多普勒测压技术在原发性肺动脉高压疗效观察中的应用

目的评价多普勒超声心动图观察原发性肺动脉高压（PPH）患者疗效的应用价值。方法临床诊断为PPH患者49例,右心导管法实时监测右房、室压及肺动脉压2～3天;在用前列环素前、后15分钟内进行超声多普勒检查,测量三尖瓣最大返流速度,计算右房、室间压差（ΔP）,并与心导管法测量结果进行相关性分析。出院后用多普勒超声心动图随访观察药物疗效。结果多普勒超声心动图法测定的ΔP与导管法测定结果无显著差别〔（94.7±24.1）mmHgvs.（91.6±23.9）mmHg,P＞0.05〕。两种方法测定的ΔP呈显著正相关（r=0.85,P＜0.0001）。用药后,24～48小时后肺动脉收缩压下降〔（122±18）mmHgvs.（117±16）mmHg,P＜0.006〕。随访时间超过330天的18例患者,ΔP显著下降〔（84.1±24.1）mmHgvs.（62.7±18.2）mmHg,P＜0.01〕。结论多普勒超声心动图测压法可为PPH患者临床药物治疗及病情分析提供宝贵的血流动力学资料,并与心导管法有显著相关性。     

超声心动图在吸入伊洛前列素急性血管反应试验中的应用价值

目的 在吸入伊洛前列素急性血管反应试验中应用超声心动图监测肺动脉高压患者血流动力学参数,探讨这一无创检查方法的临床应用价值.方法 2007年9月至2008年12月北京朝阳医院住院确诊肺动脉高压患者43例,男20例,女23例,年龄25～75岁,平均(50±14)岁,其中40例行右心导管检查,3例漂浮导管失败改为超声心动图监测.超声心动图测量指标包括:三尖瓣反流压差、肺动脉瓣舒张期最大反流压差、肺动脉瓣舒张末期反流压差、下腔静脉最大内径、下腔静脉最小内径,计算肺动脉收缩压(SPAP)、肺动脉舒张压(DPAP)、肺动脉平均压(MPAP)、右心输出量(RCO)并与右心导管作比较.结果 吸药前超声心动图测量肺动脉压力SPAP、DPAP及MPAP与右心导管测值之间有良好相关性(r分别为0.904、0.823及0.861,均P＜0.001);2种方法测得的右心输出量之间有相关性(r=0.946,P＜0.001).急性血管反应试验阳性患者7例.结论 超声心动图作为一种无创性评价肺动脉压力的检测方法应用于临床,尤其对于不能进行右心导管检查的患者,可以考虑作为替代检查,为临床医师提供诊疗依据.     

超声心动图对肺动脉高压的诊断价值

目的评估超声心动图在诊断肺动脉高压中的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析我院收治的257例肺动脉高压患者的临床资料,根据平均肺动脉压将其分为三组,轻度组84例,中度组105例及重度组68例。通过分析三组超声心动图与右心导管检测的肺动脉压力之间的差异及相关性,评估超声心动图检测肺动脉压力的准确性;通过分析不同程度肺动脉变压患者的超声参数,探讨心脏结构、功能及血流动力学在不同程度肺动脉压力下的变化特点。结果 52例患者进行了超声心动图和右心导管检查。超声心动图估测的肺动脉收缩压高于右心导管测值(P0.05);但两种方法测量值相关性良好(r=0.854,P0.01)。重度组较轻、中度组的左室舒张末期前后径显著缩小,右室舒张末左右径显著增宽(P0.05或P0.01);所有患者的三尖瓣反流最高流速从轻、中、重度肺动脉高压显著加快(P0.01)。结论超声心动图是估测肺动脉压简便而有效的方法,可以用于肺动脉高压患者的筛查,并可作为评价肺动脉高压严重程度的参考指标。     

经胸超声心动图检查在急性肺栓塞诊断与治疗中的价值

目的:探讨经胸超声心动图在急性肺栓塞诊断与治疗中的价值.方法:对经临床综合诊断(包括核素肺灌注扫描或CT血管造影)确诊为急性肺栓塞的患者46例进行经胸超声心动图检查.结果:超声心动图直接检出右室内血栓1例,主肺动脉及左、右肺动脉分支血栓5例.右心异常改变者26例(包括超声直接检出血栓的6例),其中右房室增大19例;右室收缩功能减退21例;室间隔左移、左室短轴切面室间隔向左室膨突呈"D"型改变1例;室间隔运动幅度减低13例;主肺动脉及右肺动脉增宽22例;三尖瓣中量以上返流23例;肺动脉收缩压增高23例,范围在33～81 mmHg(62.87±23.46 mmHg),治疗后肺动脉压明显下降,范围在21～52 mmHg (34.26±13.52 mmHg).结论:动态经胸超声检查是急诊诊断和治疗急性肺栓塞中重要无创影像诊断手段.     

彩色多普勒超声检查在急性肺栓塞诊断与治疗中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在急性肺栓塞诊断与治疗中的价值。方法对临床综合诊断(包括核素肺灌注扫描、MRI及肺动脉造影)为急性肺栓塞患者30例所进行的彩色多普勒超声心动图及周围血管彩色多普勒超声检查。结果超声心动图检出肺动脉分叉处血栓2例,右心异常改变者21例,其中右室增大伴右室收缩功能减退17例,右室肥厚15例,室间隔运动幅度减低17例,右房增大15例,肺动脉扩张6例。彩色多普勒血流显像在16例患者取得中度至重度三尖瓣反流,用连续多普勒测量三尖瓣反流速度,估测肺动脉收缩压,16例患者肺动脉压升高,范围32～105mmHg(63.5±21.09)mmHg,治疗后肺动脉压明显下降,25.0～55.7(39.6±12.16)mmHg。下肢深静脉彩色多普勒超声检查12例患者检出深静脉血栓,6例血流缓慢伴自发性云雾样回声。结论系统全面、动态的彩色多普勒超声心动图及周围血管彩色多普勒超声检查,对于急性肺栓塞患者的诊断的确立、疗效的评估均有重要价值。     

超声心动图在窒息儿和早产儿肺动脉高压治疗中的价值

目的 探讨超声心动图在窒息儿和早产儿肺动脉高压治疗中的诊断价值.方法 选取超声心动图首诊为肺动脉高压的窒息儿和早产儿175例,轻度肺动脉高压组60例,中度组97例,重度组18例,排除先天性心脏病诊断,治疗后复查超声心电图,对比分析治疗前后的肺动脉压力及右心系统参数变化.结果 各组肺动脉高压患儿治疗后肺动脉压力均低于治疗前(P<0.01),其中重度肺动脉高压组下降明显,治疗前后对比为(72.89±2.61) mmHg vs (35.2±2.98) mmHg,各组肺动脉收缩压均降至正常范围(<40 mmHg),降压效果显著,主肺动脉内径及右心室前后径较治疗前减小(P<0.01),其中中度肺动脉高压组减小明显,主肺动脉内径治疗前后的对比为(8.57±0.52) mm vs (6.86±0.60) mm,右心室前后径治疗前后对比为(9.38±0.57) mm vs (7.40±0.50) mm,临床治疗效果满意,各组间差异有统计学意义.结论 超声心动图能够对窒息儿和早产儿治疗前后的肺动脉压力进行客观评价,为临床早期治疗、防止肺动脉高压的进一步发展及改善预后提供指导.     

磁共振心脏成像与超声心动图评价左室收缩功能

目的评价磁共振心脏成像(CMRI)与超声心动图对左室收缩功能的诊断价值.方法对75例临床怀疑心脏疾病的患者进行心脏MRI与超声心动图检查,测量左室射血分数(LVEF),其中27例结果与左室造影相对照.结果 75例心脏MRI所测EF值(%)＝42.31±19.70,超声心动图所测EF值(%)＝48.79±17.10;27例行左室造影病例中,心脏MRI所测EF值(%)＝35.64±13.36,超声心动图所测EF值(%)＝39.95±12.72,左室造影所测EF值(%)＝36.65±14.27.对同一病例,心脏MRI所测EF值较超声心动图偏低(-6.48±12.34,t＝-4.544, P<0.001).27例患者心脏MRI与超声心动图结果均与左室造影结果无统计学差异:心脏MRI( r＝0.839,P＜0.001),超声心动图( r＝0.761,P＜0.001).结论对左室收缩功能的评价,心脏MRI与超声心动图均具重要的临床应用价值( r＝0.784,P＜0.001),心脏MRI一般比超声心动图所测LVEF数值偏小,差值≤10%.     

超声心动图法测定先天性心脏病肺动脉收缩压的可靠性研究

目的 与有创的导管法对照,评价多普勒超声心动图法测定肺动脉高压患者肺动脉收缩压的可靠性.方法 临床诊断肺动脉高压患者47例,术中对肺动脉收缩压、右心导管法实时监测右房、右室及肺动脉压,术前24 h内进行超声心动图检查,测量三尖瓣最大反流速度,计算右房室压差,并与心导管法测量结果进行相关性分析.注意分析超声心动图法测定中出现的结果并讨论解决办法.结果 多普勒超声心动图法测定的与导管法测定结果差异无统计学意义[(51±5)mm Hg vs(48±5)mm Hg,P>0.05],两种方法测定的△p呈显著正相关r=0.85,P<0.01.结论 多普勒超声心动图测压法可提供可靠的最大三尖瓣跨瓣压,与心导管法所测者相关显著,可为患者临床药物治疗及病情分析提供宝贵的血流动力学资料.     

超声心动图技术测定心输出量观察原发性肺动脉高压疗效的价值

目的与心导管测量结果对比,探讨超声心动图技术在原发性肺动脉高压(PPH)患者疗效观察中心输出量测定的应用价值和可靠性.方法临床诊断为PPH并同时有热稀释法和超声心动图法心输出量资料的患者43例,平均年龄(43.2±12.5)岁.在右心插管15min内同时进行超声心动图检查,于左室长轴观测量主动脉瓣环处直径(D),计算其面积[A=π×(D/2)2];于心尖五腔观主动脉瓣环水平记录多普勒血流频谱,测量血流速度时间积分(VTI),计算心输出量(CO=VTI×A×心率),并与热稀释法测量结果进行相关性分析,观察长期用前列环素治疗患者CO的变化情况.结果热稀释法测定CO为(3.83±0.88)L/min,多普勒超声心动图法为(3.62±0.94)L/min.两组测量结果呈显著正相关,r=0.74(P<0.0001).结论多普勒超声心动图法可无创、准确地测量PPH患者的CO,与心导管测量结果有显著的相关性.同时,超声法显示长期前列环素治疗可使PPH患者CO升高.     

呼吸系统相关性肺高血压40例超声及右心导管检查分析

目的探讨呼吸系统相关性肺高血压患者的彩色多普勒超声与右心导管检查结果之间的关系。方法对40例临床诊断为呼吸系统相关性高血压患者的彩色多普勒超声及右心导管检查资料进行分析。结果彩色多普勒超声测出肺动脉收缩压为（62±12.1）mmHg;右心导管检查肺动脉收缩压为（67±22.3）mmHg,肺动脉平均压为（40.8±13.2）mmHg。结论彩色多普勒可用于早期发现及筛查肺动脉高压（PAH）。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.