缺血性脑卒中社区康复临床路径的疗效研究:多中心、单盲、随机对照前瞻性研究

目的:从临床功能角度评估缺血性脑卒中社区康复临床路径康复方案的效果,为脑卒中社区康复临床路径的优化和推广提供数据支持。方法:采用随机、单盲、平行对照、多中心的前瞻性研究,符合纳入标准的缺血性脑卒中患者247例,随机分为临床路径组(129例)和常规康复组(118例)。临床路径组进入社区康复临床路径并执行相应康复治疗方案,常规康复组采取常规康复治疗,不进入临床路径,对康复治疗内容及时间不做要求。主要结局指标采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)及次要结局指标Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分量表(FMA)对两组患者ADL能力、综合功能水平、运动功能进行评定和分析。结果:临床路径组康复治疗前后的MBI差值、MBI改善程度均显著高于常规康复组,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。两组患者康复治疗前后FMA差值及FMA改善程度比较,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:社区康复临床路径结合规范化的康复方案能提高缺血性脑卒中患者的ADL能力,改善患者的功能。     

苏南地区缺血性脑卒中患者三级康复临床路径的效果分析

目的:探讨苏南地区三级康复临床路径在首次缺血性脑卒中患者康复中的应用效果。方法:50例首次缺血性脑卒中患者,随机分配到三级临床路径组和常规康复组。临床路径组患者按照三级转诊的方式进入相应层次的临床路径,完成三层次康复医疗机构的统一康复治疗方案。常规康复组按所就诊康复机构中的常规康复模式和方法完成。分别于治疗前、治疗后第3周末、第9周末、第17周末,应用简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)评定肢体运动功能和改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力,对比评价效果。结果:临床路径组和常规康复组的FMA和MBI评分在治疗后第3周末、第9周末、第17周末均较前提高,第3周末、第9周末临床路径组的FMA和MBI评分与常规康复组比较有显著性差异(P0.05),而第17周末两者的FMA和MBI评分差异无显著意义(P0.05)。临床路径组第9周末总费用高于常规康复组,但成本效益比(费用/MBI差值)更好且并发症发生率低于常规康复组(P0.05)。结论:按临床路径方法开展缺血性脑卒中的三级康复治疗,前期(一级/二级)更有利于患者肢体运动功能、日常生活活动能力的恢复,减少了并发症的发生,减轻了患者的经济负担,值得进一步研究及推广。     

康复护理对脑卒中患者运动功能及日常生活活动能力的效果

目的探讨康复护理干预对脑卒中患者运动功能及日常生活活动能力的影响。方法将140例脑卒中患者随机分为对照组和康复组各70例,对照组给予神经内科常规药物、康复治疗与一般护理,康复组在此基础上进行康复护理干预。治疗前和治疗5周后,分别采用简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分量表(FMA)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)对两组运动功能和日常生活活动能力进行比较分析。结果两组患者治疗前FMA和MBI评分无显著性差异(P>0.05);治疗5周后康复组FMA和MBI评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论康复护理干预对脑卒中患者运动功能及日常生活活动能力的恢复具有促进作用。     

临床康复路径对亚急性期脑梗死患者功能恢复及医疗成本效益的影响

目的 探讨临床康复路径对亚急性期脑梗死患者功能恢复及医疗成本效益的影响。 方法 采用多中心单盲平行随机对照方法，搜集早期康复治疗结束后的亚急性期脑梗死患者286例，其中15例患者在试验未开始前撤回知情同意书，14例患者出院失访，10例中途退出。最终有247例脑梗死患者纳入统计分析，按随机数字表法分为临床康复路径组（129例）和常规康复组（118例）。临床路径组接受标准化的康复流程干预及药物治疗，常规康复组接受常规康复治疗及药物治疗。分别于康复治疗前（治疗前）及康复治疗3周时和康复治疗6周后，采用简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分（FMA）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）对2组患者的运动功能和ADL能力进行评价，比较2组患者康复治疗前后各指标的差值及改善程度；比较2组患者住院6周的费用，并进行成本-效果分析。 结果 临床路径组治疗6周后与治疗3周时的FMA和MBI评分增值以及FMA和MBI评分改善程度均显著高于常规康复组（P<0.05），2组患者康复治疗3周时和治疗6周后的FMA评分增值和FMA评分改善程度与组内治疗前比较，其MBI评分增值和MBI评分改善程度差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。临床路径组平均住院总费用明显低于常规康复组（P<0.05），常规康复组FMA和MBI评分每增加１分与临床路径组相比，均需多花费2166元和1940元，组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 临床康复路径能有效改善亚急性期脑梗死患者运动功能和日常生活(ADL)能力，提高医疗成本-效益比。     

早期综合康复治疗对急性脑卒中患者功能重建的影响

目的:探讨早期综合康复治疗对急性脑卒中患者功能重建的影响。方法:急性脑卒中患者128例,随机分为康复组和对照组各64例,2组均给予神经内科常规及对症支持治疗,康复组同期应用Brunnstrom、Bobath疗法、本体感觉神经肌肉促通法(PNF)等治疗技术进行康复训练1个月。2组治疗前后均采用临床神经功能缺损程度(CNDS)、Brunnstrom分级、改良Barthel指数(MBI)及简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评测法(FMA)等进行疗效评定。结果:治疗后,2组患者CNS评分均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01或0.05),康复组低于对照组(P<0.05);2组患者MBI评分、FMA上下肢评分及Brunnstrom分级均较治疗前明显提高(P<0.01或0.05),康复组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:急性脑卒中患者早期进行综合康复治疗能减少神经功能损害,提高肢体运动功能,改善日常生活活动能力。     

康复护理对改善急性脑梗死患者肢体功能障碍的效果分析

目的 探讨康复护理对改善急性脑梗死患者肢体功能障碍康复效果的影响.方法 将我院2006年至2009年治疗的86例急性脑梗死患者随机分为康复组与对照组各43例.2组均给予常规治疗,康复组在常规治疗基础上给予早期康复训练护理,于治疗前及治疗3周后采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评估(FMA)对患者肢体功能进行测评;改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力.结果 治疗3周后,2组患者治疗后FMA评分及MBI均有改善,且康复组FMA评分及MBI明显高于对照组.结论 康复护理明显改善急性脑梗死患者肢体运动功能及生括能力,降低致残率.     

早期与晚期康复对脑梗死患者功能恢复影响的对照研究

目的:探讨早期与晚期康复对脑梗死患者功能恢复的影响。方法:选择216例脑梗死患者,其中早期康复组与晚期康复组各108例。早期康复组在患者生命体征稳定,神经病学体征不再进展后48h—14天开始康复。晚期康复组在发病后15—30天开始康复。两组均采用Bobath法和运动再学习法进行训练。采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)、简式Fugl-Meyer运动评分(FMA)和临床神经功能缺陷程度评分进行康复评价。结果:临床神经功能缺陷程度评分、FMA和MBI入选时两组差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),治疗30天两组均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.01),早期康复组较晚期康复组改善程度更大(P<0.01)。结论:早期与晚期康复均可明显促进神经功能恢复,早期康复的临床疗效明显优于晚期。目的:探讨早期与晚期康复对脑梗死患者功能恢复的影响。方法:选择216例脑梗死患者,其中早期康复组与晚期康复组各108例。早期康复组在患者生命体征稳定,神经病学体征不再进展后48h—14天开始康复。晚期康复组在发病后15—30天开始康复。两组均采用Bobath法和运动再学习法进行训练。采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)、简式Fugl-Meyer运动评分(FMA)和临床神经功能缺陷程度评分进行康复评价。结果:临床神经功能缺陷程度评分、FMA和MBI入选时两组差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),治疗30天两组     

综合康复疗法治疗脑卒中后肩手综合征的疗效观察

目的观察综合康复疗法治疗脑卒中后肩手综合征（shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke,SHSAS）的临床效果。方法将我院2009年1月至2010年12月确诊为SHSAS的患者分为综合康复组和对照组。对照组采用常规康复训练;综合康复组在常规康复训练基础上加用针灸治疗。对两组治疗前后临床疗效进行比较,采用Fugl-Meyer评定法（Fugl-Meyer as-sessment,FMA）和改良Barthel指数（modified Barthel index,MBI）对运动功能及日常生活活动能力进行评分。结果综合康复组有效率、FMA积分和MBI积分的增加均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论综合性康复治疗能进一步提高SHSAS患者的治疗效果,临床上值得推广。     

针刺结合运动想象疗法对脑卒中后偏侧忽略患者疗效观察

目的:探讨针刺结合运动想象疗法在脑卒中后偏侧忽略患者治疗中的疗效。方法:对本院脑卒中后偏瘫患者进行神经心理学评测,40例纳入患者随机分为3组,对照组(常规康复疗法)13例,观察组(在常规康复基础上予运动想象疗法)13例,实验组(常规康复治疗同时予针刺结合运动想象疗法)14例。3组治疗前后分别予偏侧忽略行为学量表评定(CBS)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定。结果:1观察组和实验组治疗后CBS较治疗前下降(P0.01),FMA、MBI评分明显高于治疗前(P0.001),对照组治疗前后无明显差异(P0.05)。2 3组治疗前后CBS、FMA、MBI评分差值的平均效应不全相同,经过两两比较,实验组CBS、FMA、MBI评分差值均高于观察组和对照组,观察组3项评分差值均高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:针刺结合运动想象疗法治疗脑卒中后偏侧忽略患者,能够改善忽略,提高患者的运动功能和日常生活活动能力。     

藏药药浴应用于脑卒中康复的卫生经济学评价

目的:探讨藏药药浴应用于脑卒中康复的经济学价值。方法:基于多中心随机对照试验,本研究纳入脑卒中患者403例,入组患者随机分为常规康复组202例和藏药药浴组201例(常规康复加藏药药浴)。两组患者均接受常规康复治疗标准方案,包括常规物理治疗60min/d,强化抗痉挛治疗60min/d,作业治疗30min/d,每周5天,治疗4周。藏药药浴组在常规康复治疗基础上,加用藏药药浴20min/d,每周5天,治疗4周。采用Fugl-Meyer评分(FMA)、改良Barthel评分(MBI)分别在治疗前、治疗2周后、治疗4周后评估运动功能和日常生活活动能力,记录全部医疗花费。卫生经济学指标采用成本效果比,以直接医疗费用与FMA和MBI评分变化值的比值评价。同时计算藏药药浴组的增量成本效果比(ICER),以进一步衡量其成本效果。结果:治疗4周后,常规康复组FMA值、MBI值较治疗前分别提高(6.92±8.48)分和(7.78±9.49)分;藏药药浴组FMA值、MBI值较治疗前分别提高(10.26±10.86)分和(11.05±12.00)分。FMA每提高1分,直接医疗费用常规康复组为3064.22元,藏药药浴组为2343.90元,较常规康复组节省720.32元;MBI评分每提高1分,常规康复组直接医疗费用为2725.51元,藏药药浴组为2176.33元,较常规康复组节省549.18元。ICER分析结果也提示藏药药浴组较常规康复组具有更好成本效果。结论:脑卒中常规康复结合藏药药浴的综合治疗比单纯常规康复治疗具有更好的成本效果。     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.