品管圈对减少病区呼叫铃使用次数的效果评价

目的探讨品管圈对降低病房呼叫铃次数的效果。方法成立品管圈小组,确定降低病区呼叫铃使用次数为活动主题,对病区呼叫铃使用现状进行调查,找出病区呼叫铃使用次数高的原因,采取有效措施进行6个月的持续质量改进。比较开展品管圈活动后病区的日均呼叫铃次数及无形成果。结果病区内日均呼叫铃的次数从90次下降到33次,且品管圈活动实施后的无形成果显著。结论经过此次品管圈活动,病区内呼叫铃的使用频率大幅度下降,一定程度上解决了护理工作中存在的问题,达到了设定目标,改善了病区环境。     

品管圈在实施“零”呼叫中的作用及效果

目的:探讨品管圈活动在降低"呼叫"中的作用及效果。方法:成立品管圈活动组织,选定活动主题,通过现状调查,2013年9~10月科室发生呼叫铃声共1230次,分析呼叫原因(护士巡视不到位、护士人数不够、护士工作安排不合理、宣教不到位、患者自身因素、管理不规范、其他等),制定对策(迫切急需解决的问题:护士巡视不到位、护士工作安排不合理、患者习惯性按铃、宣教不到位)。结果:(1)病区呼叫铃由活动实施前的1230次降至活动后的60次。(2)在护士凝聚力、患者满意度、护士满意度、工作主动性、个人的综合能力、荣誉感、品管手法、成就感、工作速度、工作效率10个方面得到明显提高(P0.05)。结论:开展品管圈活动不但降低了病房呼叫铃的次数,同时还提高了圈员的团队精神、工作积极性及质量管理能力。     

小组责任制转变个人全包干制对提高护理质量的效果分析

目的探讨由小组责任制转变为个人大包干制对提高护理质量的效果。方法选择2013年1～3月在本院骨科收治的361例病人为对照组，2013年8～10月收治的391例病人为观察组，每组随机抽取200名病人，发放调查表。对照组采用小组包干制护理模式，对病人实施护理；观察组采用个人责任包干制护理模式，对病人实施护理。比较两组病人护士服务态度、技术水平、各项基础护理的落实、技术服务、健康教育效果、病人日均输液呼叫铃的使用次数、护士到位时间、护理不良事件的发生。结果观察组病人对护理工作的满意度及各项基础护理的落实高于对照组（P〈O．01），日均输液呼叫铃的使用次数明显少于对照组，由93％下降为23％；护士到位时间由（4．0±0．5）mim下降为（1．5±0．3）min，护理不良事件对照组为6例，观察组为1例。结论个人全包干制护理模式能更好地为患者服务，增强护士的主动性与责任心，保障病人的安全。     

品管圈活动在降低耳鼻喉科住院患者呼叫率中的应用

目的通过2015年本科室品管圈活动的开展,降低住院患者呼叫率。方法成立品管圈小组,针对住院患者呼叫率偏高的缺陷,利用品管圈解决问题;6个月后评价活动效果。结果住院患者呼叫率由改善前的24.04%降为当前的8.07%。结论品管圈活动可以有效降低住院患者呼叫率,同时提高了护理人员的综合素质。     

品管圈在降低普外科输液患者呼叫率中的应用

目的：探讨品管圈活动对降低普外科输液患者传呼器呼叫率的作用。方法成立品管圈小组,确定降低普外科输液患者传呼器呼叫率为活动主题,分析影响普外科输液高峰期传呼器呼叫率居高不下的因素并采取相应的措施,实施质量持续改进。结果实施活动后输液相关红灯呼叫频率降至29．84％,显著低于活动前52．92％（P＜0．01）,静脉输满意度为93．5％显著高于活动前78％（均P＜0．01）。结论开展品管圈活动降低了输液相关红灯呼叫频率,提升了护士和患者的满意度,增强了护士的管理意识。     

护士站前移的实施对护理服务质量的影响

目的探讨护士站前移的实施对护理服务质量的影响。方法根据科室病房设置及责任分组情况设计可移动护士站3个,比较实施护士站前移前后患者平均每日加液呼叫次数、护士每日为患者直接服务时间、患者健康知识掌握程度、患者对护理服务的满意度、办公护士缺陷发生次数。结果护士站前移后护士直接服务患者时间为（425±2）min／d、患者加液呼叫次数（2±0．5）次／d、患者满意度99．2％及患者健康知识掌握96．5％、办公护士执行医嘱缺陷次数为1次,与实施前相比差异有统计学意义[（390±5）min／d,（40±1．5）次／d,87．5％,95．6％,5次;u值分别为3．54,11．33,X2值分别为9．64,4．11,12．3,P〈0．01或P〈0．05]。结论护士站前移缩短了护士与患者的生理和心理距离,让护士有更多的时间实施治疗、护理和健康宣教,有效地减少了加液呼叫,提升了患者的健康知识水平,提高了护理质量及患者的满意度。     

品管圈在降低病房呼叫器铃声中的应用

目的探讨品管圈活动在降低病房呼叫器铃声中的应用效果。方法选择了2014年11-12月以"降底病区呼叫器铃声"作为品管圈活动的主题。通过品管圈活动的开展步骤,进行相关改进。结果实施品管圈后,病房呼叫器铃声次数从原来的105.8次降低到23.2次,现呼叫率为16.11%。结论应用品管圈活动,使病房呼叫器铃声明显降低,工作流程得到改进,全体护理人员的团队意识得到了提升,加强护理人员的管理意识,增加了个人成就感和责任感。     

品管圈活动在降低老年骨科手术患者中发生压疮的作用

目的：探讨品管圈活动在降低老年骨科手术患者中发生压疮的作用。方法采用随机抽样法选取2012年10月至2013年10月在我院实施骨科手术的患者100例,将2012年10月至2013年4月的50例患者设为对照组,将2013年5月至2013年10月的50例患者设为观察组。对照组患者给予常规的护理措施;观察组患者按照品管圈活动的要求进行系统的护理。记录并分析两组患者的满意度,并比较两组发生压疮的人数与次数以及圈内人员实施品管圈活动后的各项目平均值。结果品管圈活动后,观察组患者的各项满意度均高于对照组（均P＜0．05）,且观察组压疮人数和压疮次数与对照组相比,均有了明显的改善（均P＜0．05）。品管圈活动后,圈员的各项目的评分均明显高于活动实施前（均P＜0．01）。结论应用品管圈活动在降低骨科手术患者中发生压疮的因素多为外在因素,可通过护理人员加以预防。     

品管圈在提高创伤骨科患者疼痛评估规范率中的应用效果

目的：探讨品管圈活动在提高创伤骨科患者疼痛评估规范率中的应用效果,系统规范疼痛管理,完善并规范无痛病房的建设。方法针对创伤骨科手外科无痛病房实施过程中发现的疼痛评估不规范的问题,于2014年3~8月,开展以“提高创伤骨科患者疼痛评估规范率”为主题的品管圈质量改善项目。通过品管圈质量改善工具,参照美国疼痛协会(American Pain Society,APS)2005年的关于疼痛质量改进的推荐,构建完善的疼痛评估体系,运用质量管理工具对疼痛评估体系存在的问题进行分析,对疼痛评估流程、评估时间和频次等方面加以完善和改进,取得了满意效果,将2013年12月至2014年3月在院的320例患者疼痛评估方案设为品管圈改善前期;将2014年4~7月在院的335例患者疼痛评估方案设为品管圈改善后的改善期和维持期,并将改进前后状况进行比较。结果实施品管圈质量改善后,住院患者疼痛评估规范率由改善前期的54.69%提高至改善期的79.44%;目标达标率104.34%,进步率63.32%;在改善后维持期,住院患者疼痛评估规范率达到85.68%,进步率70.33%。结论品管圈质量改善活动的开展不仅提高了创伤骨科住院患者疼痛评估的规范率,建立了完善的疼痛评估体系,而且有助于提高临床护士疼痛管理专业化水平,促进医护患三方和谐,保障护理质量安全,提升护理服务品质。     

品管圈活动在降低眼科病房滴眼药水差错率中的应用

目的：探讨品管圈活动在降低眼科病房滴眼药水差错率中的应用与效果。方法成立品管圈，确定活动主题为降低眼科病房滴眼药水差错率，通过现状调查与原因分析，按照80／20法则选定真因，通过头脑风暴法找出对策：加强科室新进人员的培训和考核；加强与药房、医生的沟通；优化流程设计；人工编排特殊眼药水的执行时间。比较活动前后的差错率。结果眼科病房滴眼药水差错率由活动前的8％降至1．86％。结论品管圈活动不仅降低了眼科病房滴眼药水的差错率，还提高了圈员的团队意识、自我管理能力和科研能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.