偏瘫步态髋关节角度研究

目的分析偏瘫患者步态的髋关节角度特征。方法对20例偏瘫患者和年龄、身高、体重匹配的20例正常人进行步态分析,分析其髋关节特征。结果偏瘫患者患侧髋关节首次着地时刻、站立相最大伸展角度、足尖离地时关节角度、迈步相最大屈曲角度、矢状面膝关节角度范围与正常人的差异存在显著性意义。结论研究偏瘫步态髋关节特征可协助进行临床评价及制定针对性步态矫正方案。     

偏瘫患者健侧下肢与正常下肢的运动学比较

目的定量分析偏瘫患者健侧下肢与正常下肢的差异.方法运用Wall & Coworkers步态测试方法,采集30例偏瘫患者和30例正常人的步态影像,输入Peak运动解析系统进行分析.结果患者的健侧下肢与正常人的两下肢在时间参数、空间参数、膝关节角度等方面均存在显著差异(P＜0.01).结论偏瘫患者不仅仅患肢存在运动障碍,其"健"肢的运动与正常人相比也有显著差异,治疗时不能只针对患肢,而应全面兼顾.     

影响脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的三维运动学因素分析

目的探讨步行过程中脑卒中患者躯体和偏瘫侧下肢关节的异常运动学特征对其步行能力的影响。 方法选取32例可以独立步行10 m以上的慢性偏瘫患者，采用三维步态分析系统评测其最大步行速度、身体重心、骨盆和偏瘫侧下肢关节的运动学参数，并进行相关性分析。 结果患者步行能力与身体重心侧方移动、偏瘫侧下肢髋后伸和膝屈曲不良有明显相关性（P<0.01）。身体重心侧方移动又与偏瘫侧下肢髋后伸和膝关节活动范围明显相关。 结论身体重心侧方移动、偏瘫侧髋关节伸展和膝关节屈曲异常是影响患者步行能力的重要因素，并且身体重心侧方移动异常与偏瘫侧髋关节伸展和膝关节活动不良有关。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者健侧膝关节的运动学特征观察

目的:观察脑卒中偏瘫患者在异常步态时健侧膝关节的运动情况,为临床康复评定和治疗提供依据。方法:运用Opti-Knee膝关节运动功能参数检测仪对符合纳入标准的60例脑卒中偏瘫患者作为观察组进行步态分析,与其基本情况相匹配的健康者60例作为对照组,进行步行时健侧膝关节运动分析。评价2组间在步行中健侧膝关节6个自由度(屈伸、内外旋、内外翻、前后位移、上下位移、内外位移)的运动角度以及支撑期的最大伸角和摆动期的最大屈角的变化。结果:观察组脑卒中患者的健侧膝关节活动范围与对照组比较,其健侧膝的屈伸角、内外旋、内外翻的活动范围均显著小于正常组(P<0.01,P<0.05);与对照组比较,观察组脑卒中患者健侧膝的最大伸角和最大屈角均显著减小(P<0.05,0.01)。结论:通过Opti-Knee膝关节运动功能参数检测仪分析偏瘫患者健侧膝关节活动范围,可以帮助确定偏瘫步态基本特征,为下一步的康复训练提供临床依据。     

全身振动刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行效率的影响

目的：观察全身振动训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行效率的影响。方法：脑卒中患者11例,均进行全身振动刺激,频率10Hz,振幅4mm,时间10min。振动刺激前后进行步态分析。结果：振动刺激10min后,11例患者步频、步速及患侧步长、患侧单支撑相时间、健腿摆动相时间、健侧髋关节最大屈曲角度、健患侧髋关节及膝关节最大屈曲角度、患侧踝关节最大背伸角度均较刺激前明显增加（P〈0.05）;步行周期、双支撑相时间显著缩短（P〈0.05）;健侧步长、健侧单支撑相时间、患腿摆动相时间刺激前后比较差异无统计学意义。结论：全身振动刺激可以显著改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行时空参数,提高患者的步行能力。     

虚拟现实技术对脑卒中患者偏瘫步态训练的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨临床中应用虚拟现实（VR）技术对脑卒中患者行走及平衡功能的影响。 方法：选择病程为8个月内的脑卒中偏瘫患者30例,随机分配到实验组（VR+基本药物+常规康复治疗）和对照组（基本药物+常规康复治疗）,采用三维步态分析仪记录两组患者治疗前及治疗2周后的步速、步宽、支撑相百分比、膝关节活动度等步态参数。 结果：治疗2周后,两组患者的步速明显提高、步宽缩小,患健侧支撑相比值、步态不对称性指数、髋关节最大伸展角度、膝关节最大屈曲角度等参数于治疗前后有显著差异（P＜0.05）;治疗后两组间相比,实验组的治疗效果明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。 结论：通过VR技术能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的步态时空参数和步行中关节活动角度,对提高步态稳定性、改善步行能力、提高运动功能康复有积极的治疗效果。     

运动反馈结合减重平板训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步态恢复的影响

目的探讨运动反馈结合减重平板训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步态恢复的影响。 方法选取2014年1月至2015年6月期间在我院治疗的脑卒中偏瘫患者40例,采用随机数字表法将上述患者分为治疗组及对照组,每组20例。2组患者均给予常规康复治疗及减重平板训练,治疗组患者在减重平板训练时辅以运动反馈,每次训练10~20min,每周训练6次,共持续训练8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后采用步态分析系统评估各组患者步态时空参数及下肢关节活动度。 结果治疗前2组患者步速、步宽、患侧及健侧摆动相百分比、步态不对称性指数及髋、膝关节最大屈曲活动度组间差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。治疗8周后发现2组患者上述指标均较治疗前明显改善,并且治疗组步宽［(20.79±4.03)cm］、患侧及健侧摆动相百分比［分别为（40.52±6.21）%和（37.91±8.34）%］、步态不对称指数(0.06±0.08)、髋、膝关节最大屈曲活动度［分别为（12.62±3.84）°和（41.57±13.52）°］亦显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论减重平板训练结合运动反馈可有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及步态,对提高其步行及日常生活活动能力具有重要意义。     

背屈踝足矫形器对偏瘫患者骨盆控制影响的运动学分析

目的 通过分析穿戴不同角度踝足矫形器(AFO)偏瘫患者的步态时空参数及骨盆三维运动参数,探讨不同角度AFO对偏瘫患者骨盆控制的影响。 方法对15例偏瘫患者穿戴背屈5°位AFO（d-AFO）、背屈0°位AFO(f-AFO)、裸足状态进行步态对比分析,获取步态时空参数及骨盆三维运动参数,并对3种状态的空间参数及步态不对称指数进行统计学分析比较。 结果与裸足相比,穿戴d-AFO时的步速是（0.54±0.05）m/s,患侧步长是（0.47±0.01）m,健侧步长是（0.44±0.03）m,步宽是（0.16±0.02）m,其能显著提高患者步速(P<0.05),增加步长(P<0.05),减少步宽(P<0.01),提高步态的稳定性;佩戴d-AFO步行时,骨盆横断面上的旋转范围（10.2±3.29）°,较佩戴f-AFO步行时无明显减小(P&rt;0.05),但矢状面倾斜范围（6.52±0.84）°及冠状面的倾斜范围（5±0.38）°均明显减小（P<0.05）。 结论背屈d-AFO能有效地改善偏瘫患者的骨盆控制能力,提高平衡能力,改善步态的稳定性。     

放散式体外冲击波对脑卒中患者下肢痉挛及三维步态参数的效果研究

摘要 目的：观察放散式体外冲击波对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢痉挛,步态时空、对称性参数以及运动学参数的影响。 方法：选取40例符合入选标准的脑卒中偏瘫患者,将其随机分为试验组及对照组,每组20例。试验组进行常规康复治疗和患侧下肢放散式体外冲击波治疗（每周2次）,连续3周,对照组进行常规治疗和安慰性冲击波治疗。分别于治疗前、第三周全部治疗结束后使用三维步态分析仪器检测并获得两组患者的步态参数。同时比较两组患者治疗前后腘绳肌、股四头肌、小腿三头肌改良Ashworth分级（MAS）评分,以及患侧下肢的Fugl-Meyer（FMA）评分。 结果：在第三周治疗结束后,两组患者步频、步幅、步速、患侧摆动相和健侧摆动相、踝关节最大背屈角度、踝关节最大跖屈角度均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.05）,步态周期、双支撑相、患侧支撑相、健侧支撑相、步长偏差、患侧健侧摆动相比值均较治疗前明显减小（P<0.05）。组间对比显示,治疗后试验组患者步幅、步频、步速、步态周期、步长偏差、踝关节最大背屈角度、踝关节最大跖屈角度均优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后试验组腘绳肌、股四头肌、小腿三头肌MAS评分及患侧下肢FMA评分均较治疗前改善(P<0.05),并优于对照组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。 结论：放散式体外冲击波能有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步态时空、运动学、对称性参数,提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的步行功能和步态的对称性。同时可以降低患侧下肢的痉挛,提高下肢运动功能。     

脑卒中患者偏瘫步态的时空及关节运动学参数分析

目的:探讨脑卒中患者偏瘫步态的时空及关节运动学参数,为临床康复评估和治疗提供客观依据.方法:脑卒中偏瘫患者和健康受试者各24例自愿参加本研究;其中脑卒中组男15例,女9例,脑出血5例,脑梗死19例,年龄(57.75±5.57)岁;对照组男12例,女12例,年龄(56.54±6.02)岁.应用Gait Watch步态分析系统评估步态的时空参数和下肢关节运动学参数.所有受试者由同一医师进行2次评估.结果:与对照组相比,脑卒中组的步频、步速显著降低,患侧步长显著缩短,步态周期和患侧支撑相均延长,患侧摆动相缩短.脑卒中组患侧髋关节的最大伸展角度明显受限(P=0.001),髋关节屈伸运动的平均角速度明显降低(P＜0.001),膝关节最大屈曲角度亦明显受限(P＜0.001),膝关节屈伸运动的平均角速度明显降低(P＜0.001),髋关节的最大屈曲角度和足偏角与对照组比较无明显差异.患者的步行能力显著下降.结论:Gait Watch步态分析系统可定量测量脑卒中偏瘫患者的步态特征和下肢的关节运动学参数,对于脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的评估具有较高敏感度.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.