸衰竭危重症患者行机械通气治疗的临床观察

本科2009年10月27日至2010年2月28日收治34例重症甲型H1N1流感(甲流)患者,对其中29例危重症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、呼吸衰竭患者行机械通气治疗,报告如下.     

危重症甲型H1N1流感9例治疗体会

目的:探讨危重症甲型H1N1流感的临床特征和诊治经验。方法:对我科重症监护病房收治的9例危重症甲型H1N1流感患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:患者均因发热、咳嗽入院,甲型H1N1流感核酸检测为阳性,病程中均出现胸闷、气促,8例发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),4例发生多脏器功能不全综合征(MODS)。经抗病毒、机械通气为主的综合治疗措施,甲型H1N1流感核酸检测3～5d转为阴性,最终8例患者康复出院,1例患者死亡。结论:早期明确诊断,早期采取抗病毒、机械通气等综合抢救措施是降低危重症甲型H1N1流感病死率的关键。     

FiO_2×PEEP对重症甲型H1N1流感致急性肺损伤病情评估与预后价值研究

目的 观察重症甲型H1N1流感导致急性肺损伤(ALI)患者FiO_2×PEEP水平的变化,探讨其对重症甲型H1N1流感导致ALI严重程度及预后评估的价值.方法 对2009-10-28～2009-12-28我院EICU收治的10例(存活组6例,死亡组4例)重症甲型H1N1病毒感染患者进行病例回顾分析,分别监测每组患者每天的FiO_2、PEEP、PaO_2,并计算FiO_2×PEEP及氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2),比较FiO_2×PEEP与氧合指数之间关系,动态比较两组治疗前后FiO_2×PEEP的变化趋势及其差异.结果 ①FiO_2×PEEP与氧合指数呈负相关(r=-0.44,P<0.05);②存活组治疗前后FiO_2×PEEP均低于死亡组;③存活组在治疗干预后FiO_2×PEEP逐渐下降,而死亡组FiO_2×PEEP无下降趋势.结论 FiO_2×PEEP对重症甲型H1N1流感病毒感染导致急性肺损伤病情评估及预后判断具有良好的临床价值.     

甲型H1N1流感死亡四例诊治反思

甲型H1N1流感是由变异后的新型病毒所引起的一种急性呼吸道新发传染病,多数患者病情较轻,但仍有少数病例病情严重,迅速进展为肺炎,合并呼吸衰竭、多脏器功能衰竭等死亡.本地区2009年11～12月共确诊374例甲型H1N1流感,其中死亡4例(1.1%),现对诊疗失误原因分析进行分析.     

5例甲型H1N1流感危重患者救治

目的 探讨甲型H1N1流感危重症患者的抢救疗效.方法 2009年10月-2010年1月,对我院ICU收治5例甲型H1N1流感危重症患者采用集束化治疗方案进行救治,并就患者的器官功能变化进行评价.结果 5例患者平均住院天数为(11.8±5.59)d,4例存活,1例死亡.存活患者在治疗过程中急性生理和既往健康(APACHE...     

重症甲型H1N1流感24例临床研究

目的探讨危重型甲型H1N1流感的临床特征。方法对阜阳市第二人民医院2009年11月至2010年4月收治的24例危重型甲型H1N1流感患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者均为19～35岁孕妇,早期有流感症状,临床表现以急性呼吸窘迫综合征为主的全身多器官功能障碍,病情危重期出现在病程第3～5天,治疗上采取了以机械通气为主的综合性措施。20例治愈,4例因呼吸循环衰竭死亡。结论甲型H1N1流感是一种新发的致命性传染病。妊娠期妇女是甲型流感的高危人群,易发展成为重型病例,且预后不良。早诊断、早期抗病毒、适时终止妊娠、适时进行机械通气辅助呼吸可改善患者预后。     

Analysis of cases of severe respiratory failure in children with influenza (H1N1) 2009 infection in Japan

Influenza (H1N1) 2009 occurred in Mexico in April 2009, quickly spread around the world, and was found in Japan in May. Many pediatric patients experienced encephalopathy, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and severe pneumonia. The subjects of this study were 31 pediatric patients who needed mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure caused by influenza (H1N1) 2009 as reported to the Emergency Medical Information Center of the Japan Pediatric Society in Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan from August 1 to December 31, 2009. The diagnosis of influenza (H1N1) 2009 infection was based on positive results of a real-time polymerase chain reaction. No patient was diagnosed as having a bacterial infection. The average arterial PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio was significantly decreased to 126. Atelectasis was revealed by chest X-ray in 90.3% of subjects. There was one plastic bronchitis patient. Anti-influenza drugs were used at an average of 14.9 h after onset. Five patients showed abnormal behavior as a complication of encephalopathy. We found that respiratory failure progressed rapidly. The type of respiratory failure was oxygenation failure. It was helpful to attempt to remove more sputum in these cases. Pediatric patients with respiratory failure from influenza (H1N1) 2009 should be carefully monitored for the onset of encephalopathy.     

儿童危重甲型H1N1流感合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床特征与救治

目的 了解儿童危重甲型H1N1流感合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床特点,探讨救治措施.方法 前瞻性观察上海交通大学附属儿童医院收治的3例危重甲型H1N1流感的临床表现、化验检查、诊断、治疗转归.结果 实时RCT-PCR检测3例患者均为甲型H1N1流感感染.以发热、咳嗽起病,全身性炎症反应相对轻.病程4～6 d病情突然恶化,出现口唇发绀,呼吸急促.X线片显示双肺多叶渗出或弥漫性炎症阴影.入院时已发展为ARDS.采用奥司他韦,小潮气量(6 mL/kg)、适当高PEEP通气策略和相对保守液体等治疗,3例患儿中存活2例,死亡1例.结论 儿童危重甲型H1N1流感患儿,突然咳嗽加重和呼吸急促时,应高度怀疑ARDS.及时氧疗及呼吸支持,保守液体管理,预防继发感染等可能是关键治疗措施.需要积累更多病例资料来明确危重甲型H1N1流感特征和评价救治手段.     

儿童危重甲型H1N1流感合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床特征与救治

目的 了解儿童危重甲型H1N1流感合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床特点,探讨救治措施.方法 前瞻性观察上海交通大学附属儿童医院收治的3例危重甲型H1N1流感的临床表现、化验检查、诊断、治疗转归.结果 实时RCT-PCR检测3例患者均为甲型H1N1流感感染.以发热、咳嗽起病,全身性炎症反应相对轻.病程4～6 d病情突然恶化,出现口唇发绀,呼吸急促.X线片显示双肺多叶渗出或弥漫性炎症阴影.入院时已发展为ARDS.采用奥司他韦,小潮气量(6 mL/kg)、适当高PEEP通气策略和相对保守液体等治疗,3例患儿中存活2例,死亡1例.结论 儿童危重甲型H1N1流感患儿,突然咳嗽加重和呼吸急促时,应高度怀疑ARDS.及时氧疗及呼吸支持,保守液体管理,预防继发感染等可能是关键治疗措施.需要积累更多病例资料来明确危重甲型H1N1流感特征和评价救治手段.     

Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome as a major contributor to death in patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection

Introduction

Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) is a severe complication of various viral infections often resulting in multiorgan failure and death. The purpose of this study was to describe baseline characteristics, development of VAHS, related treatments and associated mortality rate of consecutive critically ill patients with confirmed 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection and respiratory failure.

Methods

We conducted a prospective observational study of 25 critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection at a single-center intensive care unit in Germany between 5 October 2009 and 4 January 2010. Demographic data, comorbidities, diagnosis of VAHS, illness progression, treatments and survival data were collected. The primary outcome measure was the development of VAHS and related mortality. Secondary outcome variables included duration of mechanical ventilation, support of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and duration of viral shedding.

Results

VAHS developed in 9 (36%) of 25 critically ill patients with confirmed 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection, and 8 (89%) of them died. In contrast, the mortality rate in the remaining 16 patients without VAHS was 25% (P = 0.004 for the survival difference in patients with or without VAHS by log-rank analysis). The patients were relatively young (median age, 45 years; interquartile range (IQR), 35 to 56 years of age); however, 18 patients (72%) presented with one or more risk factors for a severe course of illness. All 25 patients received mechanical ventilation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and refractory hypoxemia, with a median duration of mechanical ventilation of 19 days (IQR, 13 to 26 days). An additional 17 patients (68%) required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for a median of 10 days (IQR, 6 to 19 days).

Conclusions

The findings of this study raise the possibility that VAHS may be a frequent complication of severe 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection and represents an important contributor to multiorgan failure and death.     

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus infection with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1).

Methods

An observational study of patients with confirmed or probable 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation was performed.

Results

We studied 96 patients (mean age, 45 [14] years [mean, SD]; 44% female). Shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome were diagnosed during the first 72 hours of admission in 43% and 72% of patients, respectively. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation was used in 45% of the patients, but failed in 77% of them. Bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in 33% of cases, 8% during the first week (due to community-acquired microorganisms) and 25% after the first week (due to gram-negative bacilli and resistant gram-positive cocci). Intensive care unit mortality was 50%. Nonsurvivors differed from survivors in the prevalence of cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematologic failure on admission and late pneumonia. Reported causes of death were refractory hypoxia, multiorgan failure, and shock (50%, 38%, and 12% of all causes of death, respectively).

Conclusions

Patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation often present with clinical criteria of acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock. Bacterial pneumonia is a frequent complication. Mortality is high and is primarily due to refractory hypoxia.     

The Italian ECMO network experience during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic: preparation for severe respiratory emergency outbreaks

Purpose

In view of the expected 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, the Italian Health Authorities set up a national referral network of selected intensive care units (ICU) able to provide advanced respiratory care up to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We describe the organization and results of the network, known as ECMOnet.

Methods

The network consisted of 14 ICUs with ECMO capability and a national call center. The network was set up to centralize all severe patients to the ECMOnet centers assuring safe transfer. An ad hoc committee defined criteria for both patient transfer and ECMO institutions.

Results

Between August 2009 and March 2010, 153 critically ill patients (53% referred from other hospitals) were admitted to the ECMOnet ICU with suspected H1N1. Sixty patients (48 of the referred patients, 49 with confirmed H1N1 diagnosis) received ECMO according to ECMOnet criteria. All referred patients were successfully transferred to the ECMOnet centers; 28 were transferred while on ECMO. Survival to hospital discharge in patients receiving ECMO was 68%. Survival of patients receiving ECMO within 7?days from the onset of mechanical ventilation was 77%. The length of mechanical ventilation prior to ECMO was an independent predictor of mortality.

Conclusions

A network organization based on preemptive patient centralization allowed a high survival rate and provided effective and safe referral of patients with severe H1N1-suspected ARDS.     

Critically ill patients with H1N1 influenza A undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

The most common cause of death due to the H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus (swine flu) in the 2009 to 2010 epidemic was severe acute respiratory failure that persisted despite advanced mechanical ventilation strategies. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used as a salvage therapy for patients refractory to traditional treatment. At Legacy Emanuel Hospital, Portland, Oregon, the epidemic resulted in a critical care staffing crisis. Among the 15 patients with H1N1 influenza A treated with ECMO, 4 patients received the therapy simultaneously. The role of ECMO in supporting patients with severe respiratory failure due to H1N1 influenza is described, followed by discussions of the nursing care challenges for each body system. Variations from standards of care, operational considerations regarding staff workload, institutional burden, and emotional wear and tear of the therapy on patients, patients' family members, and the entire health care team are also addressed. Areas for improvement for providing care of the critically ill patient requiring ECMO are highlighted in the conclusion.