成人非创伤性股骨头坏死DSA表现及介入治疗疗效观察

目的　探讨成人非创伤性股骨头缺血性坏死 (ANFH)的数字减影血管造影 (DSA)表现及介入治疗的效果。方法　对 3 6例 5 2髋ANFH患者 ,采用Seldinger技术经皮股动脉穿刺插管 ,行高选择性股骨头供血动脉的DSA检查及药物灌注。结果　 3 6例的 5 2髋中 5 0髋 (96.2 % )有供血动脉的异常改变 ,40髋 (76.9% )股骨头有不同程度和范围的染色 ,2 5髋(4 8.1% )显示股骨头静脉引流异常。治疗后髋关节疼痛症状消失或好转 ,关节功能明显得以改善。DSA复查 ,髋关节周围交通吻合的显示明显增多 ,5 3 .8% (2 8/ 5 2 )的患髋股骨头显示单位面积上血管数量增加。经治疗 1年后X线平片及CT复查 ,71.2 % (3 7/ 5 2 )患髋股骨头显示不同程度的骨质修复。结论　介入治疗ANFH疗效肯定 ,对改善局部血液循环 ,缓解临床症状、恢复髋关节功能及促进股骨头的新骨形成及修复起到了重要作用。但在选择靶动脉药物灌注时应结合术前造影所见 ,特别应重视对臀下动脉的选择。     

成人缺血性股骨头坏死 DSA 表现及介入治疗

目的 探讨成人缺血性股骨头坏死(ANFH)数字减影血管造影(DSA)介入治疗的效果.方法 对8例(12髋)ANFH患者采用经皮股动脉穿刺插管骨股头供血动脉的 DSA 检查及药物灌注.结果 11患髋有供血动脉的股骨头有不同程度和范围的染色,疼痛消失;1髋疼痛明显缓解,关节功能均恢复.治疗后3个月行DSA复查,髋关节周围交通吻合显示明显,患髋股骨头单位面积上血管数量增加.8例患者中6例髋关节疼痛、间歇性跛行等临床症状均明显改善,髋关节活动受限消失;2例临床症状轻度改善.结论 介入治疗ANFH疗效肯定,对改善局部血液循环、恢复髋关节功能、促进股骨头的新骨形成及修复起到了重要作用.     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗酒精性股骨头坏死的临床观察

【目的】探讨自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗酒精性股骨头坏死的临床疗效。【方法】对自愿接受自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗酒精性股骨头坏死的55例、68髋进行股骨头供血动脉干细胞灌注术。移植后随访观察患者髋关节疼痛程度、行走距离、髋关节活动度及影像学改变。【结果】移植后Ⅰ～Ⅲ期3～12个月患者的髋关节疼痛缓解、行走距离增加、活动度增加。48髋干细胞移后6个月,77%(37髋)在股骨头区有新生血管形成。Ⅳ期6髋中干细胞移植后,16.7%(1髋)在股骨头区有新生血管形成。术后18个月38髋行股骨头影像学检查,30髋表现为不同程度的骨质修复、死骨吸收、死骨范围缩小,有新生骨形成。【结论】自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗酒精性股骨头坏死是一种简便、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

经动脉骨髓干细胞移植结合介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死

目的:介入治疗有助于增加股骨头缺血性坏死的股骨头血供,干细胞可以促使新生毛细血管形成。实验拟证明经动脉应用骨髓干细胞移植结合常规介入疗法治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的疗效。方法:选择2005-03/2007-05年于新乡新华医院接受治疗的5例股骨头缺血性坏死患者,共8髋,均为男性,年龄(40.1±10.8)岁,5例患者均经临床症状和髋关节影像学检查确诊。所有患者均签署知情同意书,并经医院伦理委员会批准。实验方法:采集患者自体骨髓血制备骨髓干细胞。采用Seldinger穿刺技术,非治疗侧股动脉穿刺成功后,引入Terumo公司5Fcobra导管,通过非治疗侧髂总动脉、腹主动脉至治疗侧髂总动脉,注射非离子造影剂15mL,并电影采集。血管造影,确定股骨头供血动脉和病变程度,导管超选择进入治疗侧旋股内动脉、旋股外动脉及闭孔动脉,再次血管造影证实导管到位后,经导管缓慢灌注尿激酶、丹参、低分子右旋糖酐、罂粟碱等常规介入治疗药物。药物灌注完成后将备用自体骨髓干细胞悬液等量分为3份,缓慢灌注各支血管。双侧病变者,间隔两周行另外一侧治疗。实验评估:治疗完成后1年随访,Harris评分观察股骨头缺血性坏死临床症状改变和髋关节活动度,判定ARCO分期。结果:5例患者8髋均完成1年随访。随访结果显示,患者临床症状明显缓解,髋关节临床症状Harris评分分值显著提高(P<0.05),髋关节活动度无明显改变(P>0.05),ARCO分期进展4髋,稳定4髋,各为50%,5例患者治疗前后未发生严重并发症。结论:经动脉骨髓干细胞移植配合常规介入疗法治疗股骨头缺血性坏死是一种安全有效的方法。但是由于病例样本小和随访时间较短,其长期效果仍然需要进一步观察。     

早期股骨头缺血性坏死25例CT及MRI诊断分析

目的评价CT和MRI在早期股骨头缺血性坏死(ANFH)中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析25例30髋经手术、病理证实为早期[符合国际骨循环研究会(ARCO)分期标准I～II期]股骨头缺血性坏死患者的CT和MRI的影像学特征及其检查结果。结果 CT、MRI诊断早期ANFH率为60.0%,96.7%。经统计学处理,P<0.01。结论对早期股骨头缺血性坏死的影像学诊断,CT可提供较多的诊断信息,MRI的敏感性高于CT,MRI可准确地诊断早期股骨头缺血性坏死。     

普通X线片及CT在股骨头缺血性坏死的诊断和分期中的价值

目的:研究股骨头缺血性坏死(ANFH)的影像学表现、分期,并评价其在诊断和分期中的价值。材料与方法:25例32髋ANFH行普通X线照片和CT检查,根据影像学表现进行分期。结果:普通X线片诊断Ⅰ~Ⅱ期ANFH 5髋,Ⅲ~Ⅳ期21髋,阳性率81.22%;CT诊断Ⅰ~Ⅱ期ANFH 10髋,Ⅲ~Ⅳ期21髋,阳性率96.9%,两者之间有较大的差异。结论:普通X线片较难发现早期ANFH,而CT对ANFH的早期诊断能够提供较多的诊断信息;两者在ANFH的分期中都起着重要的作用。     

股骨头缺血性坏死的介入治疗

目的 探讨股骨头缺血性坏死(ANFH)的介入治疗效果.方法 对16例ANFH患者的髋部先常规行股动脉数字减影血管造影术(DSA),后在股骨头的供血动脉旋股内、外侧动脉内灌注溶栓、扩张血管药物.术后随访1～6个月.治疗前后行股骨头X线平片及CT检查以评估疗效.结果 术后患者患髋关节疼痛明显减轻,关节功能不同程度改善.Ficat Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者介入治疗后股骨头修复明显;Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者部分功能得以改善和恢复.结论 股骨头供血动脉内的介入治疗是一种疗效肯定、安全的微创治疗.     

微导管超选择插管在早期股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗中的应用

目的评价微导管超选择插管在介入治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of the femoral head,ANFH)的疗效和临床价值。方法超选择组和非超选择组分别39例(60髋)和45例(69髋)。前者以微导管嵌入靶血管,后者以低压流控法进行靶血管灌注。随访3~36个月,比较两组疗效并进行应用价值分析。结果微导管均超选择至理想位置,与非超选择组相比短期疗效差异不明显(P>0.05),随着随访时间的延长,X线平片及CT上骨质改善更加明显,Harris髋关节功能评分疗效更佳(P<0.05)。结论微导管超选择插管介入治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死疗效好,应用价值更加合理,特别适用于供血动脉严重狭窄、细小、走形迂曲和容易痉挛的患者,值得临床推广。     

维拉帕米动脉内灌注治疗脑血管痉挛的初步探讨

脑动脉瘤介入术中及术后发现影像学脑血管痉挛18例,均经导管或微导管向动脉血管内灌注维拉帕米治疗,剂量3~10(5.1±2.3)mg/血管。每个患者剂量3~25(8±3.7)mg。记录灌注治疗前、中、后患者的心率和平均动脉压,痉挛血管的位置,经动脉灌注维拉帕米后痉挛是否改善,随访患者的MRS评分。本组18例共实施了26根脑动脉血管内的灌注治疗,23根痉挛血管获得影像学改善。灌注前、中、后心率和平均动脉压均无明显改变(P>0.05)。无介入治疗相关并发症发生。3~6个月随访MRS1分16例,2分1例,3分1例。动脉灌注维拉帕米是一种安全、有效的治疗脑血管痉挛的方法。     

股骨头缺血性坏死血管造影及血供初步研究

目的 研究股骨头缺血性坏死(ANFH)血管造影表现和血供特点。方法 回顾分析经临床和影像学检查确诊并经介入治疗的165例214个髋部血管造影资料，与21例21个正常髋对照观察。结果 旋股内动脉及其分支异常为主伴有或不伴有其他血管异常者162例(2ll髋)，占98．6％。ANFH血管造影表现：①旋股内动脉头上支、头下支尤其是上支持带动脉异常；②旋股外动脉升支分支异常；②股骨头、颈部实质期染色；④坏死区周围细小动脉再血管化；⑤侧支循环增加；⑥静脉回流异常。结论 ANFH血供异常主要发生在旋股内动脉及其分支区域，部分伴有静脉回流异常；血管造影和DSA能反映ANFH的血管形态学变化。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.