强制性使用运动疗法在脑卒中和脑外伤上肢康复中的应用

目的：定量评价强制性使用运动疗法在脑卒中和脑外伤中的康复效果。方法：9例脑卒中和脑外伤患者使用夹板固定限制健侧手，患侧手进行每日6小时康复训练，共2周；在治疗前2周，治疗前和治疗后分别采用Carrol上肢功能评定和金子翼上肢功能评定对患者进行评价。结果：治疗后和治疗前及基线相比，两种评价方法值均具有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：强制性使用运动疗法对脑卒中和脑外伤上肢功能有显著的康复效果。     

“强制性使用”运动疗法在慢性脑损伤患者上肢功能恢复中的作用

目的：观察“强制性使用”运动疗法对慢性脑损伤患者上肢功能障碍的作用。方法：对1例脑损伤后20个月患者进行2周的“强制性使用”运动疗法治疗,用休息位夹板固定健侧上肢,在监督下每天6小时强制患手进行日常生活活动。治疗前、后和3个月后分别用AMAT评分和Carroll上肢功能评分进行评估。结果：患者AMAT评分和Carroll上肢功能评分比治疗前均有较明显提高;3月后随访其评分持续提高。结论：“强制性使用”运动疗法对慢性脑损伤患者的运动功能是一种有效的康复方法,特别在提高患者的上肢日常生活能力方面。     

强制性运动疗法对脑卒中后上肢运动障碍的影响

目的研究强制性运动疗法(CIMT)对脑卒中后上肢运动功能康复的效果。方法28例符合CIMT适应症的脑卒中患者分成两组:观察组限制健手的使用,强化训练患侧上肢(CIMT);对照组不限制健手的使用,进行传统神经发育疗法治疗。治疗前后评价两组的Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评分。结果Fugl-Meyer评分显示,治疗前后相比有显著性差异(P0.05)。在提高上肢灵活性和上肢的使用方面,观察组与对照组间有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论CIMT能加强脑卒中患者上肢运动功能和日常生活能力的改善。     

强制性诱导运动疗法在偏瘫儿童中的临床应用

目的探讨强制性诱导运动疗法对偏瘫患儿功能恢复的影响。方法30例小儿脑瘫痉挛型偏瘫、颅脑外伤偏瘫患儿，随机分为治疗组和对照组。两组均进行有目的作业治疗。治疗组使用连手棉袖套限制健侧上肢。疗程12周。在治疗前1周及治疗后，用上田敏偏瘫上肢功能评价法分级与Brunnstrom偏瘫手功能评价法进行评测。结果治疗组患肢及手功能的恢复程度优于对照组。结论强制性诱导运动疗法对改善患侧肢体运动功能有显著疗效。     

强制性运动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能影响的临床研究

目的 观察强制性运动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能的临床疗效,并与常规偏瘫肢体康复训练做对比分析.方法 选择治疗组、对照组各40例,治疗组每天强化训练患侧上肢6 h,5 d/周,连续 3周,同时使用吊带限制健侧上肢的活动.强制用手夹板或手套应在患者90%的清醒时间使用.对照组采用传统 PT和 OT等康复方法,每天训练患肢5 h,5 d/周,不限制健手的使用.结果 两组按运动功能评定Fugl-Meyer(FMA) 评分法,和日常生活评价(ADL)的Barthel(BI)评分法[1]评定,两组间各指标比较差异有统计学意义 (P<0.05).结论 脑卒中早期常规康复治疗可改善脑卒中患者的患侧肢体功能,但强制性运动疗法能明显提高偏瘫患者上肢功能,提高日常生活能力,其疗效优于传统康复治疗方法.     

强制性使用运动疗法对亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响

目的:强制性使用运动疗法是近年来针对慢性期脑卒中患者上肢功能障碍的一种新的康复训练技术,观察其对亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响。方法:选择2002-09/2005-04解放军总医院康复医学科收治的脑卒中偏瘫患者13例,所有患者符合以下条件:①脑卒中病程在1～6个月。②穿戴强制性装置后要有足够的平衡和安全能力。③手腕能主动背伸至少20°,除拇指外,至少有其他两指背伸10°。在强制性使用运动疗法治疗前的2周对患者上肢功能进行基线测量,然后进行为期2周的以患侧上肢和双上肢组合的神经发育技术为主的常规的康复训练,最后进行连续12d的强制性使用运动疗法,治疗期间要求患者健侧穿戴吊带和夹板来限制健侧肢体动作,每天清醒时固定时间不少于90%,同时接受行为再塑的技巧训练,密集地训练患侧肢体活动,完成日常生活中的动作,连续两周共10个工作日。在强制性使用运动疗法治疗前2周、治疗前和治疗12d后用上肢功能测验(满分99分,分数越高,功能越好)和简易上肢机能检查(分数越高,功能越好)来评价患者的上肢运动功能,并用效应值来比较常规康复和强制性使用运动疗法治疗前后差异的大小(0.2即表示疗效轻微,0.4～0.6为中等疗效;≥0.80为疗效显著)。结果:13例患者全部进入结果分析。①常规康复治疗前后比较:上肢功能测验平均提高(5.3±5.1)分,效应值为0.41;简易上肢机能检查平均提高(2.9±6.0)分,效应值为0.13。②强制性使用运动疗法治疗前后比较:上肢功能测验平均提高(25.3±14.0)分,效应值为1.59;简易上肢机能检查平均提高(24.3±15.6)分,效应值为1.03。结论:强制性使用运动疗法疗法是改善亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能一种有效治疗方法,短期强制性使用运动疗法疗法介入,可以显著促进患侧上肢功能多方面的改善,减缓恢复平台期的出现,效果优于常规训练。     

脑卒中患者强制性使用运动治疗的fMRI研究

目的研究脑卒中偏瘫患者进行强制性使用运动疗法（CIMT）治疗前后fMRI的脑功能区激活变化。方法对5例后遗症期脑卒中患者进行上肢动作研究量表评价;fMRI试验采用组块设计,使用3.0T磁共振仪进行fMRI数据采集,在CIMT治疗前后对患者进行fMRI扫描。结果CIMT治疗后,患者患侧上肢运动功能显著改善（P〈0.001）,fMRI检查显示患侧运动区手部支配区域激活范围明显局限化,激活强度增加,临近激活区域明显减少,对侧代偿激活区域范围缩小。结论CIMT可以有效改善脑卒中患者上肢运动功能,诱发大脑皮质功能重塑是其机制的重要组成部分。     

应用功能磁共振对臂丛神经损伤健侧颈7移位术后肢体功能康复与大脑皮质激活区的研究

目的：通过对左侧全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者健侧颈7（C7）神经移位后与健康对照组的上肢运动比较，探讨其功能康复与大脑可塑性的关系。 方法：选择2001-09／2003-06在华山医院手外科手术或复诊的左侧全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者8例。同期选取健康自愿者8例为对照组。均为右利手。采用1．5T超导磁共振仪检查肢体对应的大脑运动皮层激活的变化。 结果：16例患者均进入结果分析。①对照组受检者单侧肢体运动均可在对侧大脑半球初级运动皮质观察到兴奋区，其最大信号像素时间-信号强度曲线与BLOCK模式运动时相一致。②治疗组所有患者健侧上肢运动时，均可在对侧初级运动皮质观察到激活区，出现部位和形态与正常人大致相仿。健侧C7神经移位后，患侧屈腕屈指运动时，对侧皮质运动区M1区的激活体积较正常对照组平均值小。但随着术后功能的恢复．患肢对侧初级运动皮质激活区呈现逐渐增大趋势。功能恢复好，对侧运动皮质激活区区域则大，功能恢复差，对侧运动皮质激活区区域则小。 结论：功能性磁共振可描绘出臂丛神经损伤健侧C7神经移位患者的大脑初级运动皮质的改变，术后积极进行损伤肢体的主动锻炼，可加速大脑可塑性的转化，有利于功能康复。     

功能性核磁共振成像在计算机辅助的上肢功能训练治疗脑梗死上肢偏瘫中的应用研究

目的:探讨计算机辅助训练上肢对脑可塑性的可能作用。方法:脑卒中上肢偏瘫患者10例,均进行计算机辅助训练,治疗前后采用偏瘫上肢功能测试-香港版(FTHUE-HK),Fulg-Meyer上肢评定(FMA)及改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)评定上肢运动功能,及患者屈伸腕关节时进行功能核磁共振扫描(fMRI)。结果:治疗6周后,10例患侧的上肢功能评定FTHUE-HK、FMA及MBI评分均较治疗前后患侧上肢功能评定变化明显提高(P0.05)。fMRI扫描示:患者健侧手运动脑功能激活区主要位于对侧初级运动皮质区(SMC)及同侧小脑,患者健手在康复训练后脑激活区增多,包括对侧SMC区及同侧小脑、部分边缘系统;患者治疗前患侧手运动激活区分布广泛,而对侧SMC激活减少,同侧SMC激活增多,另主要还见辅助运动区激活增多;治疗后可见双侧SMC及辅助运动区激活,对侧SMC激活较治疗前增多,另主要还见对侧顶上小叶激活增多。结论:计算机训练可以有效改善脑卒中患者上肢运动功能,诱发大脑皮质功能重塑是其机制的重要组成部分。     

强制性使用运动疗法对亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响

目的：强制性使用运动疗法是近年来针对慢性期脑卒中患者上肢功能障碍的一种新的康复训练技术，观察其对亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响。方法：选择2002-09/2005-04解放军总医院康复医学科收治的脑卒中偏瘫患者13例，所有患者符合以下条件：①脑卒中病程在1～6个月。②穿戴强制性装置后要有足够的平衡和安全能力。⑧手腕能主动背伸至少20&;#176;。除拇指外，至少有其他两指背伸10&;#176;。在强制性使用运动疗法治疗前的2周对患者上肢功能进行基线测量，然后进行为期2周的以患侧上肢和双上肢组合的神经发育技术为主的常规的康复训练，最后进行连续12d的强制性使用运动疗法，治疗期间要求患者健侧穿戴吊带和夹板来限制健侧肢体动作，每天清醒时固定时间不少于90％，同时接受行为再塑的技巧训练，密集地训练患侧肢体活动，完成日常生活中的动作，连续两周共10个工作日。在强制性使用运动疗法治疗前2周、治疗前和治疗12d后用上肢功能测验（满分99分，分数越高，功能越好）和简易上肢机能检查（分数越高，功能越好）来评价患者的上肢运动功能，并用效应值来比较常规康复和强制性使用运动疗法治疗前后差异的大小（0．2即表示疗效轻微，0．4～0．6为中等疗效；≥0．80为疗效显著）。结果：13例患者全部进入结果分析。①常规康复治疗前后比较：上肢功能测验平均提高（5．3&;#177;5．1）分，效应值为0．41；简易上肢机能检查平均提高（2．9&;#177;6．0）分，效应值为0．13。②强制性使用运动疗法治疗前后比较：上肢功能测验平均提高（25．3&;#177;14．0）分，效应值为1．59；简易上肢机能检查平均提高（24．3&;#177;15．6）分，效应值为1．03。结论：强制性使用运动疗法疗法是改善亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能一种有效治疗方法，短期强制性使用运动疗法疗法介入，可以显著促进患侧上肢功能多方面的改善，减缓恢复平台期的出现，效果优于常规训练。     

Functional MRI evidence of cortical reorganization in upper-limb stroke hemiplegia treated with constraint-induced movement therapy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study was to test constraint-induced movement therapy for chronic upper-limb stroke hemiparesis and to investigate the neural correlates of recovery with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in two subjects. Both subjects had been discharged from traditional therapy because no further improvement was anticipated. DESIGN: Constraint-induced movement therapy consisted of 6 hr of daily upper-limb training for 2 wk; a restrictive mitt was worn on the nonparetic limb during waking hours. Functional MRI was performed on a 1.5-T MRI with echo-planar imaging; at the same time, the subjects attempted sequential finger-tapping. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, performance time improved an average of 24% immediately after training and also continued to improve up to 33% 3 mo after training. Lift, grip strength, and Motor Activity Log scores likewise improved. Initially, on functional MRI, subject 1 activated scattered regions in the ipsilateral posterior parietal and occipital cortices. Subject 2 showed almost no areas of significant activation. After training, subject 1 showed activity bordering the lesion, bilateral activation in the association motor cortices, and ipsilateral activation in the primary motor cortex. Subject 2 showed activation near the lesion site. CONCLUSION: Constraint-induced movement therapy produced significant functional improvement and resulted in plasticity as demonstrated by functional MRI.     

计算机辅助上肢训练对脑卒中患者与正常人脑可塑性影响的功能磁共振成像对比研究

摘要 目的：探讨计算机辅助训练上肢对脑卒中患者与正常人脑可塑性的可能作用。 方法：对5名正常志愿者（对照组）及5例脑卒中上肢偏瘫患者（实验组）进行6周的计算机辅助训练,每周训练5次,在训练前、训练后分别在受试者屈伸左右腕关节时进行功能磁共振成像（fMRI）扫描,并对实验组进行Fulg-Meyer上肢功能评定（FMA）,改良Barthel指数（MBI）量表评定。 结果：实验组与对照组相比,治疗前,运动左侧腕关节时,激活脑区主要在左额中央前回（同侧的感觉运动皮质区）;治疗后,运动左侧腕关节时,实验组与对照组相比,激活脑区在同侧感觉运动皮质区,但激活强度及体素均较治疗前有明显的降低。治疗前,运动右腕关节时,两者的激活脑区的部位相似,均在对侧的SMC区及同侧的小脑,但激活强度和体素较对照组小;治疗后,运动右腕关节时,两组之间无显著差异。 结论：计算机辅助训练可诱导出大脑皮质功能区的重组与代偿,使其趋向正常化。     

Mirrored,imagined and executed movements differentially activate sensorimotor cortex in amputees with and without phantom limb pain

Extended viewing of movements of the intact hand in a mirror as well as motor imagery has been shown to decrease pain in phantom pain patients. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the neural correlates of mirrored, imagined and executed hand movements in 14 upper extremity amputees – 7 with phantom limb pain (PLP) and 7 without phantom limb pain (non-PLP) and 9 healthy controls (HC). Executed movement activated the contralateral sensorimotor area in all three groups but ipsilateral cortex was only activated in the non-PLP and HC group. Mirrored movements activated the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the hand seen in the mirror in the non-PLP and the HC but not in the PLP. Imagined movement activated the supplementary motor area in all groups and the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex in the non-PLP and HC but not in the PLP. Mirror- and movement-related activation in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex in the mirror movement condition and activation in the sensorimotor cortex ipsilateral to the moved hand in the executed movement condition were significantly negatively correlated with the magnitude of phantom limb pain in the amputee group. Further research must identify the causal mechanisms related to mirror treatment, imagined movements or movements of the other hand and associated changes in pain perception.     

fMRI评价正常老年人腕关节被动运动下脑激活区

目的 用功能磁共振技术观察正常老年人双侧腕关节被动运动时脑区激活情况.方法 对30例正常的右利手老年受试者分别进行双侧腕关节被动运动的功能MR扫描,采用SPM2软件进行数据分析和脑功能区定位.结果 利手(右手)运动主要激活对侧感觉运动皮质、运动前区,双侧辅助运动区、后顶叶及同侧小脑;非利手运动时除激活上述脑区外,还激活了同侧运动感觉区和对侧小脑,且对侧运动前区、双侧辅助运动区和同侧小脑的激活体积明显大于利手腕关节运动.结论 被动运动依赖于大脑皮质和小脑等许多与运动相关的脑功能区的参与;与利手腕关节运动相比,非利手腕关节运动更依赖于对侧PMC、双侧SMA和同侧小脑等运动区.     

卒中早期手指被动运动的脑功能磁共振成像研究

目的应用扩散张量成像及BOLD-fMRI技术观察卒中早期手指被动运动时大脑半球相关区域血氧水平的变化情况.方法采用1.5 T MR成像系统对6名早期卒中患者进行BOLD-fMRI及扩散张量成像,采用手指被动屈伸运动作为fMRI的刺激任务.结果在锥体束中断时,卒中早期健手运动时激活双侧SMC区,患手运动可激活对侧半球后顶叶皮层及同侧SMC区;锥体束较完整时健手运动时激活对侧SMC区,患手运动激活双侧SMC区、双侧后顶叶皮层.结论卒中早期可能发生运动功能通路的重构,但锥体束不同损伤情况下运动功能恢复可能存在不同的机制.DTI与fMRI联合应用将是监测和研究脑卒中后恢复的有用工具.     

Functional reorganization of brain in children affected with congenital hemiplegia: fMRI study

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the brain activation related to unilateral sequential finger-to-thumb opposition was studied in six children with a right congenital hemiplegia of cortical origin. They were compared to six age-matched controls. In the control group, movements with either hand asymmetrically activated the sensorimotor cortex and premotor areas in both cerebral hemispheres with a typical contralateral predominance. By contrast, paretic finger movements activated both hemispheres in the hemiplegic patients, with a strong ipsilateral predominance favoring the undamaged hemisphere. The activation induced by nonparetic finger movements was restricted to the contralateral undamaged hemisphere. Furthermore, the level of activation in the undamaged cortex was partly related to residual finger dexterity, according to covariance analysis. These activation patterns indicate an adaptive reorganization of the cortical motor networks in this group of patients, with a prominent involvement of the undamaged hemisphere in the control of finger movements with either hand.     

Lesion location alters brain activation in chronically impaired stroke survivors

Recovery of motor function after stroke is associated with reorganization in central motor networks. Functional imaging has demonstrated recovery-dependent alterations in brain activation patterns when compared to healthy controls. These alterations are variable across stroke subjects. Factors identified as contributing to this variability are the degree of functional impairment, the time interval since stroke, and rehabilitative therapies. Here, the hypothesis is tested that lesion location influences the activation patterns. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the objective was to characterize similarities or differences in movement-related activation patterns in patients chronically disabled by cortical plus subcortical or subcortical lesions only. Brain activation was mapped during paretic and non-paretic movement in 11 patients with subcortical stroke, in nine patients with stroke involving sensorimotor cortex, and in eight healthy volunteers. Patient groups had similar average motor deficit as measured by a battery of scores and strength measures. Substantial differences between patients groups were found in activation patterns associated with paretic limb movement: whereas contralateral motor cortex, ipsilateral cerebellum (relative to moving limb), bilateral mesial (cingulate, SMA), and perisylvian regions were active in subcortical stroke, cortical patients recruited only ipsilateral postcentral mesial hemisphere regions, and areas at the rim of the stroke cavity. For both groups, activation in ipsilateral postcentral cortex correlated with motor function; in subcortical stroke, the same was found for mesial and perisylvian regions. Overall, brain activation in cortical stroke was less, while in subcortical patients, more than in healthy controls. For non-paretic movement, activation patterns were similar to control in cortical patients. In subcortical patients, however, activation patterns differed: the activation of non-paretic movement was similar to that of paretic movement (corrected for side). The data demonstrate more differences than similarities in the central control of paretic and non-paretic limb movement in patients chronically disabled by subcortical versus cortical stroke. Whereas standard motor circuitry is utilized in subcortical stroke, alternative networks are recruited after cortical stroke. This finding proposes lesion-specific mechanisms of reorganization. Optimal activation of these distinct networks may require different rehabilitative strategies.     

Brain activation of lower extremity movement in chronically impaired stroke survivors

Lower extremity paresis poses significant disability to chronic stroke survivors. Unlike for the upper extremity, cortical adaptations in networks controlling the paretic leg have not been characterized after stroke. Here, the hypotheses are that brain activation associated with unilateral knee movement in chronic stroke survivors is abnormal, depends on lesion location, and is related to walking ability. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of unilateral knee movement was obtained in 31 patients 26.9 months (mean, IQ range: 11.3-68.1) after stroke and in 10 age-matched healthy controls. Strokes were stratified according to lesion location. Locomotor disability (30 ft walking speed) did not differ between patient groups (9 cortical, 12 subcortical, 10 brainstem lesions). Significant differences in brain activation as measured by voxel counts in 10 regions of interest were found between controls and patients with brainstem (P = 0.006) and cortical strokes (P = 0.002), and between subcortical and cortical patients (P = 0.026). Statistical parametric mapping of data per group revealed similar activation patterns in subcortical patients and controls with recruitment of contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor area (SMA), and bilateral somatosensory area 2 (S2). Cortical recruitment was reduced in brainstem and cortical stroke. Better walking was associated with lesser contralateral sensorimotor cortex activation in brainstem, but stronger recruitment of ipsilateral sensorimotor and bilateral somatosensory cortices in subcortical and cortical patients, respectively. A post hoc comparison of brainstem patients with and without mirror movements (50%) revealed lesser recruitment of ipsilateral cerebellum in the latter. Subcortical patients with mirror movements (58%) showed lesser bilateral sensorimotor cortex activation. No cortical patient had mirror movements. The data reveal adaptations in networks controlling unilateral paretic knee movement in chronic stroke survivors. These adaptations depend on lesion location and seem to have functional relevance for locomotion.     

脑缺血性卒中患者运动功能康复的功能性磁共振成像研究

目的利用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术研究急性期缺血性脑卒中患者（以下简称急性期患者）运动相关皮质的激活情况，并探讨脑卒中后脑功能重组特点及其与肢体运动功能恢复的关系。方法采用GEI．5T双梯度16通道磁共振成像系统，对9例急性期患者和9例健康志愿者行Bold—fMRI检查。fMRI检查以被动对指运动（以下简称运动）为刺激任务，所有数据采用SPM2软件包进行离线后处理。比较健康志愿者与急性期患者fMRI结果的异同点，计算脑激活区体积和单侧化指数（LI），考察急性期患者患手运动LI值与患手运动功能的关系。结果健康志愿者单手运动激活对侧感觉运动皮质（SMC）、双侧辅助运动区（SMA）。急性期患者患手运动时同侧半球脑激话增多，健手运动的fMRI结果与健康志愿者基本一致。LI值也进一步确定，急性期患者患手运动时同侧半球脑激活增多。统计学分析表明，急性期患者患手运动的LI值与患手运动功能呈正相关。结论fMRI检查能客观地反映急性期患者运动相关皮质改变，提示存在脑功能代偿与重组。急性期患者患手运动LI值与患手运动功能呈正相关，提示fMRI是研究缺血性脑卒中后肢体运动功能康复与脑功能重组之间关系的一种有效工具。