膝关节骨关节炎患者等长、等速向心和等速离心测试的比较观察

目的 评价膝关节骨关节炎（OA）患者患侧及健侧膝伸肌和屈肌在等长、等速向心和等速离心收缩时的功能特性及相互间的关系。方法 应用Biodex System 3型等速测试系统对54例单侧膝OA患者进行患侧和健侧膝伸肌和屈肌的等长、等速向心及等速离心肌力测试。结果 膝OA患者患侧膝关节伸肌和屈肌在不同收缩模式下的肌力均较健侧显著下降（P＜0．05），特别是在低速向心和低速离心收缩状态时的降低幅度尤为显著；同时患者的膝关节屈／伸肌肌力（H／Q）比值和动态控制率均提示其患侧肢体存在肌力平衡异常。结论 在对膝OA患者肌肉功能进行评定时，应选用等速肌力测试并同时分析其H／Q比值及动态控制率，只有这样才能对患者的肌肉状况作出全面而客观的评定。     

膝骨关节炎患者股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌间的协调性

目的应用表面肌电图和等速肌力测定方法比较膝骨关节炎患者与正常人股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌间的协调性改变。方法 34例膝骨关节炎患者和34名膝关节健康者在膝关节屈曲10°、60°、100°等长伸膝和等速60°/s、180°/s伸膝运动测试模式下,进行股内侧肌(VM)、股直肌(RF)和股外侧肌(VL)的表面肌电图和股四头肌肌力的评测,包括肌肉激活启动顺序和VM/VL神经肌电比值。结果与正常人对比,膝骨关节炎患者在等速180°/s伸膝运动时VM相对于VL启动延迟(P0.05);在膝屈10°等长伸膝运动时,VM/VL神经肌电比值降低(P0.05)。结论膝骨关节炎患者患侧股四头肌的协调性减退。     

膝骨性关节炎患者膝屈伸肌力与其功能的相关性研究

目的；研究膝关节炎患者膝屈伸肌力与其下肢功能的相关性。方法：运用Ｃｙｂｅｘ６０００型等速测力系统对３８名膝关节骨关节炎健侧膝及患侧膝进行肌力测试，并对患者下肢日常活动能力及疼痛程度进行评定。结果表明：患侧膝屈肌和伸肌的峰力矩、力矩加速学能、作功量和平均功率与健侧膝相比显著降低，且屈伸肌肌力的减退与下肢活动能力下降，以及患膝疼痛程度有显著相关性。结论：对膝关节骨关节炎患者不但应注重患膝疼痛的治疗，而     

半月板切除术后等速肌力测试及评价

目的：研究半月板切除术后影响膝关节功能恢复的因素，膝屈伸肌在保持膝关节稳定性中的作用。方法：采用Ｃｙｂｅｘ３３０等速运动测试仪，对２８例半月板切除术后患者的双膝屈伸肌进行等速肌力测试并结合双膝关节Ｘ线片检查进行评定。结果：半月板切除术后仍有关节功能紊乱的患者双膝屈伸肌力均下降，尤其是患侧伸膝肌减弱更明显，患侧膝与健侧膝比较差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｘ线片检查患膝有退行性骨关节炎改变。结论：半月板切除术后影响膝关节功能恢复的原因主要有膝屈伸肌力下降，退行性骨关节炎等。提高半月板切除术后膝屈伸肌力，对维持膝关节的稳定性，防止后期继发症有重要作用     

单侧膝关节骨性关节炎患者全膝关节置换术前膝关节屈伸肌力的等速测试研究

目的：通过对将行单侧全膝关节置换术（TKR）的骨性关节炎（OA）患者患侧、健侧膝关节肌力及同年龄组健康者膝关节肌力的测试研究,找出三者的关系,为围手术期膝关节功能康复提出指导意见。方法：以18例准备进行单侧TKR的患者为观察组进行健侧、患侧膝关节等速向心肌力测试,以峰力矩（PT）、峰力矩/体重（PT/BW）、单次最大做功和屈/伸肌肌力比值（H/Q）为观察指标,并以15例健康者为对照组进行相同测试。结果：在低速（60°/S）和高速（180°/S）测试中,观察组患侧膝关节伸肌峰力矩（PT）、峰力矩体重比（PT/BW）、单次最大做功均较健侧显著下降（P〈0.05）,患侧膝关节屈肌各观察指标中除单次最大做功在高速测试中较健侧显著下降（P〈0.05）外,其余指标均与健侧比较没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）;健侧膝关节除H/Q比值在低速测试时没有显著性差异外（P〉0.05）,其余各观察指标均较对照组膝关节有显著下降（P〈0.01）。结论：患者健、患侧膝关节肌肉功能均比健康人差,患侧膝关节肌肉功能的下降以伸肌最为显著,提示TKR患者围手术期功能训练患侧应以伸肌训练为主,同时兼顾健侧肢体屈伸肌训练。     

膝骨关节炎患者伸肌肌力与疼痛和功能状况的关系

目的调查膝骨关节炎患者患肢肌力与其疼痛和功能状况之间的关系。方法对25例经放射影像学确诊且有临床症状的膝关节骨关节炎患者进行西安大略和麦克马斯特大学(WOMAC)骨关节炎指数评分和等速肌力测试。结果膝骨关节炎患者患肢伸肌肌力与WOMAC疼痛得分、WOMAC日常活动能力得分、WOMAC总分之间存在相关性(P0.05)。结论膝骨关节炎患者的疼痛和功能状况与患肢的伸肌肌力之间存在密切关系。     

早期膝关节骨关节炎的关节源性肌肉软弱

目的：了解早期膝关节骨关节炎的关节源性肌肉软弱的特性。方法：１４例发病１个月内的单侧膝关节骨关节炎患者的等速肌力参数的自身对照研究。结果：患侧屈伸膝等速肌力参数处于低位,其中大部分明显弱于健侧。结论：早期膝关节骨关节炎即表现出屈伸膝肌群的肌肉软弱,由于萎缩因素少,这种肌肉软弱应该主要是关节源性肌肉抑制的后果。     

超声波结合股四头肌肌力训练治疗老年膝关节骨关节炎

目的探讨超声波结合股四头肌肌力增强训练对老年膝关节骨关节炎的疗效. 方法将76例老年膝关节骨关节炎患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组38例.实验组采用超声波结合股四头肌肌力训练,对照组应用综合物理疗法治疗.对患膝治疗前和治疗4周后的日常活动(ADL)能力、疼痛程度及伸直位最大负荷量进行评定. 结果实验组在缓解疼痛、改善膝关节ADL能力方面略优于对照组(P>0.05),但其股四头肌肌力较治疗前及对照组明显增强(P<0.01). 结论超声波结合股四头肌肌力强化训练治疗老年膝关节骨关节炎,可获得较满意的治疗结果.     

分米波理疗结合股四头肌肌力训练治疗老年人膝关节骨关节炎

目的　探讨分米波理疗结合股四头肌肌力强化训练对老年人膝关节骨关节炎的疗效。方法　将76例老年膝关节骨关节炎患者随机分为实验组和对照组 ,每组 38例。实验组采用分米波理疗结合股四头肌肌力训练 ,对照组应用综合物理疗法治疗。对患膝治疗前和治疗 4周后的日常活动 (ADL)能力 ,疼痛程度及伸直位最大负荷量进行评定。结果　实验组在缓解疼痛 ,改善膝关节ADL能力方面较对照组明显增强 (P <0 0 1)。结论　分米波理疗结合股四头肌肌力强化训练治疗老年膝关节骨关节炎 ,可获得较满意的治疗效果。     

老年脑卒中患者慢性期康复效果调查:日本综合医院康复门诊与日间医院患者肢体功能比较

背景:有研究表明日间医院的康复服务与综合医院康复门诊比较,患者的功能和生活质量方面差异无显著性意义,但两者间有关脑卒中患者慢性期肢体功能的差异及其影响因素却少有报道.目的:比较日本老年脑卒中患者慢性期分别在综合医院康复门诊和日间医院康复期间的肢体功能差异,分析影响功能差异的相关因素,以便改进老年脑卒中患者康复方案.方法:分别对医院门诊和日间医院进行康复训练的老年脑卒中患者119例(年龄60～75岁)实施为期1年的调查分析,比较两组入选时和1年后的肢体功能指标的差异,包括健侧和偏瘫侧的股四头肌肌力、患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈的关节活动度和10 m步行时间.采用逐步回归分析确定影响肢体功能指标变化的显著因素.结果与结论:医院门诊组患者肢体健侧和偏瘫侧股四头肌肌力在入选时和1年后均大于日间医院组(P＜0.05),而两组的10 m步行时间差异均无显著性意义.医院门诊组在入选时患者患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈关节活动度均小于日间医院组(P＜0.05),而1年后两组以上指标比较差异无显著性意义.逐步回归分析结果显示入选时健侧和偏瘫侧股四头肌肌力、患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈关节活动度是其各自功能指标变化的显著影响因素,而偏瘫侧膝关节伸展、踝关节背屈的关节活动度越受限的患者,训练的效果越好.因此,日间医院组需要采取针对性的肌力增强或维持训练和膝关节活动度训练.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.