全身振动疗法对痉挛型双瘫患儿下肢运动功能的影响

目的 探讨全身振动疗法对痉挛型双瘫患儿下肢运动功能的影响。 方法 选取痉挛型双瘫患儿56例,采用随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组28例。两组均给予常规的运动康复训练,治疗组在此基础上辅以全身振动疗法,治疗频率为每周5次,每次15 min,共12周。治疗前、治疗12周后（治疗后）,记录2组患儿粗大功能评定量表（GMFM-88）D区（站立）和E区（走跑跳）评分、踝关节背屈活动度（ROM）、胫前肌和腓肠肌的表面肌电信号均方根值（RMS）和Berg平衡量表（BBS）评分。 结果 治疗前,2组患儿治疗前、后GMFCS D区（站立）和E区（走跑跳）评分、踝关节主动ROM、被动ROM、被动背屈踝关节腓肠肌RMS、主动背屈踝关节胫前肌RMS、主动趾屈踝关节腓肠肌RMS、BBS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与组内治疗前比较,除主动背屈踝关节胫前肌RMS外,2组患儿治疗后GMFCS D区（站立）和E区（走跑跳）评分、踝关节主动ROM、被动ROM、被动背屈踝关节腓肠肌RMS、主动趾屈踝关节腓肠肌RMS、BBS评分均有所改善（P<0.05）,且治疗组治疗后GMFCS D区（站立）［（36.3±2.6）分］和E区（走跑跳）［（44.1±11.3）分］评分、踝关节主动ROM［（9.36±4.12）°］、被动ROM［（19.64±6.15）°］、被动背屈踝关节腓肠肌RMS［（15.3±6.5）μV］、主动趾屈踝关节腓肠肌RMS［（82.8±13.6）μV］、BBS评分［（39.6±1.6）分］较为优异（P<0.05）。 结论 全身振动疗法能有效改善痉挛型双瘫患儿的下肢运动功能。     

全身振动训练联合肉毒毒素注射对痉挛型双瘫脑瘫儿童尖足及粗大运动功能的影响

目的 观察全身振动训练联合A型肉毒毒素注射对痉挛型双瘫脑瘫儿童尖足及粗大运动功能的影响。 方法 选取2~5岁痉挛型双瘫脑瘫尖足患儿60例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组采用A型肉毒毒素注射腓肠肌内外侧头肌腹部,每个靶肌肉注射剂量为3 IU/kg,一次性注射完毕,注射后24 h给予常规康复治疗5个疗程,每个疗程3周,每周治疗5 d;观察组在对照组基础上加用全身振动训练,患儿采取站立位,每次振动时间为2 min,休息1 min,共3~4次为一组,每日一组,每周治疗5 d,疗程与常规康复治疗同步。分别于治疗前、治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月,采用改良Tardieu量表评分（MTS）评价小腿三头肌痉挛情况;采用肌肉快速牵张时出现卡住的角度（快角,记录为R1）和肌肉慢速活动下关节全范围活动度（慢角,记录为R2）评价踝关节活动度;采用粗大运动功能量表（GMFM-88）D区（站立功能）、E区（走跑跳功能）评分评价运动功能。对2组患者治疗前后的上述观察指标进行统计学分析比较。 结果 治疗前,2组患儿MTS评分［观察组（3.60±0.56）分;对照组（3.57±0.63）分］、R1［观察组（-8.27±7.98）°;对照组（-9.30±7.01）°］、R2［观察组（7.43±7.75）°;对照组（7.20±7.55）°］、GMFM-88评分［观察组（35.10±7.07）分;对照组（36.63±7.46）分］组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后1个月、3个月和6个月,2组患儿MTS评分［观察组（2.43±0.68）、(1.83±0.46)和(2.17±0.75）分;对照组（2.83±0.79）、（2.33±0.61）和（2.70±0.75）分］均小于组内治疗前,R1［观察组（4.17±6.20）°、（9.87±5.47）°和（4.90±7.04）°;对照组（0.27±7.16）°、（3.73±7.49）°和（-1.73±7.32）°］、R2［观察组（18.07±6.15）°、（24.47±5.85）°和（19.30±5.98）°;对照组（15.07±6.55）°、（19.10±7.80）°和（14.03±7.13）°］、GMFM-88评分［观察组（49.20±7.38）、（58.47±7.17）和（64.37±7.11）分;对照组（45.10±8.75）、（51.73±8.41）和（56.83±8.44）分］均大于组内治疗前,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后1个月、3个月和6个月同时间点比较,观察组的MTS评分均小于对照组,R1、R2均大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患儿治疗后1个月的GMFM-88评分组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗后3个月和6个月同时间点比较,观察组GMFM-88评分均大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 全身振动训练联合A型肉毒毒素注射能有效改善痉挛型双瘫脑瘫儿童尖足及粗大运动功能。     

超声引导下注射A型肉毒毒素联合康复训练治疗尖足畸形脑瘫患儿下肢痉挛的疗效观察

目的观察超声引导下注射A型肉毒毒素（BTX-A）联合康复训练治疗尖足畸形脑瘫患儿下肢痉挛的疗效。 方法选取因下肢痉挛导致尖足的脑瘫患儿47例,按照随机数字表法将其分为注射组（24例）和对照组（23例）,2组均给予康复训练,注射组在此基础上辅以超声引导下BTX-A注射。治疗前及治疗2周后、1个月后、3个月后、6个月后分别采用改良Ashworth量表（MAS）、踝关节被动活动度(PROM)和粗大运动功能测试量表-88（GMFM-88）对患儿下肢痉挛程度进行综合评定。 结果治疗前,注射组患儿MAS评分［（3.31±0.76）分］、PROM值［（108.27±11.38）°］、GMFM-88评分［（54.31±10.31）分］与对照组患儿MAS评分［（3.40±0.65）分］、PROM值［（106.10±11.44）°］、GMFM-88评分［（55.62±10.22）分］比较,差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。注射组治疗2周后、1个月后、3个月后、6个月后各指标与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组除治疗2周后外,剩余时间点各指标与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,与注射组同时间点比较,对照组各指标差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论超声引导下注射BTX-A联合康复训练可快速改善尖足畸形脑瘫患儿的下肢痉挛,值得临床应用、推广。     

运动平板训练对学龄期脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能及步行速度的影响

目的探讨运动平板训练对学龄期脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能及步行速度的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将30例学龄期脑瘫患儿分为训练组和对照组,每组15例,2组患儿均给予常规康复训练,训练组在此基础上增加运动平板训练,每周3次,共12周。训练前、后,采用粗大运动功能评定量表-88（GMFM-88）、步行速度及改良Ashworth量表（MAS）对患儿的粗大运动功能、步行速度及肌张力进行评定。 结果训练前,2组患儿GMFM-88评分、步行速度、MAS评分间比较,差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。训练12周后（训练后）,2组患儿GMFM-88站立项目（D）、走跑跳项目（E）、步行速度、伸膝肌群MAS评分、屈膝肌群MAS评分、跖屈肌群MAS评分均较组内训练前有所改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与对照组训练后比较,训练组患儿GMFM-88站立项目（D）［（33.60±2.22）分］、走跑跳项目（E）［（47.40±5.35）分］、步行速度［（29.95±6.21）m/min］较对照组改善较为明显（P<0.05）。 结论运动平板训练可显著提高学龄期脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能及步行速度,对改善下肢痉挛无明显作用。     

管型石膏结合BTX-A治疗痉挛型脑性瘫痪的临床研究

目的:观察A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)结合管型石膏固定对痉挛型脑瘫(CP)患儿坐、站、走功能及肌肉痉挛程度的影响,为痉挛型CP的治疗提供更多依据。方法:120例痉挛型CP患儿为研究对象,将其随机分为观察组和对照组各60例,对照组采用BTX-A注射治疗后行物理治疗及家庭康复指导,观察组在对照组治疗基础上予以管型石膏固定,在治疗前、治疗后1、3及6个月时分别用粗大运动功能测试量表88项(GMFM-88)和改良Tardieu量表(MTS)参数(X)对患儿进行评定。结果:除对照组在治疗6个月后GMFM-88的D区评分较治疗前差异无统计学意义外,2组在治疗1、3及6个月后,GMFM-88各区评分均较治疗前明显提高(均P<0.05),且观察组治疗6个月后GMFM-88各区评分较对照组均明显提高(均P<0.05);治疗1、3及6个月后,2组小腿三头肌和腘绳肌的MTS参数(X)评分均较治疗前明显降低(均P<0.05),且观察组在治疗6个月后较对照组同时间点比较均更低(均P<0.05)。结论:BTX-A结合物理治疗可明显改善CP患儿的肌肉痉挛程度及提高粗大运动功能,在此基础上结合管型石膏固定可延长远期疗效。     

重复性外周磁刺激联合运动疗法对脑卒中患者踝跖屈肌痉挛的影响

目的 观察重复性外周磁刺激联合运动疗法对脑卒中患者踝跖屈肌痉挛的影响。 方法 选取脑卒中患者60例,按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例,2组患者均行常规运动疗法,治疗组在此基础上辅以重复性外周磁刺激疗法。分别于治疗前及治疗4周后（治疗后）,采用表面肌电图记录踝关节背伸最大等长收缩时胫前肌及腓肠肌的积分肌电值（IEMG）,计算协同收缩率（CO）;采用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评分(FMA-LE)、Holden功能性步行分级（FAC）和综合痉挛量表（CSS）分别评定2组患者的下肢运动功能、步行功能以及踝跖屈肌张力。 结果 治疗后,2组患者踝背伸最大等长收缩时的胫前肌积分肌电值（IEMG）［治疗组(52.25±6.97)μV·s、对照组(47.01±9.02)μV·s］、FMA-LE评分［治疗组(20.13±6.20)分、对照组(16.07±5.10)分］及FAC分级［治疗组(2.53±0.90)分、对照组(2.03±0.81)分］均较组内治疗前明显提高（P<0.05）;2组患者的综合痉挛评分（CSS）［治疗组(8.90±1.81)分、对照组(9.83±1.49)分］及踝背伸协同收缩率（CO）［治疗组(33.50±4.95)％、对照组(39.93±4.58)％］均较组内治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）;组间比较,治疗组治疗后的上述指标改善较对照组更为明显,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 重复性外周磁刺激联合运动疗法可以更有效的减轻脑卒中患者踝跖屈肌痉挛,同时提高下肢的运动功能和步行能力。     

综合康复干预对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复的影响

目的 观察综合康复干预（包括常规康复训练、肌电生物反馈训练及穴位按摩等）对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将60例脑卒中后偏瘫患者分为观察组及对照组,每组30例。对照组患者给予常规康复训练,观察组患者在此基础上辅以肌电生物反馈训练及患肢肌肉、穴位按摩治疗。于治疗前、治疗10周后分别采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）、改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS)及改良Barthel指数评分（MBI）对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗前2组患者屈腕肌、踝跖屈肌MAS评分、上肢及下肢FMA评分、MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;经10周治疗后发现2组患者上述疗效指标均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且观察组屈腕肌、踝跖屈肌MAS评分［分别为（1.5±0.5）分、（1.8±0.4）分］、上肢及下肢FMA评分［分别为（51.3±2.1）分、（26.4±4.1）分］、MBI评分［（62.7±20.9）分］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 在常规康复干预基础上辅以肌电生物反馈训练及患肢肌肉、穴位按摩治疗,能进一步促进脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复,提高患者生活质量。     

体外冲击波联合肌电生物反馈对痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢运动能力的影响

目的探讨体外冲击波(ESWT)联合肌电生物反馈对痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢运动能力的影响。方法选取2～7岁痉挛型脑瘫患儿50例, 按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和实验组, 每组25例。两组患儿均接受肌电生物反馈和常规康复治疗, 实验组在此基础上给予低能量ESWT治疗。治疗前及治疗8周后(治疗后), 采用肌电设备采集两组患儿胫骨前肌的积分肌电值(iEMG)和均方根值(RMS), 利用改良Ashworth量表(MAS)、改良Tardieu量表评定法(MTS)、粗大运动功能评定量表(GMFM-88)D区与E区分别评定两组患儿的下肢痉挛程度及运动能力。结果治疗前, 两组患儿胫骨前肌表面肌电iEMG和RMS, MAS、MTS、GMFM-88结果比较, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后, 两组患儿胫骨前肌表面肌电iEMG和RMS, MAS、MTS中R1、MTS中R2与R1的差值、GMFM-88 D区和E区结果均较组内治疗前改善(P<0.05)。实验组治疗后胫骨前肌表面肌电iEMG[(67.04±12.84)μV·s]和RMS[(69.32±12.84)μV], MAS[(1.98±0....     

步态诱发功能性电刺激对痉挛型脑瘫足下垂患儿的疗效

目的:观察应用功能性电刺激(FES)治疗痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿足下垂的疗效.方法:痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿24例分为观察组和对照组各12例,2组均进行运动训练、物理因子等治疗.观察组在此基础上应用FES对偏瘫侧腓总神经进行神经肌肉电刺激治疗(NMES),同时进行步行训练.治疗前后分别用改良的Ashworth量表测定患儿腓肠肌肌张力的变化、关节量角器法测量下肢踝关节主动背屈角度和粗大运动功能量表(GMFM-88)之D区(站立)、E区(走跑跳)分值.结果:治疗12周后,2组患儿患侧腓肠肌肌张力评分均较治疗前显著降低(P＜0.01),且观察组更低于对照组(P＜0.05);2组GMFM-88之D、E区评分及踝关节主动背屈角度均高于治疗前(P＜0.01),且观察组更高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:FES配合康复功能训练能改善痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿的踝关节活动范围,提高下肢运动功能.     

不同定位技术引导肉毒毒素治疗脑瘫患儿踝跖屈肌群痉挛的对照研究

目的 比较电刺激定位技术与经验定位引导肉毒毒素A（BTX-A）注射治疗脑瘫患儿踝跖屈肌群痉挛的临床疗效。方法 45例脑瘫患儿随机分为电刺激定位组23例，经验定位组22例。2组接受BTX-A注射后3d，开始进行10d物理治疗，之后改由家长在家治疗。患儿在治疗前和治疗后3d、2周、1个月、2个月、3个月进行以下评定：①踝关节被动活动范围（PROM）；②改良Ashworth量表（MAS）评分；③综合痉挛量表（CSS）评分；④粗大运动功能量表（GMFM）D、E项评分；⑤步行速度。结果 2组患儿的PROM、MAS评分、CSS评分、GMFM评分和步行速度，在治疗后2周、1个月、2个月、3个月分别与治疗前比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。PROM、CSS评分在治疗后3d、2周、1个月、2个月、3个月组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。MAS评分在治疗后3d、2个月、3个月时组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。GMFM评分在治疗后2个月、3个月组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。步行速度差值在治疗后2个月、3个月时组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 电刺激定位技术较经验定位引导BTX-A注射结合物理治疗能更好地缓解脑瘫患儿踝跖屈肌群痉挛，提高患儿运动能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.