Acute kidney injury in villous cancer patients treated with vancomycin and tazobactam/piperacillin

In this report, we present a 37‐year‐old woman with villous cancer who developed AKI after co‐administration of VCM and TAZ/PIPC. Trough concentration of VCM reach a toxic level. Finally, she recovered on day 17.     

Isolation of OXA-48-like carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam in a Japanese patient without a history of travel abroad

Oxacillinase (OXA)-48-like β-lactamases are the most common carbapenemases in Enterobacterales in certain regions of the world and are being introduced on a regular basis into regions of non-endemicity. Japan has been characterized by low rates of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, and among them, OXA-48-like carbapenemase-producing isolates are extremely rare. Here we describe a Japanese medical worker, without a history of travel abroad, who was diagnosed as having a community-acquired urinary tract infection, and whose urine sample was found to be positive for OXA-48-like carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli. None of her close contacts had a history of foreign travel, and the same drug-resistant organism was not observed in other patients who had been hospitalized and undergone environmental culture tests in the same medical institution. This isolate was resistant to penicillins, narrow-spectrum cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and cefmetazole, but was susceptible to broad-spectrum cephalosporins, piperacillin/tazobactam, and meropenem and displayed reduced susceptibility to imipenem. The modified carbapenem inactivation test supported carbapenemase production, but inhibitor-based synergistic tests yielded negative results of carbapenemase production. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of the carbapenemase gene (bla_OXA-48) bla_TEM and AmpC β-lactamase gene (bla_DHA). Singleplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the bla_OXA-48 region amplified a product sequencing to nearly the full length (722 bp) and matching 100% with OXA-48. The present case highlights a new concern regarding OXA-48-like carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, which remain challenging to detect for clinical laboratories in regions of non-endemicity, and may already be latent in Japan.     

无CLSI解释标准非发酵菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性三种检测方法的比较

目的评价不同方法检测无CLSI解释标准的非发酵菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药性情况,以利于检测方法的选择应用。方法同时用标准K-B法、VITEK-32配套的药敏检测卡GNS-143法、E-test试条法检测临床分离的139株无CLSI解释标准的非发酵菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感性,并对三种方法相互间的符合情况进行比较。结果三种方法检测80株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,36株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,23株脑膜败血性黄杆菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率分别为:46.3%、82.5%、45.0%、77.8%、44.4%、52.8%、69.6%、52.2%和56.5%;耐药率分别为:32.5%、10.0%、48.8%、19.4%、38.9%、38.9%、17.4%、39.1%和21.7%。139株细菌三种方法间的符合情况:K-B法与VITEK法比较,完全符合率51.1%、部分符合率22.3%和完全不符合率26.6%;K-B法与E-test试条法比较,三者分别为61.9%、15.8%和22.3%;VITEK法与E-test试条法比较,三者分别为56.1%、16.6%和27.3%。结论不同的方法检测同一种细菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的药敏结果有较大不同,各方法间的可比性较差。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌K-B法与E-test试条符合性好于VITEK法,而其他二种细菌VITEK法好于K-B法。建议临床实验室对此类细菌的药敏检测仅报告实验检测结果,而不报药敏检测解释结果。     

Prolonged vs intermittent infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam in critically ill patients: A narrative and systematic review

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to review the rationale of prolonged (ie, extended or continuous) infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam (PIP/TAZ) in critically ill patients and to perform a systematic review that compare the effectiveness of prolonged infusion with intermittent bolus of PIP/TAZ.

Materials and methods

A search of Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted up to April 2014. For systematic review, studies comparing the effectiveness of prolonged and bolus administration of PIP/TAZ were included. The level of evidence is determined using best-evidence synthesis, which consisted of 5 possible levels of evidence: strong, moderate, limited, conflicting, or no evidence.

Results

The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies that account for an eventual benefit of prolonged PIP/TAZ infusion were reviewed. In the systematic review, 1 randomized controlled trial was identified that showed higher “cure” in the prolonged than in the intermittent infusion group, yet the chosen clinical outcome in this study, decline in mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score is controversial. Of 6 retrospective cohort studies, 4 showed either less mortality, a higher clinical cure rate, or shorter length of hospital stay with prolonged PIP/TAZ treatment. The level of evidence supporting a better clinical outcome with prolonged infusion of PIP/TAZ is moderate.

Conclusion

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies provide a robust rationale to prefer prolonged above intermittent infusion of PIP/TAZ. However, although some studies suggest a better outcome in critically ill patients receiving prolonged infusion, the level of evidence is moderate.     

Efficacy and safety of piperacillin/tazobactam versus biapenem in late elderly patients with nursing- and healthcare-associated pneumonia

Pneumonia is associated with an extremely high mortality rate in patients of late elderly age. Piperacillin/tazobactam and carbapenems are drugs of first choice for hospitalized patients with potentially resistant bacteria. We compared the efficacy and safety of piperacillin/tazobactam and biapenem. Among elderly patients with nursing- and healthcare-associated pneumonia, we extracted 53 patients treated with piperacillin/tazobactam and 53 patients treated with biapenem who were matched for sex, age, and severity of pneumonia. The average age was more than 80 years; most of the patients were middle- to oldest old in age. Although clinical efficacy was equally good, patients in the piperacillin/tazobactam group achieved significantly faster improvements on chest X-ray and body temperature on day 7. However, in the piperacillin/tazobactam group, nephrotoxicity frequently led to a need for a reduction in the dose or complete discontinuation of treatment. The average age of patients who developed significant nephrotoxicity was high, at 83.2 years. The biapenem group exhibited significantly better continuation of treatment than the piperacillin/tazobactam group. Toxicity profiles were different between the two groups. Hepatic toxicity was significantly higher in the biapenem group, whereas nephrotoxicity was significantly more common in the piperacillin/tazobactam group. Rate of decrease in bacteria was equally good between the two groups. Providing careful follow-up and conducting more detailed examinations, including studies to determine optimal dose and timing of administration, are necessary for the treatment of late elderly patients with numerous underlying diseases and potential organ dysfunctions.     

Early prediction of acute kidney injury in patients with acute myocardial injury

Introduction

Previous studies have revealed that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with acute kidney injury (AKI), about 17%, is strongly related to long-term mortality and heart failure. The dynamic changes in renal function during AMI are strongly related to long-term mortality and heart failure.

Objectives

Our study used clinical parameters and AKI biomarkers including neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and cystatin C to evaluate prognostic relevance of AKI in the setting of AMI.

Methods

This prospective study was conducted from November 2009 to January 2011 and enrolled sequential 96 patients with catheter-proven AMI; it was approved by the institutional review board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (institutional review board no. 99-0140B) and conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The definition of AKI is the elevation of serum creatinine of more than 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours.

Results

Our results show that the incidence of AKI after AMI is 17.7% (17 patients). The following could be statistically related to AKI after AMI: age (P = .012), cardiac functions (Killip stage and echocardiogram; P = .003 each), Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade (P < .001), stenting (P < .001), neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (P = .005), IL-6 (P = .01), IL-18 (P = .002), and cystatin C (P = .002) in serum. The TIMI flow grade and serum cystatin C were shown to be important predictors by using multivariate analysis. Both TIMI flow lower than grade 2 and serum cystatin C of more than 1364 mg/L could be used to predict AKI (both overall correctness, 0.78). Moreover, IL-6 in serum is also associated with the major cardiovascular events after AMI (P = .02), as demonstrated in our study.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the worse TIMI flow and high plasma cystatin C can be used to predict AKI after AMI. Moreover, IL-6 can also be used as a 30-day major cardiovascular event indicator after AMI. A larger prospective and longitudinal study should follow the relationship between AKI predictors after AMI.     

Prospective randomized comparison study of piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem for healthcare-associated pneumonia in Japan

Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) may have a more severe course than community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); hence, it is more likely to be caused by drug-resistant bacterial pathogens and anaerobes involved in aspiration pneumonia. We compared the efficacy and safety of initial empiric therapy with piperacillin/tazobactam (PIPC/TAZ, 13.5 g/day) with that of meropenem (MEPM, 1.5 g/day) as single broad-spectrum regimens with gram-negative and anaerobic coverage in patients with HCAP in Japan. The clinical cure rate was 75.9 % (22/29 cases) in the PIPC/TAZ group and 64.3 % (18/28 cases) in the MEPM group. The clinical efficacy rate was 87.9 % (29/33 cases) in the PIPC/TAZ group and 74.2 % (23/31 cases) in the MEPM group. The bacteriological eradication rate was 94.4 % (17/18) in the PIPC/TAZ group and 87.5 % (14/16) in the MEPM group. Adverse drug reactions were seen in 22.4 % (11/49 cases) of patients in the PIPC/TAZ group and 17.4 % (8/46 cases) of patients in the MEPM group. Although not statistically different, the PIPC/TAZ group had a slightly higher efficacy rate than the MEPM group. Both treatment regimens are tolerable and might be appropriate to use as initial empiric therapy for HCAP in Japan. To investigate the differences in efficacy profiles of those two regimens, a further confirmatory study with a larger cohort as determined by a power analysis is recommended.     

降钙素原预测急性胰腺炎患者急性肾损伤发生的价值研究

目的：探讨降钙素原（PCT）在预测急性胰腺炎患者（AP）急性肾损伤（AKI）发生中的临床价值。方法：以我院2012年1月至2013年3月AP住院患者205例作为研究对象,依前3 d内是否发生AKI将患者分为AKI组（n＝32）和对照组（n＝173）,比较两组间肌酐（Crea）、尿素（Urea）、胱抑素C（Cys C）、PCT、血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）、白介素－6（IL-6）、C反应蛋白（CRP）差异;受试者工作曲线（ROC）分析PCT、SAA、IL-6和CRP对AP并发AKI的预测效能。结果：AKI组与对照组PCT、CRP和IL-6比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,而Urea、Crea、CysC和SAA间差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。PCT预测AKI发生的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）大于CRP、IL-6和SAA,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：PCT是预测AP患者并发AKI的早期、灵敏和特异的标志物。     

老年急性肾损伤与急性肺损伤相互作用及治疗策略

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)是系统性疾病,临床常合并急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI),死亡率高,尤其见于老年患者.AKI与ALI通过多种因素介导相互作用、相互损伤,从而使死亡率急剧增高.本文主要关注老年AKI和Au相互作用的相关机制,探讨治疗策略,期待可以积累经验深化认识,改善患者预后.     

Pharmacokinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in critically ill patients with renal failure, treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH)

Objective: Kinetics of piperacillin (pip), in combination with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam (taz) have been studied in volunteers and patients in relatively stable conditions. The fixed drug preparation appeared to have ideal pharmacokinetic properties if renal function was normal or slightly impaired, but no data are available for critically ill patients in anuric renal failure. This study should provide such data. Patients, design: We studied the pharmacokinetics in nine patients with multiple organ failure, including anuric renal failure, treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH). Patients received a standard schedule of 4 g pip and 0.5 g taz administered over 0.5 h intravenously, 8 hourly. During 2 consecutive days, the serum levels of both compounds were determined, and total clearance (CI_T) was calculated from serum concentrations. Results: All nine patients completed day 1, and 8 completed day 2 of the protocol. On day 1, single-dose kinetics showed considerable spread, but pip/taz serum levels followed the pattern as expected, with a pip / taz concentration ratio of 20 : 1. On day 2, however, taz serum concentrations showed a relative increase as compared to pip, resulting in a change in the serum pip/taz concentration ratio to 10 : 1 on day 2. The CI_T of pip was 2.52 ± 1.38 l/h (t ¹/₂ : 5.9 ± 2.9 h), and CI_T of taz 4.44 ± 2.28 l/h (t ¹/₂ : 8.1 ± 3.7 h). The CI_T and t ¹/₂ of pip and taz correlated highly significantly with clearance by CVVH. Despite a higher CI_T, taz has a longer half-life, because of a higher volume of distribution. Conclusion: In CVVH dependent patients, pip/taz fixed drug preparations can be used initially, but the pip dosage should be increased relative to that of taz (or interval-adjusted) to prevent cumulation of taz, as compared to the active antimicrobial agent pip. Received: 19 February 1997 Accepted: 20 May 1997     

腹膜透析治疗慢性肾脏病基础上的急性肾损伤

目的观察腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)对慢性肾脏病基础上的急性肾损伤的疗效,并与间歇性血液透析(inermittent hemodialysis,IHD)进行比较。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学附属第一人民医院2005年至2009年收治的共183例慢性肾脏病基础上的急性肾损伤患者,其中78例采用PD或IHD治疗:PD组(35例):使用持续不卧床腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD)、间歇性腹膜透析(intermittent peritoneal dialysis,IPD)或自动腹膜透析(automated peritoneal dialysis,APD)治疗;IHD组(45例):采用IHD 1周3～4次治疗。观察一般资料(年龄、性别、原发病),透析前和透析后连续血尿素氮、肌酐、钾的变化,预后(肾功能恢复和存活),透析相关并发症。使用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计学分析,进行两组比较。结果两组患者治疗前年龄、性别、原发病构成及疾病严重程度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PD组透析后连续血尿素氮、肌酐水平明显高于IHD组(P0.05),而两组患者血钾、二氧化碳结合力等临床指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。随访显示,PD组肾功能恢复及存活与IHD组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PD组患者透析相关并发症发生率为11.4%,与IHD组(14.0%)相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PD治疗慢性肾脏病基础上的急性肾损伤效果与IHD基本相同,有利于患者肾脏功能的恢复,并且透析相关并发症发生率较低。     

急性心肌梗死病例致急性肾损伤危险因素分析

目的调查急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者发生急性肾损伤（AKI）的危险因素。方法连续收集北京大学人民医院2013年10月至2014年5月符合 AMI 诊断标准病例,排除包括年龄＜18岁、住院时间＜2 d、临床资料不完备、住院期间发生感染中毒性休克等并发症及终末期肾脏病或已行透析患者,从基线资料、心肌梗死病情、实验室检查、药物以及器械辅助等治疗等方面收集资料,并进行回顾性研究,分为有 AKI 及无 AKI 两组,利用 SPSS 19软件进行组间差异比较,以 P＜0.05为差异具有统计学意义,从而获得 AKI 相关危险因素。结果共入选病例565例,发现 AKI的发病率为16.1％,其中 AKI 组患者病死率为19.8％,非 AKI 组病死率为0.4％（P ＜0.01）。单因素组间比较筛选出的危险因素包括：（1）基本病史年龄、高血压史、陈旧性心肌梗死、心力衰竭史、慢性肾脏病史、脑梗死史、周围血管病史;（2）心肌梗死病情心室纤颤、心率、Killip分级≥3级、左心室射血分数;（3）实验室资料血肌酐、eGFR、血红蛋白、尿素氮、肌钙蛋白I、B 型脑钠肽、C 反应蛋白、空腹血糖、白蛋白;（4）药物及器械辅助等治疗呋塞米最大日剂量、未使用 ACEI ／ARB 类药物及他汀类药物、使用主动脉内球囊反搏、安置临时起搏器、实施冠状动脉介入治疗及冠状动脉旁路移植手术、进行机械通气治疗（P ＜0.05）。结论本研究通过对AMI 后 AKI 的危险因素进行分析,有助于识别高危患者,早期采取预防措施。     

Expanded studies of piperacillin/tazobactam formulations: variations among branded product lots and assessment of 46 generic lots

The experience with analyzing the potency of piperacillin/tazobactam generic formulations by a precise multiorganism in vitro assay was expanded to 46 lots (29 manufacturers, 17 countries). Across all generic lots, the range of activity compared with a reference branded lot (RLOT; Zosyn®; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA) was +10% to −42% (average, −16%). Eight lots of Zosyn® were also tested with a range of +7 to −19 (average, only −6%), and the reproducibility (13 replicates) of the RLOT assay was confirmed (±3%). This ongoing quality assurance project demonstrated wide activity variations in piperacillin/tazobactam generic lots with a consistent trend toward subpotent performance (−16%) compared with the branded product. Generic substitutions within hospital formularies should consider parameters of in vitro activity, in addition to applied chemical analyses and measures of bioavailability to avoid potential adverse clinical consequences.     

Risk factors for acute kidney injury in vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam combination therapy: A retrospective study

IntroductionCombined use of vancomycin (VCM) and piperacillin/tazobactam (PIPC/TAZ) has been reported to increase the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the risk factors associated with AKI after VCM and PIPC/TAZ (VPT) administration have not yet been identified. Therefore, we retrospectively assessed patients treated with VPT to investigate the risk factors for AKI development.MethodsThe study involved patients who were treated with VPT from January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2020. The patients were divided into the AKI or non-AKI group. The clinical characteristics of patients and antimicrobial therapy were compared between the groups. Their association with AKI risk was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn total, 182 patients were included, with 118 in the non-AKI group and 64 in the AKI group. Therefore, the incidence of AKI was 35.2 %. The initiation of VPT combination therapy on the same day and concomitant use of vasopressors were associated with an increased risk of AKI (odds ratio [OR] 2.55, 95 % confidential interval [CI] 1.20–5.44 and OR 3.22, 95 % CI 1.31–7.89, respectively).ConclusionOur findings suggest that the concomitant use of vasopressors and initiating VPT combination therapy on the same day are likely risk factors for AKI development.     

急性肾损伤诊治进展

急性肾损伤(AKI)发病率逐年递增,其概念、诊断及分期日趋准确,寻找新的生物标志物的研究已成为热点,但仍无法完全替代血肌酐.AKI的预防在于早期发现并祛除危险因素;其治疗包括治疗原发病,防止多器官功能障碍,维持水、电解质、酸碱平衡以及肾脏替代治疗.早期透析可以改善患者预后,血液透析对小分子物质的清除及酸中毒的纠优于腹膜透析,小儿及血流动力学不稳定患者可选择腹膜透析.连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)已被广泛应用于AKI的治疗,但其与间断性血液透析(IHD)互为补充,可随AKI的不同阶段和病情变化而转换,CRRT的治疗剂量仍然推荐传统剂量,对于某些特殊疾病高剂量CRRT可能有效.     

In vitro potency evaluations of various piperacillin/tazobactam generic products compared with the contemporary branded (Zosyn, Wyeth) formulation

Twenty-three generic intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam products were compared for in vitro activity to the branded formulation (Zosyn®, Wyeth, Philadelphia, PA) by disk diffusion and incremental broth microdilution assay methods. All but 1 lot demonstrated significantly decreased activity (−5 to −35%), necessitating further investigations regarding the chemical purity, potency, and therapeutic equivalence of these products worldwide. The average −16% activity across all generic lots was equivalent to underdosing piperacillin/tazobactam by 2.6 g daily for serious clinical infections (4.5 g Q6 h).     

住院患者急性肾损伤发病情况及危险因素分析

目的 分析住院患者中急性肾损伤(AKI)的流行病学特点及AKI发生的危险因素,为临床更好地认识和预防AKI、改善预后提供依据.方法 应用医院实验室网络系统筛选2008年1月至12月上海市一家三级综合性医院所有住院患者;以急性肾损伤网(AKIN)推荐的AKI定义选择病史完整的AKI患者组成研究队列,回顾性分析AKI住院患者的发生率、病因及分布特点;Logistic回归分析影响AKI严重程度的危险因素.结果 符合入选标准的住院AKI患者共934例、发生AKI1001例次,住院患者的AKI发生率为2.4%(934/38734).患者男女比例为1.88∶1,年龄(60.82±16.94)岁,AKI发生率随年龄升高逐渐增高,其中内科331例(占35.4%),外科592例(占63.4%),妇产科11例(占1.2%).肾前性、肾性和肾后性AKI分别占52.0%、44.7%和3.3%.急性肾小管坏死(ATN,占37.5%)、绝对血容量不足(占33.6%)和相对血容量减少(占13.4%)是住院患者发生AKI最常见的原因.多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示:合并慢性肾脏病(CKD)史[相对比值比(DR)=2.085,95%可信区间(95%CI)1.536～2.830,P<0.01]、使用肾损伤药物(DR=1.438,95%CI 1.087～1.901,P<0.05)及合并肾外器官衰竭(OR=1.327,95%CI 1.014～1.737,P<0.05)是早期AKI发展成中重度AKI的独立危险因素.结论 AKI是住院患者常见的临床综合征,发生率随年龄升高逐渐增加;肾前性AKI和ATN是住院AKI最常见的原因;合并CKD、肾损伤药物应用和肾外器官衰竭是发展成中重度AKI的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the epidemiology and the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI)in hospitalized patients in order to help clinicians better understand and prevent AKI.Methods All patients hospitalized in Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,which is a three-level General Hospital in Shanghai,during January to December of 2008 were screened by Lab Administration Network.Study group was comprised of the patients with full clinical data of AKI,as defined by Acute Kidney Injury Network(AKIN).The incidence,etiology and distribution characteristics of hospitalized patients with AKI were retrospectively analyzed.Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors in severity of AKI.Results Nine hundred and thirty-four patients suffering from AKI for 1001 episodes were enrolled.The incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients was 2.4%(934/38734).The ratio of male to female was Three hundred and thirty-one(35.4%)patients with AKI were found in medical department,592(63.4%)patients in surgical department and 11(1.2%)patients in department of gynecologic and obstetrics.Analysis of the causes of AKI showed that pre-AKI accounted for 52.0%,followed by renal parenchyma AKI (44.7%)and postrenal AKI(3.3%).The most common reason for AKI was acute tubular necrosis(ATN,37.5%),followed by absolute(33.6%)and relative inadequacy of blood volume(13.4%).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that chronic kidney disease(CKD)[odds ratio(OR)=2.085,95%confidence interval(95%CI): 1.536-2.830,P<0.01),renal injurious drugs(OR=1.438,95%CI:1.087-1.901,P<0.05),and failure of organs other than kidney(OR=1.327,95%CI: 1.014-1.737,P<0.05)were independent risk factors for stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ AKI.Conclusion AKI is one of the most common clinical syndromes in hospitalized patients.With the increase of age,the incidence increases gradually.The most common reasons for hospitalized AKI are pre-AKI and ATN.CKD,renal injurious drugs and failure of other organs are independent risk factors of medium to serious AKI.     

有创通气的急性呼吸窘迫患者发生急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的:探讨有创机械通气的急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS）患者发生急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2019年01月至2019年12月泰州市人民医院重症医学科收治的有创机械通气的ARDS患者的临床资料,根据患者是否发生AKI,分为AKI组和非AKI组。比较两组患者的临床特征和实验室指标;分析影响有创机械通气的ARDS患者发生AKI的危险因素;绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,比较两组患者的生存率。结果:共120名有创机械通气的ARDS患者,其中57名发生AKI,发生率为47.5%。降钙素原、基础肌酐增高,pH值降低和意识障碍是有创机械通气的ARDS患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。120例患者中57名死亡,总住院病死率38.3%。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线表明,AKI组生存率低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.001）。 结论:有创机械通气的ARDS患者AKI发生率高,可明显增加患者住院病死率。降钙素原、基础肌酐增高,pH值降低和意识障碍是有创机械通气的ARDS患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。     

脓毒性休克致急性肾损伤患者的危险因素分析

目的研究脓毒性休克患者急性肾损伤（AKI）的发生率及病死率,并寻找其危险因素。 方法回顾性研究2015年6月至2016年6月北京大学人民医院急诊科及重症监护室符合脓毒性休克诊断标准的294例患者,根据是否发生AKI,将294例患者分为AKI组（194例）及非AKI组（100例）。比较两组患者的一般资料,采用Logistic回归分析脓毒性休克致AKI患者的危险因素。 结果本研究中脓毒性休克患者AKI的发生率为66.0%（194 / 294）。AKI组患者院内病死率较非AKI组显著升高（70.6% vs. 22.0%,χ² = 26.327,P < 0.001）。AKI组及非AKI组患者年龄[60（43,73）岁vs. 43（28,67）岁,Z = 2.095,P = 0.036]、平均动脉压[（60 ± 14）mmHg vs.（67 ± 16）mmHg,t = 2.175,P = 0.032]、心率[（124 ± 23）次/ min vs.（112 ± 23）次/ min,t = 2.369,P = 0.020]、氧合指数[（166 ± 113）mmHg vs.（254 ± 150）mmHg,t = 2.820,P = 0.003]、乳酸[（4.6 ± 3.0）mmol / L vs.（2.5 ± 1.9）mmol / L,t = 3.026,P = 0.006]、序贯器官衰竭估计（SOFA）评分[（13 ± 4）分vs.（8 ± 4）分,t = 4.936,P < 0.001]、室性及室上性心律失常（32.5% vs. 8.0%,χ² = 4.334,P = 0.037）、C反应蛋白[（210 ± 104）mg / L vs.（145 ± 71）mg / L,t = 2.923,P = 0.005]、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶[92（41,345）U / L vs. 36（18,65）U / L,Z = 3.794,P < 0.001]、血肌酐[（239 ± 164）μmol / L vs.（71 ± 22）μmol / L,t = 5.729,P < 0.001]、血尿素氮[（26 ± 16）mol / L vs.（10 ± 8）mol / L,t = 5.212,P < 0.001]、肾小球滤过率[（38 ± 29）mL·min^-1·1.73 m^-2 vs.（101 ± 28）mL·min^-1·1.73 m^-2,t = 9.944,P < 0.001]、肌钙蛋白I [0.39（0.08,1.60）μg / L vs. 0.05（0.01,0.20）μg / L,Z = 3.437,P = 0.001]、D-二聚体[3 538（1 348,9 310）μg / L vs. 2 333（653,4 169）μg / L,Z = 2.458,P = 0.049]、去甲肾上腺素（66.0% vs. 39.0%,χ² = 1.309,P = 0.007）、日呋塞米最大使用剂量[40（20,98）mg vs. 10（0,20）mg,Z = 3.992,P < 0.001]、机械通气（59.8% vs. 25.0%,χ² = 0.145,P = 0.001）、血液净化（12.9% vs. 0%,χ² = 76.945,P = 0.030）及深静脉置管（67.5% vs. 47.0%,χ² = 4.400,P = 0.041）等比较,差异均有统计学意义。将上述指标纳入Logistic回归分析,结果显示,平均动脉压[OR = 1.035,95%CI（0.997,1.075）,P = 0.032]、乳酸[OR = 1.065,95%CI（0.982,1.102）,P = 0.028]、SOFA评分[OR = 1.232,95%CI（1.013,1.455）,P = 0.049]、机械通气[OR = 1.942,95%CI（1.461,4.191）,P = 0.036]、日呋塞米最大剂量[OR = 1.123,95%CI（0.884,1.793）,P = 0.013]是脓毒症致AKI的危险因素。 结论平均动脉压、乳酸、SOFA评分、机械通气及日呋塞米最大剂量的检测有助于临床早期识别脓毒性休克发生AKI的高危患者,从而早期采取预防措施。