手术纱布遗留腹腔38年

【病例】　男 ,64岁。因上腹部被自行车碾伤后剧痛 3小时入院。既往史 :3 8年前曾在某医院行胃大部切除术。查体 :体温3 9℃ ,脉搏 81/min ,血压 160 /90mmHg。上腹正中有长约 12cm的手术瘢痕 ,全腹肌紧张 ,压痛和反跳痛 (+ ) ,以上腹部为著 ,肝脾未触及 ,腹水征 (-) ,肠鸣音消失。腹腔穿刺抽出 0 5ml淡黄色混浊液体 ,镜检有脓细胞和少量红细胞。站立位腹部X线摄片未发现膈下游离气体。血常规 :血红蛋白 12 0 g/L ,红细胞 3 6× 10 12 /L ,白细胞 12 4× 10 9/L ,中性粒细胞 0 85。以“外伤性腹腔脏器破裂”行急诊剖腹探查术 ,术中发…     

腹腔开放疗法

腹腔开放疗法是近年来发展起来的一种治疗腹腔严重感染的手术措施,由于它能有效地引流腹腔、避免腹壁坏死、易于进一步清除腹腔内感染灶,解决了以前各种治疗方法不能解决的问题。通过腹腔反复灌洗还可以去除感染性积液、减少菌体数目。特别适用于重症弥漫性肠系膜炎伴有多系统器官功能衰竭(MSOF)高危患者的治疗。本文结合近年来的有关文献对其作一简述。     

腹腔穿刺放液及头孢曲松钠腹腔注射治疗肝硬化腹腔感染

腹腔感染是肝硬化患者的常见并发症，也是肝硬化患者常见的死亡原因之一，及时而有效的抗菌治疗是影响肝硬化预后的重要因素之一。我院自2001年始对肝硬化腹腔感染患者给予腹腔穿刺放液及头孢曲松钠腹腔注射治疗，取得较好疗效，现将结果报道下。     

腹腔间隔室综合征动物模型的构建特点

背景：腹腔间隔室综合征导致多器官功能损害的具体机制尚不十分清楚,为深入研究其发病机制及病理生理过程,需要合适的动物模型。目的：就腹腔间隔室综合征动物模型的制备过程中可能遇到的相关问题进行讨论,包括制备模型的标准、方法、动物的选择及监测腹压的方式。方法：由第一作者检索PubMed数据及CNKI数据库1990/2011有关腹腔间隔室综合征及腹腔高压及相关动物模型方面的文献。结果与结论：一个成功的腹腔间隔室综合征动物模型最好能保持腹腔压力的稳定,并能持续一定的时间,同时尽可能少的影响实验结果。所以无论选择腹腔灌注气体还是灌注液体模型的测量腹腔内压并维持压力的稳定是关键。腹腔灌注液体模型无法动态监测腹压,且压力波动较大,与之相比腹腔灌注气体模型测压较为方便,若使用电子供气系统动态监测则更为理想。生理模型是前瞻性的实验,但现有的生理模型有待改进。     

腹腔遗留纱布所致假瘤1例报告

患者女，30岁。主诉半小时前被人踢伤下腹部，脐周疼痛，无放射性。无肉眼血尿。体检：腹部多处软组织挫伤，脐周深压疼，无反跳疼及肌紧张。未触及腹部包氛。右下腹3cm长手术疤痕。三年前行阑尾切除术。B超：右下腹腔内探及5cm×5cm大小不均回声团块，诊为腹腔内血肿可能性大。CT所见：膀优底右上方见一直径4．85cm似圆形高密度实性肿块，密度不均匀，可知点条状钙化灶及沟回状低密度影，CT值7O～122HIJ。病灶边界清楚（图1）。增强后扫描可见环状强化之包膜，内容物未见明显强化（图2）oCT引导下穿刺活险：于病灶中心部抽吸组织碎屑…     

诊断性腹腔穿刺误诊4例原因分析

诊断性腹腔穿刺临床应用很普遍,其阳性率可达80～90％。但也存在假阳性或假阴性,从而造成对疾病的误诊误治。我们将临床中发现的4例报告如下: 1 病例介绍 例1.男.47岁。患十二指肠球部溃疡,施行胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合手术。术后第二天,患者突然感到上腹部持续疼痛,气促,伴发热。查体:T38.6℃,满腹压痛,腹肌紧张,腹腔穿刺抽到2毫升胆汁     

腹腔淋巴囊肿误诊为腹腔脓肿

1　病例资料女 ,11岁。 2周前无明显诱因出现上腹疼痛 ,呈阵发性 ,不放射 ,伴恶心、呕吐 ,无发热、盗汗。在当地医院按“胃炎”治疗 ,症状无好转 ,转我院。既往无肝炎、结核病史及手术、外伤史。查体 :全身浅表淋巴结未触及 ,心肺听诊无异常。上腹饱满 ,右上腹压痛 ,无反跳痛 ,未触及包块 ,肝脾肋下未触及 ,移动性浊音阴性 ,双下肢无水肿。B超示 :右上腹肝肾间隙见 6 5cm× 3 9cm不规则无回声区。胃镜检查未见特殊异常。腹部CT示 :右侧腹腔内见不规则、不均匀的稍高密度影 ,大小为6 8cm× 4 0cm ,CT值 9Hu ,境界清楚 ,似与肠系膜…     

腹腔间隔室综合征动物模型的构建特点

背景:腹腔间隔室综合征导致多器官功能损害的具体机制尚不十分清楚,为深入研究其发病机制及病理生理过程,需要合适的动物模型。目的:就腹腔间隔室综合征动物模型的制备过程中可能遇到的相关问题进行讨论,包括制备模型的标准、方法、动物的选择及监测腹压的方式。方法:由第一作者检索PubMed数据及CNKI数据库1990/2011有关腹腔间隔室综合征及腹腔高压及相关动物模型方面的文献。结果与结论:一个成功的腹腔间隔室综合征动物模型最好能保持腹腔压力的稳定,并能持续一定的时间,同时尽可能少的影响实验结果。所以无论选择腹腔灌注气体还是灌注液体模型的测量腹腔内压并维持压力的稳定是关键。腹腔灌注液体模型无法动态监测腹压,且压力波动较大,与之相比腹腔灌注气体模型测压较为方便,若使用电子供气系统动态监测则更为理想。生理模型是前瞻性的实验,但现有的生理模型有待改进。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.