实时三维超声测量膀胱容积的初步探讨

目的:评价实时三维超声技术测量膀胱容积的准确性与可行性,并探讨测量的最佳旋转角度。方法:使用实时三维超声采集10个模拟膀胱的橡胶水囊及33例正常成人的膀胱“锥形”三维数据库,应用其容积分析软件,用不同旋转角度:6°,9°,15°,30°测量水囊及膀胱容积;同时用二维计算公式测量水囊及膀胱容积,将三维及二维测值与实际值比较。结果:在水囊及成人膀胱容积测量,实时三维超声不同平面间角度与实际值均呈正相关(r2>0.90),两者无显著性差异(P>0.05);二维超声测值与实际值虽呈正相关(r2>0.85),但两者间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。各旋转角度之间相比较,水囊及膀胱容积测量时不同旋转角度之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);实时三维超声测量误差较二维超声明显为小(P<0.05)。结论:实时三维超声技术测量膀胱容积准确可靠,重复性高。临床应用实时三维超声测量膀胱容积时,选择平面间角度30°即可提供足够信息,为兼顾准确与简便的最佳选择。     

三维超声体积自动测量技术在非心脏领域的研究进展

三维超声体积自动测量技术实现了脏器容积的定量测量。大量实验和临床应用证实，三维超声体积自动测量技术测量脏器容积较常规二维超声更准确可靠，重复性更高。现对其在非心脏领域的研究成果及进展做一综述。     

实时三维超声成像技术在体外模型容积测量中的应用

目的:评价实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)技术在不同形状体外模型容积测量中的准确性和重复性。方法:使用RT-3DE系统采集不同形状和不同大小的气球“金字塔”形三维图像数据库,结合其容积分析软件,脱机采用最大冠状切面法测量其容积,同时在二维超声心动图上亦测量相应气球的容积。实验结束后用量杯计量不同气球中液体的实际容量。结果:在椭圆形气球容积测量中,RT-3DE测量值、二维超声测量值与实际液体容量有很好的相关性(r=0.99,P<0.0001;r=0.99,P<0.0001)。在异形气球的容积测量中,RT-3DE测量值与实际液体容量的相关性高于二维超声结果与实际容量的相关性(r=0.94,P<0.0001;r=0.82,P<0.001)。RT-3DE测量值的组间和组内变异系数明显小于二维超声测量值的组间和组内变异系数。结论:在不规则形状的容积测量中,RT-3DE技术较二维测量容积更准确,且重复性高,提示运用RT-3DE技术能更准确地反映冠心病伴有室壁运动异常或室壁瘤形成时的实际心功能状况。     

实时三维超声心动图定量评价左室容积模型的实验研究

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)全容积成像及双平面法测量左心室容积的可行性和准确性。方法应用RT-3DE采集22个左室模型(包括10个近正常心脏模型,12个室壁瘤模型,53~292ml)的双平面图像和全容积数据,启动PhilipsQLab分析软件,计算水囊容积。同时与2DESimpson法测量值和实际注水量进行比较。结果在10个正常左室模型中,全容积成像、双平面法与二维超声测值与实际容积值相关性良好,有高度一致性;12个不规则室壁瘤模型中,双平面法及全容积成像测值与实际容积值间相关良好,无显著差异,一致性好;而2DE测值与实际容积值间差异显著(P<0.05),一致性较差。结论实时三维双平面法和全容积成像法测量左室容积较二维法准确,且双平面法便捷,全容积法更准确。其为准确、快速、简便地评价左心室几何容积和功能提供了新的有力工具。     

时间-空间相关成像技术定量评价胎儿左心室容积的研究

目的 探讨时间-空间相关成像技术(spatiotemporal image correlation,STIC)在定量胎儿左心室容积中的价值.方法 通过三维容积探头获得162例孕龄22～38周胎儿的心脏三维数据,应用STIC对容积数据处理并获得胎儿心脏形态结构评估要求的多个切面.通过VOCALⅡ功能进行左室三维重建,对胎儿左室功能进行评估,获得左室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV),并与M型Teichholz法、二维超声心动图简化Simpson法测定的结果进行比较.结果 剔除图像质量较差的26例、双胎2例,共有134例正常胎儿纳入分析,三种方法两两比较,STIC VOCALⅡ法与二维超声心动图简化Simpson法所测EDV、ESV相关性最好,r分别为0.968和0.956,Bland-Altman分析两者一致性最好,存在最小偏倚,EDV为0.282 ml、ESV为0.117ml.采用Bland-Altman分析三种测量方法,STICVOCAIⅡ法的重复性最好,观察者间EDV的偏倚为0.190 ml,ESV的偏倚为0.028ml;观察者内EDV的偏倚为0.076ml,ESV的偏倚为0.053 ml.M型Teichholz法与STIC VOCALⅡ法、2DE Simpson法所测得左室容积比较差异均有统计学意义,STIC VOCALⅡ法与2DE Simpson法所测左室容积比较差异无统计学意义.结论 STIC VOCALⅡ法和二维超声心动图简化Simpson法测量左室容积有良好的一致性,且STICVOCALⅡ法所测左室容积观察者间及观察者内重复性均较其他两种方法好.STIC能够更准确地定量正常胎儿的左室容积,三维重建更合理准确地评估心室收缩功能,有助于深入了解发育中的胎儿心脏结构和功能.     

三维与二维超声对睾丸体积测量准确性的对比研究

目的评价三维超声、二维超声对睾丸体积测量的准确性。方法对20位拟行去势手术的晚期前列腺癌患者共40枚睾丸，术前使用二维超声对睾丸的长、宽、高（前后径）进行测量，使用椭球体公式计算睾丸体积；然后再使用三维超声自动测量程序测出睾丸容积。睾丸切除术后应用排水法测量睾丸的实际体积，并以此作为标准，评价三维超声和二维超声测量睾丸体积与睾丸实际体积的相关性及两种方法测量结果的准确性。结果两种超声测量方法所测睾丸体积与实际体积均高度相关；但二维超声测量的值较睾丸实际体积偏小，P〈0．05，而三维超声容积探头所测体积与实际体积比较差异无统计学意义，P〉0．05。结论三维超声对睾丸体积测量的准确性优于二维超声，所测数值能更好地代表实际睾丸体积；使用椭球体公式所计算的睾丸体积小于实际体积。     

三维体元模型超声重建法定量测量左室容积的实验研究

为了评价三维体元模型超声重建法定量左室容积的准确性，我们对７个左室模型和１７只离体猪心进行了研究，并与二维法和超声心动图自动边缘检测技术比较。结果显示；三维体元模型超声重建法，二维法和超声心动图自动边缘检测技术测量的左室模型窖容积与实测值均３接近，但相关系数以三维法最高。     

三维超声体积自动测量技术在移植肾容积参数采集中的方法学研究

目的探讨三维超声容积自动测量技术在移植肾容积参数采集中的方法学问题。方法20例肾功能稳定期移植肾患者，分为a取值30°、15°、9°、6°旋转步长组、同一操作者9°旋转步长组及不同操作者9。旋转步长组，进行三维血管容积参数的采集与分析。结果a取值为30°、15°、9°、6°组，同一操作者a取值为9°前、后两次测量组以及不同操作者a取值9°分别测量组，所得到的三维血管容积参数比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论选取a取值9°为旋转步长，进行移植肾三维血管容积数据的采集最为适宜；三维超声容积自动测量技术在不同操作者内及相同操作者间的测量值变异小，重复性好。     

三维超声体积自动测量系统精确测量甲状腺体积

目的 观察三维超声体积自动测量系统(VOCALTM)在甲状腺体积精确测量中的应用价值.方法 应用GE Voluson 730三维超声成像系统对水囊模型及活体甲状腺体积进行二维和三维测量.结果 ①三维超声测量的水囊模型体积与实际体积之间的相关性明显好于二维超声测量.三维超声的测量结果 更接近于实际体积.②在活体甲状腺上,以三维超声精确测量的甲状腺体积作为参考标准,利用直线回归方程推导出一个更为精确的二维超声测量甲状腺的新体积公式,根据此公式测算得出的甲状腺体积较传统的椭球体公式测算结果 误差小.结论 VOCALTM技术在精确测量甲状腺体积方面有较高的准确性和可重复性.     

超声斑点追踪技术测量正常人二维应变的初步研究

目的 运用斑点追踪技术测量正常人左心室各个节段二维应变。方法 对21例正常人行超声心动图检查记录左室短轴观二尖瓣、乳头肌、心尖部图像和心尖四腔观、二腔观、左室长轴观高帧频图像，应用二维应变分析软件测量各节段的二维应变，同时应用定量组织速度成像技术测量心尖位纵向应变，检验二者对同一部位应变测量的重复性。结果 二维应变所测得心尖位左室基底段、中间段、心尖段的纵向应变依次递增，基底段最小，心尖段最大。二维应变测量重复性高，心尖位变异系数观察者内为1．5％，观察者间为1．8％；短轴变异系数观察者内为6．1％，观察者间为14．2％；定量组织速度成像技术测量纵向应变变异系数观察者内为65．1％，观察者间为78．3％。结论 应用斑点追踪技术测量心肌节段二维应变不依赖室壁运动的方向，具有较高重复性，其在各种心脏疾病中的应用价值有待进一步研究。     

Estimation of liver tumor volume using a three-dimensional ultrasound volumetric system

The usefulness of a new three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) volumetric system developed recently was validated in volume measurement of liver tumor in the present study. The system was used to estimate the volumes of 22 regular phantoms, 25 irregular phantoms and 37 liver tumors from 33 patients. The results showed that the consumed time of measurement with the system ranged from 1 to 15 min, depending on different rotation angles. The measured volumes at different rotation angles all significantly correlated with the true volumes and there were no significant differences among measured volumes at different angles. The measurement error of 3DUS was 0.3% +/- 3.3% in regular phantoms, -0.4% +/- 3.7% in irregular phantoms and 0.9% +/- 11.3% in liver tumors, respectively, as compared with -5.3 +/- 9.4%, 13.6 +/- 28.0% and 15.3 +/- 37.3% for two-dimensional ultrasound, respectively (all p < 0.05). The volume estimation with 3DUS also had significant intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility both in vitro and in vivo. It can be concluded that the new system that we used can greatly reduce the consumed time and manual labor for volume measurement with high accuracy and reproducibility. 3DUS volumetry using the new system is more acceptable and valuable in clinical practice and is expected to be useful for evaluation of the efficacy of tumor therapy in situ in patients with hepatic tumors.     

Ovarian volume measurements in mice with high-resolution ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver variability of ovarian volume measurements in mice with high-resolution 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS) and 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS). METHODS: Ovaries of 10 nude mice were visualized with a small-animal ultrasound scanner and a 40-MHz probe. For each ovary, volume was measured 3 times by 2 independent readers using both 2DUS and 3DUS methods. The 2DUS method used a biplane ellipsoid model. The 3DUS method estimated the volume by integrating 10 to 12 parallel image planes of the ovary after semiautomated outlining of the boundaries. For each type of measurement, intraobserver and interobserver standard error of measurement (SEM) values and minimal detectable volume changes were calculated by analysis of variance. RESULTS: Two-dimensional ultrasonography showed much poorer reproducibility, with higher absolute intraobserver and interobserver SEM values (0.50 and 0.61 mm3, respectively) than 3DUS (0.20 and 0.35 mm3; P < .01). Relative intraobserver and interobserver SEM values were also much higher for 2DUS (12.20% and 14.88%) than for 3DUS (5.12% and 8.97%; P < .01). The minimal volume changes that could be detected with a 95% confidence level in successive measurements by the same (or different) observers were 33.90% (41.22%) for 2DUS and 14.10% (24.87%) for 3DUS. CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution 3DUS can provide a reliable tool for noninvasive, longitudinal ovarian volume measurements in mice.     

三维超声图像重建系统对不同形状容积测定的可行性研究

为了全面评价超声三维图像重建法测定容积的准确性，我们对５４个球状体、１１个椭圆体、１３个不规则体进行了研究，同时和两维超声所测值进行了比较。结果表明：维测定容量和实测值高度相关。     

三维超声成像测定卵巢囊性肿瘤容积

目的　为了探讨三维超声成像在卵巢囊性肿瘤定量分析中的应用价值。方法　本文采用二维、三维超声对 10例病人的卵巢囊性肿瘤容积进行测定 ,并与术后标本容积比较。结果　不论肿瘤规则与否 ,三维超声测量肿瘤容积与实际容积间无明显差异 ;而二维超声测值与实际值差异明显。结论　三维超声较二维超声能更准确地测定肿瘤容积 ,为临床诊断和治疗提供了可靠的定量依据     

实时三维超声测量动脉粥样硬化斑块体积--仿体实验

目的明确实时三维超声技术用于定量颈动脉斑块体积的可行性及准确性。方法采用不同浓度比例的琼脂、明胶和碳化硅颗粒混合物制作成硬度、回声强度各异的含有斑块的血管仿体32个。先后应用11L-3探头和X4探头扫查仿体，并获取仿体的全容积（full volume）图像导入TomTec 4D Cardio-View工作站，由两名超声医师双盲、随机分别在2、4、8、16平面状态下测量体积，其中一位观察者在1月后按此原则再次进行测定。结果在斑块及其回声强度的判断上，实时三维成像与传统二维血管成像具有良好的一致性。2、4、8、16平面状态下所测得的仿体斑块体积与制作过程中的实际体积相比其P值分别为0．001、0．946、0．223、0．196；4、8及16平面测量值与实际体积数值之间的相关系数r分别为0．73、0．82和0．74（P均〈0．001）。体积测量数据在观察者间和观察者内部的差异无显著性意义。结论实时三维超声技术可检测颈动脉仿体中存在的斑块，结合TomTec 4D Cardio-View工作站可准确计算斑块体积。该技术具有较高的可重复性。     

Evaluation of the Accuracy of 3‐Dimensional Ultrasonography of the Kidney Using an In Vitro Renal Model

Objective. Three‐dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) has recently become a reality because of advances in ultrasound probes and machine processing ability. We have developed an anthropomorphic phantom of the human loin to assess both the accuracy of 3DUS of the kidney and its potential usefulness for training in ultrasonographically guided percutaneous renal intervention. Methods. The model was built with easily available and inexpensive materials such as agar and latex with known ultrasonographic properties. The accuracy of 2‐dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS) and 3DUS was assessed by measuring the dimensions of the pelvicalyceal system (PCS) ultrasonographically (pelvis width and calyx diameters) and then comparing these with measurements obtained at the time of construction. Radiology interventional trainees then punctured the PCS with 2DUS and 4‐dimensional ultrasonographic (real‐time/time‐resolved 3DUS) guidance and reported the phantom's performance. Results. The 3‐dimensional nature of the model's PCS could be clearly visualized on 2DUS and 3DUS, and the scan characteristics were very similar to those in real life. Measurements using 3DUS proved to be closer to the true dimensions of the model's PCS than those using 2DUS. The mean error percentage for 2DUS measurements was ?10.2%, and that for 3DUS was ?2.2% (P < 0.0001). Interventional trainees were satisfied with the “tissue feel” and level of difficulty posed on puncturing the phantom. Conclusions. Three‐dimensional ultrasonography proved to be more accurate than 2DUS for intrarenal measurements using this in vitro renal model. Three‐dimensional ultrasonography has the potential to ease diagnostic renal scanning with the ability to further scrutinize and postprocess the scanned volumes. The model was realistic in its anthropomorphic properties and simulated human tissue during puncture.     

Reproducibility of 3-dimensional sonographic measurements of fetal and placental volume at gestational ages of 11-18 weeks

PURPOSE: Determine the reproducibility of 3D ultrasound (3DUS) measurements of fetal and placental volumes. METHODS: We included 34 pregnant women between gestational weeks (GW) 11-18. Two operators independently acquired fetal and placental volumes using 3DUS. Each volume was acquired twice and stored on disk for off-line analysis. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility was expressed in the intra- and interclass correlation coefficient (intra-CC and inter-CC). In addition, the 3DUS volumes acquired by the first operator were calculated by the second and vice-versa to evaluate the effect of volume acquisition and caliper placement. A value >0.75 was considered a good agreement. RESULTS: Fetal and placental volume measurements were successful in 97% of all cases. Between GW 11-14 and 14-18 the median fetal volume was 20.8 (5.0-35.1) and 51.7 (37.9-132.8) ml, the median placental volume was 71.3 (40.9-111.9) and 120.7 (94.2- 273.7) ml. Bland-Altman plots were used for statistical analysis. The intraobserver reproducibility was good for fetus (intra-CC: 0.99; 0.99) and placenta (intra-CC: 0.99; 0.98). Also, interobserver reproducibility was good for fetus (inter-CC 0.98) and placenta (inter-CC 0.98). In addition, regardless of the operator who acquired the volumes, the inter-CC remained good for both fetus (inter-CC: 0.99; 0.99) and placenta (inter-CC: 0.97; 0.99). CONCLUSION: The reproducibility of fetal and placental volume measurements by 3DUS between GW 11-18 is good. In addition, individually chosen caliper placement and volume acquisition has no effect on the calculation of either volumes.     

第11~13周胎儿额上颌角的二维及三维超声测量

目的 比较及评价二维和三维超声在测量胎儿额上颌(FMF)角中的作用.方法 分别应用二维及三维超声方法在颜面正中矢状面测量11～13周正常胎儿的FMF角,比较两种测量方法所得测值的差异及可重复性,分析三维测量的FMF角与胎儿头臀长(CRL)的关系.结果 共37名胎儿测得FMF角.随CRL增大,测量例数增加,而FMF角减小.其中18名(48.65%)得到符合要求的二维测量平面,30名(81.08%)胎儿获得符合要求的三维重建平面.对同一胎儿,二维测量平面两次测值间的平均差异为2.78°±1.95°,明显大于三维重建平面两次测值间的平均差异(1.68°±1.01°,P<0.01).11名胎儿同时应用两种方法进行测量,所得FMF角差异无统计学意义.三维重建平面测得的FMF角随CRL的增加而减小,二者明显相关(r＝-0.540,P<0.01).结论 在 11～13周正常胎儿中,与二维超声相比,应用三维超声可以快速而精确地测量FMF角.