不同体位下指压不同穴位对脑卒中患者胫前肌和腓骨长、短肌的表面肌电影响

摘要 目的：优化指压穴位刺激法在脑卒中偏瘫治疗中的应用。 方法：30例偏瘫患者,分别在仰卧伸膝0°位和屈膝90°位下指压偏瘫侧足三里、足临泣穴,对比刺激即刻3s、停止刺激后第一个3s、第二个3s、第三个3s的胫前肌和腓骨长、短肌最大等长收缩的积分肌电值（iEMG）。 结果：①刺激前后比较：两种体位下,指压两个穴位,刺激即刻的iEMG明显高于刺激前（P<0.05）,停止刺激后的三个3s的iEMG呈逐渐下降趋势。②穴位间比较：两种体位下,均表现为指压足三里穴,胫前肌刺激即刻的iEMG、停止刺激后的三个3s的iEMG均明显高于足临泣穴（P<0.05）;指压足临泣穴,腓骨长、短肌刺激即刻的iEMG、停止刺激后的三个3s的iEMG均明显高于足三里穴（P<0.05）。③体位间比较：仰卧屈膝90°位指压两个穴位,胫前肌刺激即刻、停止刺激后第一个3s的iEMG明显高于伸膝0°位（P<0.05）;腓骨长、短肌刺激即刻的iEMG明显高于伸膝0°位（P<0.05）。 结论：①指压刺激偏瘫侧足三里、足临泣穴均可诱发偏瘫侧胫前肌和腓骨长、短肌收缩,且即刻效应和延续效应良好。②指压足三里穴对诱发胫前肌收缩的即刻效应和延续效应优于足临泣穴;指压足临泣穴对诱发腓骨长、短肌收缩的即刻效应和延续效应优于足三里穴。③仰卧屈膝90°位,指压刺激足三里、足临泣穴对诱发胫前肌和腓骨长、短肌收缩的即刻效应明显优于伸膝0°位,延续效应无明显差异。     

指压穴位刺激对早期脑卒中偏瘫患者踝背屈功能的影响

目的:观察指压穴位刺激对早期脑卒中偏瘫患者踝背屈功能的影响。方法:45例偏瘫患者,随机分为指压穴位组、电针组和神经肌肉电刺激组各15例。3组在常规药物和物理治疗的基础上,指压穴位组增加前期系列研究制定的指压穴位刺激法提高偏瘫侧胫前肌、腓骨长短肌兴奋性的综合方案干预;电针组电针偏瘫侧足三里穴、足临泣穴;神经肌肉电刺激组电刺激偏瘫侧胫前肌、腓骨长短肌。3组踝关节干预时间均为每次10min,每天1次,每周5天,疗程8周。分别于治疗前、治疗4w后、治疗8w后,评估以下指标:患侧踝背屈协同收缩率(co-contraction ratio,CCR)、患侧踝背屈主动活动范围(active range of motion,AROM)、患侧简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(踝关节运动控制部分)。结果:①3组治疗前后比较:3组的各项指标治疗前、治疗4w后、治疗8w后两两比较均有显著性差异(P0.05),患侧踝背屈CCR逐步降低、患侧踝背屈AROM和简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分逐步增高;②3组间比较:患侧踝背屈CCR、AROM:3组间治疗前两两比较均无显著性差异(P0.05);指压穴位组的治疗4w后、治疗8w后的患侧踝背屈CCR分别低于电针组、神经肌肉电刺激组,具有显著性差异(P0.05),而AROM分别高于电针组、神经肌肉电刺激组,具有显著性差异(P0.05);电针组较神经肌肉电刺激组的治疗4w后、治疗8w后均无显著性差异(P0.05);简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分:3组间治疗前、治疗4w后、治疗8w后两两比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:指压穴位刺激法可有效改善早期脑卒中偏瘫患者踝背屈功能。     

应用sEMG对脑卒中患者踝背屈的研究

目的：比较健康人和偏瘫患者在立位下胫前肌和腓肠肌的收缩能力,为脑卒中患者的步行能力的恢复提供相关的可靠的临床量化评定指标。方法：分别选取20例健康人（健康组）和20例脑卒中患者（偏瘫组）,在立位下完成背屈,并将表面电极贴到胫前肌和腓肠肌内外侧头,收集肌肉收缩时的肌电信号。 结果：偏瘫组的患、健侧胫前肌的iEMG比较差异无统计学意义, 健侧胫前肌的iEMG值明显高于健康组（P＜0.05）;偏瘫组患侧腓肠肌的iEMG值及协同收缩率均明显高于健侧（P＜0.05）, 健侧腓肠肌的iEMG值及协同收缩率又明显高于健康组（P＜0.05）。结论：脑卒中患者不仅患侧胫前肌和腓肠肌的肌肉收缩不协调,同时健侧也存在肌肉收缩不协调。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者股直肌和股二头肌的表面肌电信号特征

目的：观察脑卒中偏瘫患者在最大等长收缩（MIVC）时股直肌和股二头肌的表面肌电信号特征，为脑卒中患者的康复提供客观依据。方法：选择26例恢复期的脑卒中患者，在进行膝关节屈、伸肌群的MIVC时检测并记录股直肌和股二头肌的表面肌电信号，并计算积分肌电图（iEMG）和协同收缩率等。结果：在MIVC状态下，膝伸展时，健侧股直肌的iEMG大于患侧，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；健、患侧股二头肌的iEMG比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。膝屈曲时，健侧股二头肌的iEMG大于患侧，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），患侧股直肌的iEMG大于健侧，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。患侧膝屈曲的协同收缩率大于健侧，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），而患侧膝伸展的协同收缩率与健侧比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者膝关节痉挛以伸肌群为主，对膝关节屈肌群和伸肌群收缩的协调性训练，尤其在膝关节屈曲运动时，增强主动肌收缩，抑制拮抗肌的协同收缩，应是脑卒中患者下肢康复的重要目标。     

表面肌电仪对痉挛偏瘫型脑瘫患儿肌张力的分析

目的探讨痉挛偏瘫型脑瘫患儿在等长收缩过程中肱二头肌肌张力变化的表面肌电图特征。方法使用表面肌电仪检测10例偏瘫型脑瘫患儿在肱二头肌进行被动等长收缩时的表面肌电信号。结果健侧肌电信号强于患侧,健侧肱二头肌肌电信号的均方根值（RMS）及肌电积分值（iEMG）高于患侧（P〈0.05）。结论表面肌电仪对痉挛偏瘫型脑瘫患儿肌张力的评估结果与改良Ashworth量表（MAS）评定结果一致,具有实用价值。     

肌电生物反馈配合电刺激改善早期脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的临床观察

摘要 目的：探讨使用肌电生物反馈配合电刺激治疗对早期脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响。 方法：将符合条件的53例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为治疗组28例和对照组25例;两组患者均予常规康复训练,治疗组在此基础上使用肌电生物反馈配合电刺激治疗;以上两组分别于治疗前、后对患者采用踝关节主动活动范围（AROM）、踝关节最大用力背屈时胫前肌体表肌电值（iEMG）和Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）评价患侧下肢功能,使用综合痉挛量表（CSS）评价下肢痉挛。 结果：治疗4周后,患者的AROM、 iEMG、FMA和CCS评分均提高（P＜0.01）,但治疗组优于对照组（P＜0.01）。 结论：在常规康复训练的基础上使用肌电生物反馈配合电刺激治疗,能更有效地改善早期脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能。     

肌电生物反馈电刺激对偏瘫踝背屈障碍的康复效果

目的观察肌电生物反馈联合踝关节功能强化训练治疗偏瘫患者踝背屈障碍的疗效。方法脑卒中偏瘫患者60例分为治疗组和对照组各30例。两组均给予常规康复治疗和踝关节强化训练,治疗组在此基础上给予肌电生物反馈电刺激。两组于治疗前和治疗8周后进行简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能、踝关节主动活动范围评定,测定踝关节最大背屈时胫前肌等长收缩的肌电积分值(iEMG)。结果治疗后,两组运动功能、平衡功能、踝关节活动范围及iEMG较治疗前均有明显提高(P<0.01),治疗组各项指标均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论肌电生物反馈电刺激能促进偏瘫患者踝关节背屈功能改善。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者肱二、三头肌表面肌电特征的研究

目的 观察和分析脑卒中偏瘫患者在最大等长收缩（MIVC）过程中肱二、三头肌表面肌电图的特征，为脑卒中后偏瘫上肢训练提供电生理依据。方法 选择18例轻偏瘫或处于恢复期的脑卒中患者，在进行肘关节屈、伸肌MIVC时，检测其力矩和肱二、三头肌表面肌电信号。结果 MIVC状态下，肘屈曲时肱二头肌健侧的积分肌电值（iEMG）明显大于患侧（P〈0．05），肱三头肌健、患侧iEMG比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；肘伸展时肱三头肌健侧iEMG明显大于患侧（P〈0．01），肱二头肌患侧iEMG明显大于健侧（P〈0．05）。肱三头肌患侧协同收缩率明显大于健侧（P〈0．01），肱二头肌患侧协同收缩率有大于健侧的趋势，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。无论是屈肌收缩还是伸肌收缩，患侧的峰力矩均明显小于健侧（P〈0．01）。结论 脑卒中偏瘫患者肘关节痉挛以屈肌为主，提示脑卒中后偏瘫上肢的康复治疗应以训练伸肌侧肌力和抑制拮抗肌协同收缩为主。     

动态矫正衣对脑卒中患者前伸够物时躯干运动和肢体表面肌电的即刻效应分析

目的:观察动态矫正衣对脑卒中患者躯干运动捕捉和患侧肢体表面肌电的即刻影响。方法:20例脑卒中患者分别在穿戴动态矫正衣前后,进行站立位偏瘫上肢前伸够物活动,应用运动捕捉系统对患者躯干前屈、旋转和侧屈运动进行采集分析,应用表面肌电分析系统对偏瘫侧胸大肌、三角肌前束、三角肌中束、斜方肌上部、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、股直肌、臀中肌、胫前肌和腓肠肌的表面肌电积分肌电值(iEMG)和肱三头肌的协同收缩率(CR)进行采集分析。结果:穿戴动态矫正衣后偏瘫上肢前伸够物时的躯干前屈、侧屈角度均较前减小(均P<0.05),三角肌前束、斜方肌上部、三角肌中束、肱二头肌、股直肌、臀中肌和腓肠肌的iEMG值均较前增加(均P<0.05),肱三头肌CR值较前增加(P<0.05)。结论:动态矫正衣可以辅助偏瘫患者姿势稳定,提供躯干支持并限制异常代偿姿势,提高上下肢肌群的运动控制能力。     

表面肌电触发电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的 探讨表面肌电触发电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响.方法 将30例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组患者15例.2组患者均给予常规康复训练,治疗组在常规康复训练的基础上给予表面肌电触发电刺激,对照组在常规康复训练的基础上给予低频电刺激.2组患者均于治疗前和治疗3个疗程后进行Brunnstrom运动功能分期、简式Fugl-Meyer(FMA)下肢运动功能评定和表面肌电图肌电积分值(iEMG)测定.结果 3个疗程结束后,2组患者Brunnstrom分期、FAM评分及iEMG较治疗前均有显著提高(P＜0.05),且治疗组各项评分均优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 表面肌电触发电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的恢复有明显的促进作用.     

Defining smooth muscle cells and smooth muscle injury

For 3 decades, terms such as synthetic phenotype and contractile phenotype have been used to imply the existence of a specific mechanism for smooth muscle cell (SMC) responses to injury. In this issue of the JCI, Hendrix et al. offer a far more precise approach to examining the mechanisms of SMC responses to injury, focused not on general changes in phenotype but on effects of injury on a single promoter element, the CArG [CC(A/T)6GG] box, in a single gene encoding smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin. Since CArG box structures are present in some, but not all, SMC genes, these data suggest that we may be progressing toward establishing a systematic, molecular classification of both SMC subsets and the response of SMCs to different injuries.     

Biceps brachii muscle oxygenation in electrical muscle stimulation

The purpose of this study was to compare between electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and maximal voluntary (VOL) isometric contractions of the elbow flexors for changes in biceps brachii muscle oxygenation (tissue oxygenation index, TOI) and haemodynamics (total haemoglobin volume, tHb = oxygenated‐Hb + deoxygenated‐Hb) determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The biceps brachii muscle of 10 healthy men (23–39 years) was electrically stimulated at high frequency (75 Hz) via surface electrodes to evoke 50 intermittent (4‐s contraction, 15‐s relaxation) isometric contractions at maximum tolerated current level (EMS session). The contralateral arm performed 50 intermittent (4‐s contraction, 15‐s relaxation) maximal voluntary isometric contractions (VOL session) in a counterbalanced order separated by 2–3 weeks. Results indicated that although the torque produced during EMS was approximately 50% of VOL (P<0·05), there was no significant difference in the changes in TOI amplitude or TOI slope between EMS and VOL over the 50 contractions. However, the TOI amplitude divided by peak torque was approximately 50% lower for EMS than VOL (P<0·05), which indicates EMS was less efficient than VOL. This seems likely because of the difference in the muscles involved in the force production between conditions. Mean decrease in tHb amplitude during the contraction phases was significantly (P<0·05) greater for EMS than VOL from the 10th contraction onwards, suggesting that the muscle blood volume was lower in EMS than VOL. It is concluded that local oxygen demand of the biceps brachii sampled by NIRS is similar between VOL and EMS.     

Nerve growth factor improves the muscle regeneration capacity of muscle stem cells in dystrophic muscle

Researchers have attempted to use gene- and cell-based therapies to restore dystrophin and alleviate the muscle weakness that results from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Our research group has isolated populations of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) from the postnatal skeletal muscle of mice. In comparison with satellite cells, MDSCs display an improved transplantation capacity in dystrophic mdx muscle that we attribute to their ability to undergo long-term proliferation, self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation, including differentiation toward endothelial and neuronal lineages. Here we tested whether the use of nerve growth factor (NGF) improves the transplantation efficiency of MDSCs. We used two methods of in vitro NGF stimulation: retroviral transduction of MDSCs with a CL-NGF vector and direct stimulation of MDSCs with NGF protein. Neither method of NGF treatment changed the marker profile or proliferation behavior of the MDSCs, but direct stimulation with NGF protein significantly reduced the in vitro differentiation ability of the cells. NGF stimulation also significantly enhanced the engraftment efficiency of MDSCs transplanted within the dystrophic muscle of mdx mice, resulting in the regeneration of numerous dystrophin-positive muscle fibers. These findings highlight the importance of NGF as a modulatory molecule, the study of which will broaden our understanding of its biologic role in the regeneration and repair of skeletal muscle by musclederived cells.     

深层肌肉刺激结合手法肌肉放松治疗延迟性肌肉酸痛的疗效观察

目的:观察深层肌肉刺激结合手法肌肉放松治疗延迟性肌肉酸痛的临床疗效,探讨更为有效的临床治疗方法。方法:将48名受试者随机分为联合治疗组(n=24)、手法肌肉放松组(n=24),两组患者诱发延迟性肌肉酸痛后,分别给予不同干预措施,联合治疗组进行深层肌肉刺激结合手法肌肉放松,而手法肌肉放松组给予单纯肌肉放松,对两组患者的治疗效果进行比较和分析。结果:联合治疗组在运动后24 h的血液肌酸激酶浓度、乳酸浓度和肌红蛋白浓度下降幅度显著高于手法肌肉放松组(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01);联合治疗组在运动后24 h肌肉酸痛的改善显著优于常规手法治疗组(P0.01),踝关节活动范围和小腿周径恢复程度显著优于手法肌肉放松组(P0.05,P0.05)。结论:深层肌肉刺激仪结合手法肌肉放松对延迟性肌肉酸痛有优越的治疗效果,是一种值得临床推广应用的治疗方法。     

Immunoglobulin deposition in skeletal muscle in primary muscle diseases

Using direct immunofluorescence the deposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, Clq and C3 was studied on muscle biopsies from 39 patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis, 21 patients with muscular dystrophy, 57 other disease controls and 10 healthy volunteers. Three staining patterns were observed, sarcolemma/basement membrane blood vessel wall and intrafibrous. Sarcolemma/basement membrane staining, but not blood vessel wall or intrafibrous staining, occurred more frequently (p less than 0.05) in the polymyositis/dermatomyositis group compared with the two other disease groups. Immunoglobulin deposition was useful in distinguishing myopathic from neuropathic disorders. Grouping the patients into those with connective tissue diseases and those without, sarcolemma/basement membrane and blood vessel wall staining were shown to distinguish the two groups (p less than 0.05). An analysis of the histological abnormalities in the polymyositis/dermatomyositis group was performed and related to immunoglobulin/complement deposition. Fibre damage, rather than the presence of a mononuclear perivascular infiltrate, was shown to be the best correlate with each of the three staining patterns. Immunoglobulin and/or complement deposition in skeletal muscle is an abnormal finding and the results described support the notion that humoral abnormalities may be detected frequently in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. In addition, the inability to distinguish polymyositis/dermatomyositis from muscular dystrophy limits the potential value of direct immunofluorescence as a diagnostic tool.     

骨骼肌损伤肌肉疼痛的病因分析

过度的骨骼和肌肉运动后能引起软组织损伤。其病因主要是由于超过习惯的肌肉工作引起工作后肌肉收缩蛋白的分解代谢强于合成代谢的降解优势导致延迟性肌肉收缩结构的改变或解体,在这样的结构改变背景条件下后续负荷过大,就可能引起肌肉的急性或慢性劳损。肌肉疼痛除常规治疗外,还需要设计康复治疗计划,包括:放松练习,水中运动,物理治疗,放松疗法等,争取达到最大限度的恢复。     

Rhomboid muscle electromyography activity during 3 different manual muscle tests

OBJECTIVE: To determine which of 3 previously published rhomboid manual muscle tests (MMTs) elicits the maximal rhomboid electromyographic activity in an asymptomatic population. DESIGN: Criterion standard. SETTING: Motion analysis laboratory at tertiary care medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven male volunteers (age range, 24-40y) without shoulder or neck pain. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak 1-second normalized electromyographic activity in the rhomboid muscle during 8 different MMT positions, including 3 different rhomboid MMT positions (Kendall, Kendall-Alternative, Hislop-Montgomery). RESULTS: The Kendall MMT (78% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) produced higher rhomboid electromyographic activity than the Kendall-Alternative (71% MVC) or the Hislop-Montgomery MMT (52% MVC), but the differences were not statistically significant. The posterior deltoid MMT generated the greatest rhomboid electromyographic activity of all MMTs, and 4% to 30% greater rhomboid electromyographic activity than the 3 rhomboid MMTs (P=.0001; posterior deltoid > Hislop-Montgomery). Electromyographic profiles of the Kendall and Kendall-Alternative MMTs were similar, whereas the Hislop-Montgomery MMT produced less upper trapezius activity (P=.0001 vs Kendall and Kendall-Alternative) and more latissimus dorsi activity (P=.0001 vs Kendall-Alternative). The standard MMT positions for the middle trapezius, levator scapula, posterior deltoid, and latissimus dorsi produced the maximal electromyographic activity for their respective target muscles. CONCLUSIONS: The posterior deltoid MMT position should be used to produce maximal rhomboid electromyographic activity for normalization purposes during kinesiologic studies. The Kendall and Kendall-Alternative rhomboid MMT are likely to be clinically indistinct. It is unlikely that clinicians can use standard MMT positions to distinguish rhomboid strength from synergists, such as the levator scapula and middle trapezius muscle, for diagnostic purposes.