剪切波弹性成像超声在脑卒中偏瘫上肢痉挛定量评估中的应用

目的:应用剪切波弹性成像技术测定脑卒中后偏瘫上肢肘屈肌群痉挛患者肱二头肌、肱肌、肱桡肌的杨氏模量值,分析其与改良的Ashworth量表间的相关性,通过检查来确定对肘关节屈曲痉挛起主要作用的肌肉,探讨剪切波弹性超声在确定痉挛程度的应用价值。方法:选取36例脑卒中所致的单侧偏瘫并且肘屈肌痉挛患者(17例女性和19例男性),应用剪切波弹性成像分别测定肘关节90°屈曲位、180°拉伸位时患者患侧和健侧肢体肱二头肌、肱肌和肱桡肌的杨氏模量值,用三块肌肉的杨氏模量分别与改良Ashworth量表等级进行相关性分析。结果:肘关节180°拉伸位,患侧肱二头肌、肱肌、肱桡肌的杨氏模量值均大于健侧(P=0.024,P<0.001,P<0.001),而且患侧和健侧的肱肌杨氏模量值高于同侧肱二头肌、肱桡肌(调整P<0.0167),肱二头肌和肱桡肌之间无显著性差异。肘关节180°拉伸位,改良Ashworth量表等级与患侧肌肉的杨氏模量呈正相关(r_s=0.453,P=0.005,r_s=0.794,P<0.001,r_s=0.698,P<0.001)。结论:肱二头肌、肱肌、肱桡肌对肘屈肌痉挛性改变的严重程度贡献程度不同。肱肌是痉挛程度最明显的肌肉,而肱二头肌和肱桡肌的痉挛程度相似。剪切波弹性超声可作为一种定量指标评估肌肉痉挛状态程度。     

脑卒中患者痉挛上肢肌肉协调性的表面肌电研究

目的探讨脑卒中患者痉挛上肢各关节最大等长收缩（MIVC）时的表面肌电（sEMG）信号变化，定量分析异常协同运动模式，为上肢肌肉协调性的康复提供客观依据。 方法选取10例脑卒中偏瘫患者和10例健康成人纳入研究，在进行屈腕、屈伸肘及肩外展MIVC时，记录尺侧腕屈肌、肱二头肌、肱三头肌及三角肌的sEMG信号，计算协同收缩率（CR）和共激活比值，对两者进行分析比较。 结果屈伸肘时，病例组患侧肱二头肌CR大于健侧及对照组（P<0.05），患侧肱三头肌CR大于对照组（P<0.05），患侧、健侧及对照组肱二头肌CR均大于肱三头肌CR（P<0.05），患侧肱二头肌、肱三头肌CR差值大于健侧及对照组（P<0.05）；屈肘时，患侧尺侧腕屈肌、肱三头肌、三角肌的共激活比值大于健侧及对照组（P<0.05），患侧尺侧腕屈肌的共激活比值大于肱三头肌（P<0.05）；伸肘时，患侧尺侧腕屈肌、肱二头肌、三角肌的共激活比值大于健侧及对照组（P<0.05），患侧尺侧腕屈肌的共激活比值大于肱二头肌（P<0.05）；屈腕时，患侧肱二头肌、三角肌的共激活比值大于健侧及对照组（P<0.05），患侧肱二头肌的共激活比值大于三角肌及肱三头肌（P<0.05）；肩外展时，患侧肱二头肌的共激活比值大于健侧及对照组（P<0.05）。 结论脑卒中患者痉挛上肢常表现为屈肌痉挛和典型异常的协同运动模式，在康复治疗中，应注重抑制屈肌痉挛，改善上肢异常协同运动模式，促进上肢肌肉整体协调性的康复。     

表面肌电仪对痉挛偏瘫型脑瘫患儿肌张力的分析

目的探讨痉挛偏瘫型脑瘫患儿在等长收缩过程中肱二头肌肌张力变化的表面肌电图特征。方法使用表面肌电仪检测10例偏瘫型脑瘫患儿在肱二头肌进行被动等长收缩时的表面肌电信号。结果健侧肌电信号强于患侧,健侧肱二头肌肌电信号的均方根值（RMS）及肌电积分值（iEMG）高于患侧（P〈0.05）。结论表面肌电仪对痉挛偏瘫型脑瘫患儿肌张力的评估结果与改良Ashworth量表（MAS）评定结果一致,具有实用价值。     

经络刮疗结合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者痉挛上肢表面肌电图及动力学的影响

目的:探讨经络刮疗结合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢肱二头肌、肱三头肌表面肌电图及动力学的影响。方法:将80例脑卒中后偏瘫上肢肌张力增高患者按照随机数字表法分为综合组和西药组,每组各40例。西药组口服巴氯芬片治疗,综合组在口服巴氯芬片基础上对上肢阴经及阳经进行经络刮疗,治疗期间2组均接受相同的康复训练。经络刮疗和康复训练均每日1次,每周5次,连续4周。治疗前及治疗4周后,2组在患侧肘关节屈曲、伸展最大等长收缩时记录肱二头肌、肱三头肌肌肉收缩的积分肌电值,计算肘关节屈伸力矩及相应的协同收缩率。采用改良Ashworth量表、肘关节活动度及Fugl-Meyer测评法评价患侧屈肘痉挛上肢肱二头肌肌张力改善程度、肘关节活动度变化及运动功能恢复情况。结果:2组治疗后患肘屈曲、伸展力矩均高于治疗前(P0.05),肱二头肌、肱三头肌的协同收缩率低于治疗前(P0.05)。治疗后综合组患侧肘关节伸展力矩增加幅度大于西药组(P0.05),肱二头肌协同收缩率降低幅度大于西药组(P0.05)。治疗后2组患侧肱二头肌痉挛程度、肘关节自主活动度、上肢运动功能较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),且综合组患侧肱二头肌痉挛程度、肘关节自主活动度、上肢运动功能改善优于西药组(P0.05)。结论:经络刮疗结合康复训练能增强脑卒中偏瘫痉挛上肢伸肘力量,改善肘关节屈伸运动的协调性,降低患侧肱二头肌肌张力,增大患侧肘关节主动活动度和改善患侧上肢运动功能。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者肱二、三头肌表面肌电特征的研究

目的 观察和分析脑卒中偏瘫患者在最大等长收缩（MIVC）过程中肱二、三头肌表面肌电图的特征，为脑卒中后偏瘫上肢训练提供电生理依据。方法 选择18例轻偏瘫或处于恢复期的脑卒中患者，在进行肘关节屈、伸肌MIVC时，检测其力矩和肱二、三头肌表面肌电信号。结果 MIVC状态下，肘屈曲时肱二头肌健侧的积分肌电值（iEMG）明显大于患侧（P〈0．05），肱三头肌健、患侧iEMG比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；肘伸展时肱三头肌健侧iEMG明显大于患侧（P〈0．01），肱二头肌患侧iEMG明显大于健侧（P〈0．05）。肱三头肌患侧协同收缩率明显大于健侧（P〈0．01），肱二头肌患侧协同收缩率有大于健侧的趋势，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。无论是屈肌收缩还是伸肌收缩，患侧的峰力矩均明显小于健侧（P〈0．01）。结论 脑卒中偏瘫患者肘关节痉挛以屈肌为主，提示脑卒中后偏瘫上肢的康复治疗应以训练伸肌侧肌力和抑制拮抗肌协同收缩为主。     

脑卒中后腕屈肌痉挛的神经与外周因素的分型量化评估

目的:本研究旨在探索量化区分痉挛状态的神经及外周因素的可行性,了解痉挛肌肉的生物力学特性变化。方法:纳入脑卒中后痉挛性偏瘫患者40例,Neuro Flexor比较双侧腕屈肌被动牵伸时的神经成分阻力(neural component,NC)、肌肉弹性成分阻力(elasticity component,EC)和粘性成分阻力(viscosity component,VC),Myotonometer比较双侧桡侧腕屈肌的肌肉硬度(stiffness,S)及张力(frequency,F)。用改良Ashworth量表(modified Ashworth scale,MAS)评估患侧痉挛程度。不同方法测量的参数及其与MAS之间进行相关性分析。结果:Neuro Flexor测量的脑卒中患者的痉挛状态腕屈肌的NC、EC和VC均较健侧明显升高(P0.05)。Myotonometer测量的痉挛状态腕屈肌的S和F都高于健侧(P0.001)。相关性分析发现患侧EC与S(P=0.035)和F(P=0.007)呈弱到中等强度正相关,MAS与NC(P0.001)、S(P=0.001)和F(P=0.006)均呈中等强度正相关。结论:脑卒中后痉挛状态腕屈肌的肌肉张力、硬度及粘性等生物力学特征变大,Neuro Flexor和Myotonometer测量的参数与MAS呈正相关,提示二者用于量化评估脑卒中后痉挛状态腕屈肌的神经和外周因素具有临床可行性。     

表面肌电在评估偏瘫患者肘关节肌张力中的应用

目的探索肱二头肌、肱三头肌表面肌电(sEMG)特征与偏瘫患者肘关节肌张力的关系。方法同一治疗师对37 例脑损伤后偏瘫患者的患侧肘关节进行改良Ashworth 量表(MAS)评估,同时用sEMG记录被动活动时肱二头肌和肱三头肌的表面肌电信号。结果经Spearman 相关分析,被动屈肘时,肱二头肌(r=0.651)、肱三头肌(r=0.912)、肱三头肌+肱二头肌(r=0.905)、肱三头肌-肱二头肌(r=0.903)的均方根值(RMS)与MAS 相关(P<0.001);被动伸肘时,肱二头肌(r=0.848)、肱三头肌(r=0.518)、肱三头肌+肱二头肌(r=0.850)、肱二头肌-肱三头肌(r=0.711)的RMS 与MAS 相关(P<0.001)。结论sEMG 能检测主动肌和拮抗肌的肌电活动,对临床肌张力评估和痉挛的治疗提供量化的参考。     

超声弹性成像在脑卒中后前臂屈肌痉挛定量评价中的应用

目的探讨应用超声弹性成像技术定量评价脑卒中后前臂屈肌痉挛的可行性及其特点。方法2019年1月至10月,脑卒中后屈腕和屈指肌痉挛的住院患者30例,采用超声弹性成像测量前臂屈肌群桡侧腕屈肌(FCR)、尺侧腕屈肌(FCU)、指浅屈肌(FDS)和指深屈肌(FDP)剪切波速度(SWV),采用改良Ashworth量表(MAS)评定屈腕和屈指肌张力。结果患侧和健侧各肌肉SWV在牵伸位时均显著高于放松位(|Z|>3.844,P<0.001);牵伸位时,患侧各肌肉SWV显著高于健侧(|Z|>3.593,P<0.001);牵伸位与放松位SWV差值比较,患侧各肌肉明显高于健侧(t>3.199,P<0.01);各肌肉牵伸位平均SWV与屈腕MAS评分显著相关(r=0.605,P<0.001);指浅屈肌和与指深屈肌牵伸位平均SWV与屈指MAS评分明显相关(r=0.540,P<0.01)。结论超声弹性成像可以定量评价脑卒中后前臂屈肌群内不同肌肉的痉挛程度。     

基于表面肌电探讨蝶形浴对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢痉挛的影响

目的:基于表面肌电(sEMG)观察蝶形浴对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢痉挛的影响。方法:采用随机数字表法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为观察组和对照组各30例。2组患者均给予常规的康复治疗,观察组患者在此基础上进行蝶形浴治疗。分别于治疗前、治疗4周后采用表面肌电图记录肘关节屈曲最大等长收缩时肱二头肌与肱三头肌积分肌电值(IEMG)、改良Ashworth量表(MAS)来评估2组患者患侧肘关节及腕关节的肌张力大小,采用简易Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评分(FMA-U)评估2组患者的上肢运动功能。结果:治疗4周后,2组患者肘关节屈曲最大等长收缩时肱二头肌IEMG均较治疗前明显降低(均P0.05),且观察组更低于对照组(P0.05);肱三头肌IEMG均较治疗前明显增高(均P0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P0.05);2组患侧肘、腕关节屈肌MAS评分均较治疗前下降(均P0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05);2组患侧FMA-U评分均较治疗前明显提高(P0.05),且观察组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:蝶形浴疗法可以有效地缓解脑卒中偏瘫患者的上肢痉挛,减轻因痉挛导致的上肢运动功能障碍,值得在临床推广应用。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激改善脑卒中屈肘肌痉挛及运动功能的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨低频（1Hz）重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS ）干预脑卒中患者健侧大脑半球M1区对患侧屈肘肌痉挛的治疗效果。 方法：40例脑卒中伴肘部痉挛患者随机分为rTMS组（n=20）和对照组（n=20）。两组患者均给予常规康复治疗,rTMS组额外给予健侧M1区低频rTMS治疗。治疗前后,两组患者分别测量患侧肘关节被动伸展时肱二头肌及主动伸展时肱三头肌的均方根值(RMS)、运动诱发电位（MEPs）、改良Ashworth分级（MAS）、Fugl-Meyer上肢评定（UFMA）和改良Barthel指数（MBI）。 结果：治疗4周后,rTMS组和对照组各组患者患侧肱二头肌的RMS、肱三头肌的RMS、MAS、UFMA和MBI 较本组治疗前均明显改善（P<0.05）,并且rTMS组患者的改善更为显著（P<0.05）。对照组治疗后MEPs波幅较治疗前无显著性差别（P>0.05）,rTMS组治疗后MEPs波幅较前显著提高（P<0.05）。 结论：低频rTMS有助于改善脑卒中患者患侧上肢屈肘肌痉挛,提高运动功能。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.