右美托咪定不同给药途径联合股神经阻滞用于膝关节镜日间手术后的镇痛

目的观察右美托咪定的不同给药途径复合相同浓度的罗哌卡因联合超声引导下的股神经阻滞对膝关节镜手术的术后镇痛效果。方法选择行日间膝关节镜检查的患者75例,随机分为A、B、C三组各25例。其中A组采用0. 15%的罗哌卡因30 ml患侧股神经阻滞,50 ml生理盐水泵注; B组:0. 15%的罗哌卡因+0. 5μg/kg的右美托咪定共30 ml行单侧股神经阻滞,50 ml生理盐水泵注; C组:0. 15%的罗哌卡因30 ml行患侧股神经阻滞,0. 5μg/kg的右美托咪定50 ml泵注。均采用静推地佐辛5 mg/次作为术后镇痛的补救方法。记录手术持续时间以及患者苏醒时间,对患者的股四头肌肌力进行术前和术后的评估,记录术后2、5、9、12、16、20小时的VAS评分、Ramsay评分、不良反应发生例数、行镇痛补救例数。结果三组手术持续时间、患者苏醒时间、股四头肌肌力差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后6、9、12、16、20小时的VAS评分、Ramsay评分,B、C组A组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05); B、C组需镇痛补救例数少于A组,三组不良反应发生例数差异无统计学意义。结论 0. 5μg/kg的右美托咪定静脉使用或者作为神经佐剂分别复合0. 15%的罗哌卡因联合超声引导下的神股经阻滞应用于膝关节镜手术能有效并同等程度延长术后镇痛的持续时间。     

罗哌卡因联合地塞米松连续股神经阻滞在人工全膝关节置换术术后镇痛中的应用

目的 比较罗哌卡因联合地塞米松连续股神经阻滞（连续股神经阻滞）与单纯罗哌卡因连续股神经阻滞用于人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）患者术后镇痛效果。 方法 选取本院及开平市中心医院40例拟行TKA患者随机分成对照组和试验,每组20例,所有患者术后在B超下行连续股神经阻滞麻醉。对照组镇痛药物为2.5 g/L罗哌卡因150 mL;试验组镇痛药物为2.5 g/L罗哌卡因和0.1 g/L 地塞米松混合液150 mL。记录所有患者不同时间点静息状态疼痛视觉模拟（VAS）评分,主、被动功能训练VAS评分,吗啡用量,主动屈曲关节角度以及麻醉相关不良反应。 结果 试验组6、12、24、48、72 h静息状态VAS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组术后24、48、72 h主、被动功能训练VAS评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。试验组与对照组患者术后6 h后各时间段及72 h总吗啡用量均低于对照组（P<0.05）。试验组患者术后24、48、72 h患肢主动关节屈曲角度均大于对照组（P<0.05）。对照组麻醉相关不良反应发生率为30%,试验组为15%,两组患者麻醉相关不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 与单纯罗哌卡因相比,罗哌卡因联合地塞米松连续股神经阻滞可加强TKA患者的术后镇痛作用,提高TKA患者术后康复锻炼效果,减少阿片类药物的使用,且并发症发生率低,值得推广。       

不同剂量舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的效果比较

目的观察不同剂量的舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的效果比较。方法将2009年4-11月60例硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产手术术后的患者随机分为三组,术后镇痛液A组采用0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/mL舒芬太尼;B组为0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.4μg/mL舒芬太尼;C组0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼,观察三组患者的术后镇痛效果（视觉模拟法评分,即VAS评分）及不良反应。结果 A组VAS评分高于B组和C组,B组VAS评分高于C组（P〈0.05）。三组患者术后恶心呕吐、运动阻滞、嗜睡及肠蠕动抑制等并发症无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论 0.125%罗哌卡因复合0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼以4mL/h持续输注用于剖宫产术后患者自控硬膜外镇痛术后疼痛VAS评分最小,患者镇痛满意度最高。     

右美托咪啶复合罗哌卡因在超声引导下股神经阻滞对全膝关节置换术后局部炎性反应及镇痛效果的影响

目的评价右美托咪啶(DEX)复合罗哌卡因超声引导下股神经阻滞对全膝关节置换术患者术后局部炎性反应及镇痛效果的影响。方法择期行全膝关节置换术患者60例,年龄43~64岁,体质量50~81kg,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法,将患者分为两组:罗哌卡因组(R组)和DEX复合罗哌卡因组(DR组),各30例。两组患者入室后,局部麻醉下分别行超声引导下股神经阻滞:R组患者注射0.5%罗哌卡因20 m L;DR组患者注射0.5%罗哌卡因20m L+DEX 1μg/kg。然后行麻醉诱导和维持,术毕连接静脉自控镇痛泵(PCIA)。分别于术后6 h(T1)、12 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)时,采集患者膝关节腔引流袋中引流液,检测细胞因子IL-6和TNF-α的浓度;在上述同样时间点,评估记录患者静息和运动情况下的视觉模拟评分(VAS);记录PCIA镇痛泵按压次数;记录患者股神经阻滞并发症的情况。结果两组患者术后不同时点白细胞介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)指标变化,静息和运动VAS评分的整体趋势都是在术后12 h达到峰值,然后再下降的一个过程。与R组比较,DR组患者的IL-6和TNF-α指标以及静息和运动VAS评分,在术后12 h、24 h和48 h的值都低于R组患者,有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论右美托咪啶复合罗哌卡因超声引导下股神经阻滞可以减轻全膝关节置换术患者术后关节腔局部炎性反应、增强术后镇痛效果。     

右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因股神经阻滞用于膝关节镜术后镇痛的临床研究

目的对比观察右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因用于膝关节镜术后镇痛的临床效果。方法拟行膝关节镜手术的患者60例,随机分为罗哌卡因组(A组,n=30)和右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因组(B组,n=30)。两组患者在喉罩全麻后,分别在超声引导下行单次股神经阻滞,A组注入0.25%罗哌卡因注射液30 ml,B组注入0.25%罗哌卡因及100μg右美托咪定混合液30 ml。观察两组患者术后4 h(T0),8 h(T1),12 h(T2)及24 h(T3)的视觉模拟评分(VAS),当VAS评分大于5分时,静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50 mg。结果两组间在T0、T1、T2时间点的VAS评分分布无统计学差异(P0.05)。B组在T3时间点的VAS评分分布优于A组,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组氟比洛芬酯的用量(68.33±35.92 mg)明显高于B组(18.33±30.75 mg),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因较单纯罗哌卡因行单次股神经阻滞镇痛时间长,术后辅助氟比洛芬酯镇痛剂量小。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中的应用效果

目的:探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中的应用效果。方法:选取本院100例手部或前臂手术患者为研究对象,根据罗哌卡因使用浓度将其分为A组33例,B组35例及C组32例,所有患者均给予30mL罗哌卡因肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,其中A组浓度为0.25%,B组浓度为0.375%,C组浓度为0.50%,比较各组的麻醉效果。结果:B组感觉及运动神经阻滞时间显著低于A组,镇痛持续时间及运动阻滞恢复时间均显著长于A组;C组感觉及运动神经阻滞时间显著低于B组,镇痛持续时间及运动阻滞恢复时间均显著长于B组(P<0.05)。术后1h、6h三组患者的VAS评分比较无显著性差异(P> 0.05),术后12h B组及C组VAS评分均显著低于A组(P<0.05),但B组及C组之间比较无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。结论:0.375%的罗哌卡因在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉中效果显著,术后疼痛轻微,值得临床进行推广应用。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因配伍连续股神经阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后镇痛的效果

目的：观察不同浓度罗哌卡因配伍连续股神经阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后镇痛的效果。方法：选择美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行单侧全膝关节置换患者60例,随机分为2组：高浓度组（0.25%罗哌卡因）和低浓度组（0.125%罗哌卡因）,每组30例。所有患者均实施气管插管全身麻醉,术后采用连续股神经阻滞进行镇痛。记录患者在静息、主动和持续被动功能训练时的视觉模拟评分（VAS）疼痛评分,同时记录开始下床活动时间,肌力分级和并发症发生率。结果：高浓度组患者在术后6h、24h、48h及72h的静息、主动和持续被动功能训练时的VAS疼痛评分均显著低于低浓度组患者（P〈0.05）;2组患者下床活动时间无显著差异[（25±2）h比（27±4）h,P〉0.05];2组患者的术后24～72h肌力评分平均大于3级;2组术中和术后均未出现并发症。结论：相对于0.125%的罗哌卡因,采用浓度0.25%的罗哌卡因配伍连续股神经阻滞可提供满意的术后镇痛。     

肋间神经阻滞对开胸术后镇痛效果的观察

目的 观察开胸手术关胸前罗哌卡因肋间神经阻滞的术后镇痛效果.方法 将120例开胸手术患者随机分为两组,每组60例.A组传统肌肉注射哌替啶镇痛,B组关胸前用0.375％罗哌卡因20 mL行肋间神经阻滞,分别记录拔管清醒后不同时间点视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分,记录术后7d患者肺部并发症发生情况.结果 与A组比较,B组在术后24 h内镇痛效果明显优于A组,术后并发症明显减少.结论 罗哌卡因肋间神经阻滞用于开胸术后镇痛效果好,操作简单,是一种理想的开胸术后镇痛方法.     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于肋间神经阻滞在乳腺手术的观察

目的探讨甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于肋间神经阻滞在乳腺手术中的安全性和有效性。方法将60例患者随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组各20例,观察麻醉效果、术中生命体征变化、术后VAS评分。结果 B组、C组较A组镇痛效果满意,术中生命体征变化小,术后VAS评分有明显差异。结论甲磺酸罗哌卡因肋间神经阻滞用于乳腺手术效果优于局麻,对循环、呼吸影响小,且术后镇痛良好。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因术后臂丛神经镇痛效果的观察

目的比较三种不同浓度罗哌卡因伍用吗啡和利多卡因用于上肢手术后臂丛神经镇痛的效果.方法 90例择期上肢手术病人随机分为0.30%罗哌卡因组(Ⅰ组)(含罗派卡因75 mg、吗啡1 mg、利多卡因200 mg、生理盐水15 ml),0.25%罗派卡因组(Ⅱ组)(含罗派卡因75 mg、吗啡1 mg、利多卡因200 mg、生理盐水20 ml),20%罗哌卡因组(Ⅲ组)(含罗派卡因75 mg、吗啡1 mg、利多卡因200 mg、生理盐水25 ml),术后臂丛神经镇痛(PCRA)负荷剂量15 ml,总剂量15 ml/24h,镇痛时间约50 h.以VAS评分比较三组术后PCRA镇痛效果,Bromage评分评定运动阻滞情况.结果术后6、12、24、48h VAS评分,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,Bromage评分Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组.无明显不良反应.结论 0.25%罗哌卡因复合吗啡和利多卡因对上肢手术病人术后镇痛效果确切,适合临床应用.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.