等速测试指标与改良Ashworth量表用于踝痉挛评定的相关性研究

目的研究等速被动测试指标与改良Ashworth量表(MAS)评定的相关性。方法 2014年8月~2015年3月,本院接收康复治疗慢性脑卒中患者18例作为痉挛组,16名健康对照者作为对照组。MAS评定痉挛组踝关节肌张力,BIODEX等速运动测试系统评定两组踝关节被动运动,角速度分别为10°/s、60°/s、120°/s、180°/s、240°/s。测试峰力矩(PT)、峰力矩体重比(PT/BW)、平均力矩(AT)、峰力矩-角速度线性斜率(SLOPE)。运用Spearman法对上述两组结果进行相关分析。结果痉挛组不同角速度PT、PT/BW、AT均大于对照组(P0.05),等速指标随角速度增大而增大,120°/s后上升缓慢。痉挛组4个等速指标与MAS相关系数为0.3043~0.7632(P0.01),SLOPE的数值最大。结论等速指标与MAS具有相关性,符合痉挛中速度依赖的定义。120°/s敏感性最高,SLOPE与MAS相关性最显著。     

Cybex-6000系统测试肩关节伸肌群向心-离心收缩的信度研究

目的评价Cybex-6000型等速测试系统测试肩关节伸肌群向心-离心收缩的可靠性.方法对15名健康男性的优势肩关节伸肌采用Cybex-6000型等速测试系统进行向心-离心收缩测试,速度60°/s、120°/s和180°/s;等速测试指标峰力矩(PT)、平均功率(AP)和单次最大作功(TW).选用组内相关系数(ICC)作为可靠性判断指标.结果 PT、AP和TW的ICC范围0.86～0.97,具有良好的可重复性.结论 Cybex-6000型等速测试系统测试肩关节伸肌向心-离心收缩具有良好的可靠性.     

躯干肌慢速等速向心收缩肌力的测试研究

目的:研究不同速度对躯干肌慢速等速肌力测试的影响,探讨用于躯干肌肌力评定的慢速等速肌力测试合理的速度参数。方法:健康受试者43例,使用美国产BiodexⅡAP型多关节等速测试系统测定躯干肌峰力矩(PT)、相对峰力矩(PT/BW)、总功(TW)、相对总功(TW/BW)和屈伸比值(F/E),测试角速度分别选用30°/s和60°/s。结果:伸展收缩测试时两组间的PT、PT/BW、TW和TW/BW比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),屈曲收缩测试时上述指标比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),两组间F/E差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:躯干肌慢速等速测试中,速度明显影响伸展测试值,30°/s比60°/s等速测试似更能反映躯干肌的力学特征,而对屈曲测试值的影响并不明显,在慢速范围内,屈肌肌力测试值似处于稳定的峰值状态。     

健康青年人肘关节屈伸肌等速重复测试分析

目的：观察健康青年人肘关节屈伸肌两次等速测试结果是否存在差异。方法：康复专业三年级学生20例间隔一周进行双侧肘关节等速测试，速度分别为60°/s、90°/s和180°/s。采用配对t检验比较两次测试间峰力矩（PT）、单次最大做功（TW）、平均功率（AP）、总做功量（STW）的差异，并计算两次测试变化情况(即第2次测试值-第1次测试值／第1次测试值)。结果：伸肌60°/s时，TW、STW两次测试间差异有显著性意义（P<0.05），其余指标P>0.05；屈肌60°/s时PT、各测试速度时STW两次测试间比较P>0.05，其余指标差异有显著性意义（P<0.05）。所有指标两次测试的平均数值接近，但个体变化相差较大，总体上显示第二次较第一次增加（除伸肌60°/s时TW和STW降低外），慢速运动较快速运动变化小。结论：肘关节等速重复测试可比较不同个体组内的差异，比较每一个体的前后差异作用不能肯定。     

牵伸训练改善脑卒中踝关节痉挛的随机对照研究

摘要 目的： 观察踝关节牵伸训练对脑卒中患者下肢功能的疗效并讨论其机制。 方法：25例脑卒中患者随机分为12例跟腱牵伸组（试验组）和13例直腿抬高组（对照组）,两组均采用多关节下肢康复机器人系统LR2进行为期2周训练,共12次,每次45min。训练前后采用等速测试系统进行实验室评定踝关节被动峰力矩、踝关节主动峰力矩、踝关节主动、被动活动范围（passive range of motion, PROM）、力矩-角速度斜率（SLOPE）;临床评定改良Ashworth量表（modified Ashworth scale, MAS）、临床痉挛指数（clinical spasticity index, CSI）。 结果： 训练前两组患者的一般资料、实验室及临床各项评定结果无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。训练2周后,两组间踝关节被动峰力矩在角速度10°/s、60°/s、120°/s、180°/s差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）,240°/s时无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;踝关节主动峰力矩在角速度60°/s两组间差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）,120°/s、180°/s无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,SLOPE训练后两组间有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;试验组AROM、PROM、MAS、CSI改善情况明显优于对照组,差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）。 结论： 踝关节牵伸训练有效降低脑卒中患者痉挛,改善关节活动度,提高肌肉力量,是一种较为有效的治疗手段。     

腰屈伸等速向心收缩肌力测试的效度研究

目的：研究腰屈伸的等速肌力测试效度,研究合适的角速度测试。方法：由同一个测试人员对30例正常无腰痛的自愿者、60例普通慢性腰痛患者及30例运动员慢性腰痛患者进行腰屈伸的等速肌力测试,并同步采用表面肌电图对相关肌群进行检测,对腰屈伸的等速肌力以三种不同角速度测试进行效度分析。结果：60°/s和90°/s的效度满意;180°/s的效度不理想[普通腰痛组中绝大多数患者腰屈曲和腰伸展时的峰力矩（PT）、总功（TW）和平均功率（AP）均为0,呈典型的“地板效应”]。结论： 对正常人进行腰屈伸的等速肌力测试时可以使用     

脑卒中偏瘫患者患侧和健侧上肢关节的等速肌力特征研究

摘要 目的：分析脑卒中患者患侧和健侧上肢肩关节和腕关节周围肌力特征。 方法：选取脑卒中偏瘫患者30例作为观察组，同时选取同龄健康人30例作为对照组。观察组患者双侧均进行肩和腕关节等速肌力测试（60°/s和120°/s）、握力及捏力测试、经颅磁刺激检测上肢运动诱发电位（motor evoked potential， MEP）。健康人对照组选择与观察组患侧相应的肢体侧进行检测。对观察组患侧等速肌力与Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评定量表（FMA-UE）和MEP进行相关性分析。 结果：①等速肌力测试：在60°/s和120°/s时，与健侧和对照组相比，观察组患侧肩屈伸肌、肩内收外展肌和腕屈伸肌的峰力矩（peak torque， PT）、总功（total work， TW）和平均功率（average power， AP）均显著下降（均P<0.05）；在60°/s时，与健康人相比，观察组健侧肩屈伸肌、肩内收外展肌和腕屈伸肌的PT、TW和AP均具有下降趋势，其中肩内收肌的PT、TW和AP下降具有显著性意义（P<0.05）；在120°/s时，与健康人相比，观察组健侧肩屈伸肌和肩内收外展肌的PT、TW和AP均具有下降趋势，其中，肩伸肌的PT、AP与肩内收肌的PT、TW和AP下降具有显著性意义（P<0.05）；腕屈肌的PT和AP、腕伸肌PT均有下降趋势。②握力及捏力测试：观察组患侧握力、指头—指侧捏力和指尖—指尖捏力较健侧和健康人均明显下降（均P<0.05）；观察组健侧握力、指头—指侧捏力和指尖—指尖捏力较健康人均明显下降（P<0.05）。③神经电生理检测：患侧上肢MEP潜伏期和中枢运动传导时间（central motor conduction time， CMCT）较健侧和健康人均明显延长（均P<0.05）；与健康人相比，健侧上肢MEP潜伏期和CMCT差异无显著性意义（P>0.05）。④相关性分析：观察组患侧上肢肩和腕关节周围肌群的等速肌力与FMA-UE均有明显正相关（P<0.05）；但与患侧上肢MEP潜伏期和CMCT无相关性。 结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者双侧均存在肌力下降的现象，且在Brunnstrom Ⅲ期之后，肌力可能与运动神经传导速度无关。未来的研究和临床治疗应该扩大关注范围，不局限于患侧，提倡双侧评估及训练。     

不同体位肩关节旋转肌群等速肌力评定的重测信度研究

摘要 目的：利用Biodex?多关节等速力量测试和训练系统研究肩关节旋转肌群等速肌力评定在不同测试体位下的重测信度,为临床应用提供参考。 方法：28名健康受试者,选择向心/向心收缩模式,在60°/s和180°/s速度下分别进行坐位（肩关节外展45°、前屈30°,肩胛骨平面）与仰卧位（肩关节外展45°）肩关节旋转肌群的等速肌力评定,并于1周后由同一操作人员复测。使用组内相关系数（ICC）及测量标准误（SEM）比较不同体位重复测试的相对信度及绝对信度。 结果：峰力矩、总功、平均功率以及平均峰力矩在坐位与仰卧位测试中均显示了中度至高度的相对重测信度（ICC：0.83—0.98）;相对峰力矩（ICC：0.71—0.94）及外旋与内旋肌群肌力比值（ICC：0.29—0.84）的相对重测信度为低度至高度。总体绝对信度良好（SEM：6.8%—27.0%）,其中仰卧位的数值（SEM：6.8%—23.1%）较坐位的数值（SEM：7.2%—27.0%）更佳。 结论：坐位（肩关节外展45°、前屈30°,肩胛骨平面）及仰卧位（肩关节外展45°）两种体位进行肩关节旋转肌群等速肌力评定均具有良好的重测信度,其中仰卧位测试的信度较坐位更佳;在使用肩关节旋转肌群等速肌力评定结果评价受试者指标变化时,可能需要将测量标准误差考虑在内。     

躯干等速肌力测试重测信度研究

目的研究躯干肌等速测试的信度并初步分析影响测试的有关因素,为进一步深入研究奠定基础。方法20例自愿受试者经同一检测者利用同一程序、同一检测方法在一周内分别测试其躯干的等速力学指标,使用组内相关系数对结果进行信度分析。结果60°/s和180°/s收缩时重复测试信度满意,240°/s收缩时伸肌重复测试信度满意,但屈肌稍差。结论等速测力装置用于躯干的力学特征评定有较好的重复信度,尤其应选择低速和中速收缩,少用高速收缩。     

膝关节骨性关节炎患者髋外展肌等速肌力的研究

摘要 目的：观察膝关节骨性关节炎（KOA）患者髋外展肌等速肌力变化。 方法：采用Biodex system 4对23例双侧KOA患者及14例正常对照者进行角速度为30°/s及60°/s的髋外展肌等速肌力测试,分别采用配对样本t检验及独立样本t检验比较KOA患者主患侧与对侧、KOA组主患侧与正常对照组髋外展肌等速肌力。 结果：KOA组30°/s峰力矩主患侧显著小于对侧（1.15 vs 1.22Nm/kg, P=0.039）,峰力矩均值、单次最佳做功主患侧亦显著小于对侧（P＜0.05）,总功、平均功率无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;60°/s峰力矩主患侧显著小于对侧（1.03 vs 1.13Nm/kg, P=0.006）,峰力矩均值、单次最佳做功、总功、平均功率主患侧亦显著小于对侧（P＜0.05）。髋外展肌30°/s峰力矩均值、平均功率、单次最佳做功及总功KOA组主患侧显著小于正常对照组（P≤0.05）;60°/s时峰力矩KOA组显著小于正常对照组（1.03 vs 1.25Nm/Kg, P=0.032）,余观察指标两组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。 结论：膝骨关节炎患者主患侧髋外展肌等速肌力峰力矩、做功能力、运动效率较对侧减弱。膝骨关节炎患者髋外展肌等速肌力峰力矩、做功能力、运动效率较正常对照组减弱。     

Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after acquired brain injury: a randomized trial comparing dilution techniques

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of two different volume preparations of the same dose of botulinum toxin-A in relieving spasticity in wrist and finger flexors secondary to acquired brain injury. DESIGN: Thirteen adult patients who had modified Ashworth scale scores of 3 for both wrist and finger flexors were included in this randomized, controlled trial. Wrist and finger flexors were each injected. Blinded modified Ashworth scale ratings of wrist and finger flexor spasticity were measured. RESULTS: Spasticity in both muscles decreased significantly in both treatment groups. However, the high-volume and low-volume groups did not differ significantly in spasticity reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Because this preliminary study found no difference in spasticity reduction between high- and low-volume preparations of a 60-unit dose of botulinum toxin-A, a larger-sample study seems warranted to compare the efficacy of high-volume and low-volume preparations.     

Ashworth Scales are unreliable for the assessment of muscle spasticity

Ashworth Scales are the most widely used tests to assess the severity of muscle spasticity. These scales offer qualitative and subjective information; consequently, there are issues concerning validity and reliability. This article presents the results of a study comparing interrater reliability of the original and of the modified Ashworth Scales for measuring muscle spasticity in elbow flexors. Fifteen patients with hemiplegia (nine men and six women) with a median age of 52 years (interquartile range, 28-64) participated in this study. Two physiotherapists rated the muscle tone of elbow flexors according to ratings criteria of the Ashworth and the modified Ashworth Scales. Kappa values for the original Ashworth and the modified Ashworth Scales were 0.17 (SE 0.21; p = 0.41) and 0.21 (SE = 0.12; p = 0.08), respectively. The scales showed similar levels of reliability (chi2= 0.0285, df=1, p = 0.7). The Ashworth Scales are not reliable for the assessment of muscle spasticity. In the absence of interrater reliability, the validity of the measurements may also be questioned.     

Reliability of the Tone Assessment Scale and the modified Ashworth scale as clinical tools for assessing poststroke spasticity.

OBJECTIVES: To establish reliability of the Tone Assessment Scale and modified Ashworth scale in acute stroke patients. SETTING: A North Liverpool university hospital. PATIENTS: Eighteen men and 14 women admitted with acute stroke and still in hospital at the study start date (median age, 74 yrs; median Barthel score, 8). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The modified Ashworth scale and the Tone Assessment Scale. STUDY DESIGN: The 32 patients were examined with both scales on the same occasion by two raters (interrater comparison) and on two occasions by one rater (intrarater comparison). RESULTS: The reliability of the modified Ashworth scale was very good (kappa = .84 for interrater and .83 for intrarater comparisons). The reliability of the Tone Assessment Scale was not as strong as the modified Ashworth scale, with marked variability in the assessment of posture (kappa = .22 to .50 for interrater and .29 to .55 for intrarater comparisons) and associated reaction (kappa/kappaW = -.05 to .79 for interrater and .19 to .83 for intrarater comparisons). However, those aspects of the Tone Assessment Scale that addressed response to passive movement and that are scored similarly to the modified Ashworth scale showed good to very good interrater reliability (kappaW = .79 to .92) and good to very good intrarater reliability (kappaW = .72 to .86), except for the question related to movement at the ankle where agreement was only moderate (kappaW = .59). CONCLUSIONS: The modified Ashworth scale is reliable. The section of the Tone Assessment Scale relating to response to passive movement is reliable at various joints, except the ankle. It may assist in studies on the prevalence of spasticity after stroke and the relationship between tone and function. Further development of a measure of spasticity at the ankle is required. The Tone Assessment Scale is not reliable for measuring posture and associated reactions.     

Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity

We undertook this investigation to determine the interrater reliability of manual tests of elbow flexor muscle spasticity graded on a modified Ashworth scale. We each independently graded the elbow flexor muscle spasticity of 30 patients with intracranial lesions. We agreed on 86.7% of our ratings. The Kendall's tau correlation between our grades was .847 (p less than .001). Thus, the relationship between the raters' judgments was significant and the reliability was good. Although the results were limited to the elbow flexor muscle group, we believe them to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the modified Ashworth scale for grading spasticity.     

The Tardieu Scale differentiates contracture from spasticity whereas the Ashworth Scale is confounded by it

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Tardieu Scale as a clinical measure of spasticity after stroke with the Ashworth Scale. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen people, living in the community three years after their stroke. MAIN MEASURES: The Ashworth Scale and Tardieu Scale as well as laboratory measures of spasticity (stretch-induced electromyographic (EMG) activity) and contracture (maximum passive joint excursion) were collected from the affected elbow flexors and extensors and ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors by three examiners who were blinded to the results of the other measures. RESULTS: The percentage exact agreement (PEA) between the Tardieu Scale and a laboratory measure of spasticity was 100% for both the elbow flexors and ankle plantarflexors. This was significantly (P= 0.02) greater than the PEA of 63% for both muscles between the Ashworth Scale and the same laboratory measure of spasticity. For contracture, the PEA between the Tardieu Scale and a laboratory measure was 94% for both the elbow flexors and the ankle plantarflexors. Pearson correlation coefficients between the Tardieu Scale and laboratory measures of spasticity were 0.86 for the elbow flexors and 0.62 for the ankle plantarflexors and between the Tardieu Scale and laboratory measures of contracture were 0.89 for the elbow flexors and 0.84 for the ankle plantarflexors. CONCLUSION: In all cases that spasticity was overestimated by the Ashworth Scale, participants had a contracture. These findings suggest that the Tardieu Scale differentiates spasticity from contracture whereas the Ashworth Scale is confounded by it.     

Relationship between self- and clinically rated spasticity in spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relation between self- and clinically rated spasticity in spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine the extent to which symptoms like pain are included in the patients' self-rating of spasticity. DESIGN: Part 1: an observational, prospective, cross-sectional study and part 2: an observational, prospective, longitudinal study. SETTING: Swiss paraplegic center. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven (part 1) and 8 (part 2) persons with spastic SCI (American Spinal Injury Association grade A or B). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical rating of movement-provoked spasticity using the Ashworth Scale; self-rating of general and present spasticity by the subject on a 4-point spasm severity scale and by using a visual analog scale (VAS); and questionnaires asking for antispasticity medication, impact of spasticity on daily life, body segment affected by spasticity, and symptoms associated with its occurrence. RESULTS: There was a poor correlation (rho=.36) between clinically rated (Ashworth Scale) spasticity and self-rated general spasticity and a modest correlation (rho=.70) between Ashworth Scale and self-rated present spasticity in the cross-sectional study in 47 subjects. Questionnaires showed that symptoms like pain and other sensations were associated by the patients with spasticity. There was a significant, but weak, correlation between VAS and Ashworth Scale in the longitudinal study in 3 of the 8 subjects and nonsignificant correlations in the remaining 5 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: A single clinical assessment of spasticity is a poor indication of a patient's general spasticity. Clinical measures of muscle tone-related spasticity should be complemented by self-rating that distinguishes muscle tone-related spasticity from spasticity affecting the sensory nervous system.     

Clinical scales for the assessment of spasticity, associated phenomena, and function: a systematic review of the literature

PURPOSE: To characterise clinical assessment methods for spasticity and/or its functional consequences in clinical patient populations at risk to suffer from spasticity. METHOD: Systematic literature search and manual-based two-step review process of psychometric properties of clinical assessment scales for spasticity and associated phenomena, as well as of functional scales with an association with spasticity. Reviewed psychometric properties included internal consistency, interrater, intrarater as well as retest reliability, construct validity, ecological validity, and responsiveness. RESULTS: Until May 2003 electronic database searches established a reference pool of 4151 references of which 90 references contributed to the review objectives. An additional 20 references were identified by an informal reference search. Twenty-four clinical scales that assess spasticity and/or related phenomena as well as 10 scales for 'active function' and three scales for 'passive function' with an association with spasticity could be identified. Some evidence signals that a high interrater reliability of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth scales can be achieved, however not in all circumstances. For many scales, reliability data is, however, missing. This is especially true for test retest reliability. Information about construct validity can promote our understanding of what individual scales are likely to assess. Many scales have been able to document changes after therapeutic intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The collated evidence can guide our clinical decision about when to use which scale and can promote evidence-based assessment of spasticity and related clinical phenomena.     

Clinical scales for the assessment of spasticity, associated phenomena, and function: a systematic review of the literature

Purpose: To characterise clinical assessment methods for spasticity and/or its functional consequences in clinical patient populations at risk to suffer from spasticity. Method: Systematic literature search and manual-based two-step review process of psychometric properties of clinical assessment scales for spasticity and associated phenomena, as well as of functional scales with an association with spasticity. Reviewed psychometric properties included internal consistency, interrater, intrarater as well as retest reliability, construct validity, ecological validity, and responsiveness. Results: Until May 2003 electronic database searches established a reference pool of 4151 references of which 90 references contributed to the review objectives. An additional 20 references were identified by an informal reference search. Twenty-four clinical scales that assess spasticity and/or related phenomena as well as 10 scales for 'active function' and three scales for 'passive function' with an association with spasticity could be identified. Some evidence signals that a high interrater reliability of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth scales can be achieved, however not in all circumstances. For many scales, reliability data is, however, missing. This is especially true for test retest reliability. Information about construct validity can promote our understanding of what individual scales are likely to assess. Many scales have been able to document changes after therapeutic intervention. Conclusions: The collated evidence can guide our clinical decision about when to use which scale and can promote evidence-based assessment of spasticity and related clinical phenomena.     

Effects of surface electrical stimulation on the muscle-tendon junction of spastic gastrocnemius in stroke patients

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of spasticity suppression by surface electrical stimulation (ES) on the muscle-tendon junction of spastic gastrocnemius muscles in stroke.

Methods: Twenty-four neurologically stable stroke patients (aged 41 - 69 years, 12 - 35 months post-stroke), with spasticity graded 2 or 3 on the modified Ashworth scale, were recruited and divided into two groups. In the ES group, each patient received 20 min of surface ES once daily, 6 days per week for 1 month. In the control group, ES was used with stimulation intensity kept at zero. To evaluate the therapeutic effect, the modified Ashworth scale, Fmax/Mmax ratio, H-reflex latency, H-reflex recovery curve, and the 10-m walking time were tested before and after the 1-month treatment.

Results: In the ES group, the modified Ashworth Scale showed a trend toward reduced spasticity after 1 month of treatment. The Fmax/Mmax ratio decreased from 8.10% ± 4.84% to 4.00% ± 1.36%; the H-reflex latency increased from 28.87 ± 2.45 ms to 29.40 ± 2.57 ms; the H-reflex recovery curves indicated a downward shift; and the 10-metre walking time significantly decreased after ES. In the control group, none of the measures showed a statistically significant change.

Conclusions: In the study, we demonstrated a way to suppress spasticity at a metameric site and to increase walking speed effectively by applying surface ES on the muscle-tendon junction of spastic gastrocnemius muscles.     

A型肉毒毒素治疗脑卒中后瘫痪肌痉挛的临床疗效

目的：探讨A型肉毒毒素治疗脑卒中后瘫痪肌痉挛的临床疗效与安全性。方法：44例脑卒中后瘫痪肢体肌痉挛患者分为2组，其中采用BTX-A治疗的21例为研究组；采用力奥来素治疗的23例为对照组。分别观察2组治疗2、4周后肢体肌力、肌张力及功能改变。结果：肌张力按改良Ashworth评分与治疗前比较。2组均降低（P〈0．01）；治疗2周时研究组低于对照组（P〈0．01）；4周时2组差异无显著性意义（P〉o．05）。研究组在4周后步速、步长、Barthel指数评分与治疗前比较均明显提高（P〈0．01、P〈0．05、P〈0．01），并优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：BTX-A治疗瘫痪肌痉挛安全、简便、起效迅速，副作用小，值得在临床推广应用。