骨髓增殖性疾病中JAK2V617F基因突变及与临床特征的关系

本研究旨在检测JAK2V617F基因突变在BCR-ABL阴性的骨髓增殖性疾病(myeloproliferative disorder,MPD)患者中的发生率,探讨其与MPD患者临床特征间的关系,建立敏感特异的JAK2V617F基因点突变的临床检测方法,提高骨髓增殖性疾病的临床诊断水平。选择兰州大学第一医院确诊的47例BCR-ABL阴性的MPD患者及12例健康正常人,抽提外周血细胞全血DNA,采用等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应(AS-PCR)技术检测各组JAK2V617F基因突变情况及突变基因序列,并结合临床资料作进一步分析。结果表明,BCR-ABL阴性的MPD患者JAK2V617F基因突变阳性率为74.5%(35/47),其中真性红细胞增多症(PV)阳性突变率为83.9%(26/31),原发性血小板增多症(ET)阳性突变率为60%(9/15),特发性骨髓纤维化(IMF)阳性患者只有1例。突变阳性的PV患者白细胞和血小板计数较突变阴性者高,突变阳性的ET患者白细胞计数和血红蛋白含量较突变阴性者高,且突变阳性的ET患者更易发生肝脾肿大、出血、血栓形成等并发症。结论:JAK2V617F突变在BCR-ABL阴性的MPD患者中有较高的检出率,AS-PCR技术对该突变有较好的敏感特异性,可以成功地应用于临床检测。     

BCR/ABL阴性的骨髓增殖性疾病患者JAK2V617F点突变的研究

目的 分析BCR/ABL阴性的骨髓增殖性疾病（MPD）患者JAK2V617F点突变的突变率及其外周血细胞水平,为其分子诊断及靶向治疗提供理论依据.方法 应用等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应（AS-PCR）,对158例初诊患者JAK2基因的V617F位点进行扩增,并对其发病年龄和临床血液学指标进行统计分析.结果 158例患者JAK2V617F总突变率为72.15％,其中真性红细胞增多症（PV） 78.46％,原发性血小板增多症（ET） 69.05％和特发性骨髓纤维化（PMF）55.56％.血液学指标显示PV患者中JAK2V617F突变型组的外周血血红蛋白水平和白细胞计数分别为（200.26±19.72）g/L,（17.57±10.96）×109/L,显著高于野生型组（t=1.636-2.406,P值均＜0.05）.ET患者中JAK2V617F突变型组的年龄、红细胞计数和白细胞计数分别为（60.41±18.52）岁,（4.72±1.51）×1012/L,（14.78±12.21）×109/L,显著高于野生型组（t=1.634-3.284,P值均＜0.05）.PMF患者中JAK2V617F点突变型组的红细胞计数和血红蛋白含量分别为（4.51±1.42）×1012/L和（135.58±34.76） g/L,显著高于野生型组（t=2.274-2.810,P值均＜0.05）.结论 JAK2V617F有助于BCR/ABL阴性的不同类型MPD的诊断.     

JAK2V617F点突变在真性红细胞增多症中的诊断价值

目的:探讨JAK2酪氨酸激酶点突变(JAK2V617F点突变)在真性红细胞增多症(PV)中的临床价值.方法:运用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(RQ-PCR)检测25例血红蛋白量(HGB)男185～200 g/L,女165～200 g/L组(A组)及18例血红蛋白量男、女>200 g/L组PV患者(B组)、30例健康体检者(C组)外周血单个核细胞JAK2V617F点突变率;并比较PV患者中JAK2V617F点突变阳性组与阴性组之间的年龄、性别、血红蛋白量(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、白细胞数(WBC)、血小板数(BPC)等临床特征.结果:43例PV患者外周血单个核细胞中JAK2V617F点突变率为88%;25例A组及18例B组PV患者外周血单个核细胞中点突变率分别为88%,89%,两组间无统计学差异,P>0.05,30例C组点突变均为阴性;43例PV患者中,JAK2V617F点突变阳性组与点突变阴性组比较,两组在发病年龄、HGB、HCT均无统计学差异;阳性组白细胞计数、血小板计数分别为(12.8±6.0)×109/L、(486±108)×109/L,均显著高于阴性组的(7.9±1.1)×109/L、(320±97)×109/L,P<0.05.结论:JAK2V617F点突变结合血红蛋白量测定可以作为真性红细胞增多症的辅助诊断依据.JAK2V617F点突变阳性组与阴性组患者临床特征存在一定差异.     

常见 JAK2基因突变的筛检及在 BCR-ABL 阴性骨髓增殖病中的临床意义

目的：建立多重等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应检测 JAK 2基因5种常见突变的方法,并评价在3种常见的骨髓增殖性疾病中的临床意义。方法对149例 BCR-ABL 融合基因为阴性的骨髓增殖性疾病（MPD）患者,包括73例真性红细胞增多症（PV）、51例原发性血小板增多症（ET）和25例原发性骨髓纤维化（IMF）患者;并结合临床及实验室其他检查资料,对其在该类疾病诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值进行评估。20名急性白血病患者和15名健康志愿者作为对照组进行研究。所有病例的骨髓或外周血标本抽提 DNA 后用建立的多重 PCR 方法进行平行检测。结果①149例 MPD 患者中共检出118例患者存在 JAK2基因突变,总突变率为79．2％。其中 PV 患者阳性68例,JAK2 V617F 突变65例、JAK2 exon12突变3例,阳性率93．2％（68/73）;ET 患者检测出阳性35例,其中34例为 V617F 突变,JAK2 exon12突变1例,阳性率为68．6（35/51）;IMF 患者阳性15例,均为 JAK2 V617F 突变,阳性率为60％（15/25）。②JAK2突变阳性的 MPD 患者和突变阴性 MPD 的临床资料相比较,两组在患者性别,发病年份方面的差异无统计学意义。研究发现两组 PV 患者的白细胞[（19．5士7．6）×109/L vs （7．1±1．1）×109/L,P ＝0．0005]、血小板计数[（498±172）×109/L vs （206士114）×109/L,P ＝0．0004]、ET 患者的血红蛋白[（152±18）g/L vs （112±11）g/L,P ＜O．OO01]、白细胞计数[（16．2±5．2）×109/L vs（9．3±3．4）×109/L,P ＜0．0001]以及 IMF 患者的白细胞[（15．1士3．8）×109/L vs （9．3±1．6）×109/L,P ＝0．0001]差异均有统计学意义。结论建立的多重 PCR方法可以同时检测5种 JAK2基因突变,可在临床上推广使用。与 JAK2突变阴性的 MPD 患者相比较,突变阳性的患者有更明显的骨髓增殖紊乱特征。     

骨髓增殖性疾病MPLW515L点突变研究

为了探讨MPLW515L和JAK2V617F点突变在南京地区骨髓增殖性疾病（MPD）中的突变情况，采用等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应（AS-PCR）及基因测序方法检测190例MPD患者的MPLW515L和JAK2V617F点突变。结果表明：102例原发性血小板增多症（ET）患者有1例存在MPLW515L点突变，突变率为1．0％；43例存在JAK2V617F点突变，突变率为42．2％。13例特发性骨髓纤维化（IMF）患者未检测到MPLW515L点突变；5例存在JAK2V617F点突变，突变率为38．5％。32例真性红细胞增多症（PV）患者未检测到MPLW515L点突变；20例存在JAK2V617F点突变，突变率为62．5％。43例慢性髓系白血病（CML）患者未检测到MPLW515L和JAK2V617F点突变。结论：AS—PCR检测MPLW515L和JAK2V617F点突变简便可靠。ET患者中可存在MPLW515L点突变，JAK2V617F点突变存在于PV、ET、IMF中，而CML患者不存在JAK2V617F点突变。     

骨髓增殖性肿瘤中JAK2V617F突变和TNF-α的表达及两者的相关性研究

本研究旨在探讨骨髓增殖性肿瘤（MPN）患者外周血单个核细胞中JAK2V617F突变和TNF-α因子的表达情况及两者之间的相关性,为临床诊断及治疗提供理论依据.选取山东大学附属省立医院血液科确诊的62名BCR-ABL阴性的MPN患者（35例ET患者,19例PV患者,8例MF患者）及15例健康成年人为研究对象,将患者及正常对照者的外周血单个核细胞分为两部分,分别提取细胞中的DNA及mRNA,并将mRNA反转录为cDNA.采用SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR分别检测JAK2V617F突变及TNF-α的表达量,并分析两者的相关性.结果表明,MPN患者JAK2V617F基因突变总体阳性率为64.52％ （40/62）,其中ET患者的JAK2V617F突变阳性率为54.28％ （19/35）,PV患者的JAK2V617F突变阳性率为94.74％（18/19）,MF患者的JAK2V617F突变阳性率为37.50％（3/8）;ET、PV、MF患者的JAK2V617F突变比例分别为0.838±0.419、4.417±0.658、2.746±2.009;ET、PV、MF患者TNF-α的表达分别是正常对照的1.7、7.0、8.2倍（P＜0.05）;且JAK2V617F突变负荷与TNF-α的表达水平呈线性相关（Pearson r =0.610,R2 =0.372,P=0.005）.结论：TNF-α在BCR-ABL阴性的MPN发病机制中有重要作用,在ET、PV、MF中表达升高且表达量不同,且与JAK2V617F突变呈线性相关.     

30例早期骨髓增殖性疾病疑似患者JAK2V617F和MPLW515L/K突变基因的表达

目的 探讨BPC及Hb水平轻微升高,但未达真性红细胞增多症(PV)或原发性血小板增多症(ET)诊断标准的患者JAK2V617F及MPLW515L的表达情况与某些临床特征的相关性在早期骨髓增殖性疾病(MPD)中的诊断价值.方法 采用等位基因特异性PCR方法,检测30例BPC或Hb值偏高的早期MPD疑似患者JAK2V617F和MPLW515L/K基因表达,并定期随访其病情进展.结果 30例患者中有14例(46.7%)存在JAK2V617F突变,且此14例患者中有5例(35.7%)曾有血栓史;30例患者中无一例存在MPLW515L表达;有效随访22例,JAK2V617F阳性12例,阴性10例,12例阳性患者经过6至24个月后均发展为典型的MPD,而10例阴性患者只有2例发展成MPD.结论 JAK2V617F阳性表达有可能作为诊断早期MPD的重要依据.     

AS-PCR检测慢性骨髓增殖性疾病JAK2 V617点突变及临床意义

目的等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应(alleles specific polymerase chain reaction,AS-PCR)检测慢性骨髓增殖性疾病(CMPD)中JAK2基因V617F点突变情况并应用于临床诊治。方法AS-PCR检测74例CMPD的患者骨髓或外周血白细胞JAK2V617F点突变。其中真性红细胞增多症(PV)20例、原发性血小板增多症(ET)52例、原发性骨髓纤维化(CIMF)2例。随机抽取其中20例基因测序验证。结果JAK2 V617F阳性率分别为:PV中19/20(95.0%),ET25/52(48.1%),CIMF为2/2(100%)。结论AS-PCR法检测JAK2 V617F敏感性和准确性较高,检测阳性率与国外报道相似;该方法简单易行,适合临床应用于CMPD的诊断分类治疗。     

JAK2 V617F突变与慢性骨髓增殖性疾病关系的临床研究

目的 探讨JAK2 V617F与慢性骨髓增殖性疾病(cMPD)的关系.方法 对523例cMPD患者按WHO标准进行回顾性诊断.应用等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应(ASP-PCR)检测JAK2 V617F突变情况,用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)检测JAK2 V617F(+)者突变状态,根据PCR联合测序分析结果按突变位点T/G比值分析JAK2 V617F突变负荷.比较JAK2 V617F不同负荷与患者临床及实验室特征的关系.对JAK2 V617F(-)者,通过PCR联合测序检测MPL W515L突变.结果 523例cMPD患者共检出JAK2 V617F(+)者346例(66%),其中116例真性红细胞增多症(PV)患者检出109例(94%),153例原发性血小板增多症(ET)患者检出122例(80%),142例原发性骨髓纤维化(PMF)患者检出111例(78%),4例cMPD不能分类(cMPD-U)患者检出3例(75%),7例高嗜酸粒细胞增多症(HES)患者检出1例(14%),慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)和慢性嗜酸粒细胞白血病(CEL)未发现存在突变.346例JAK2 V617F(+)患者中5例为纯合子突变(PV4例,ET 1例).JAK2 V617F突变以低负荷为主(71.5%),突变负荷以PV组最大,ET其次,PMF负荷最小(P=0.003).PV患者血红蛋白水平与V617F突变负荷呈明显正相关(r=0.203,P=0.033).ET患者骨髓巨核细胞数与JAK2 V617F突变负荷呈正相关(r=0.205,P=0.024);PMF高突变负荷组患者肝肿大发生率以及肝肿大程度均明显高于低负荷组(P值分别为0.003,0.001),并且肝肿大程度与突变负荷呈明显正相关(r=0.315,P=0.001).JAK2 V617F突变及其突变负荷与cMPD患者年龄、性别、血栓形成、高血压、脾肿大、白细胞计数、血小板计数、骨髓增生程度、骨髓纤维化及骨髓原始细胞比例均无明显相关性.结论 ①cMPD患者存在JAK2 V617F突变,突变检出率从高到低分别为PV、ET、MF、cMPD-U、HES,CML、CEL中未发现此突变;②JAK2 V617F突变状态显示98%为杂合子突变,纯合子突变多见于PV;③PV、ET、PMF三组疾病中PV患者突变负荷最大,ET次之,PMF最小;④JAK2 V617F突变负荷与PV患者血红蛋白水平、ET患者骨髓巨核细胞数量以及PMF患者肝肿大程度呈明显正相关.     

真性红细胞增多症和原发性血小板增多症患者中JAK2V617F突变负荷与临床特征相关性

为分析真性红细胞增多症（polycythemiavera，PV）和原发性血小板增多症（essentialthrombocythemia，ET）患者JAK2V617F突变负荷和患者临床特征的相关性，利用荧光实时定量PCR方法检测90例初诊骨髓增殖性疾病（myeloproliferativedisorder，MPD）患者（包括47例PV和43例ET）外周血标本中JAK2V617F突变基因负荷，统计分析JAK2V617F负荷和患者外周血中血红蛋白、红细胞压积、白细胞计数和血小板计数的相关性。结果表明：突变阳性的ET患者中JAK2V617F负荷（0．209±0．192）较PV患者中（0．441±0．270）低（P=0．028）。在PV和ET患者中JAK2V617F负荷和患者外周血中血红蛋白（PV：R=0．518，P〈0．001；ET：R：0．528，P=0．005）、红细胞压积（PV：R：0．510，P〈0．001；ET：R=0．524，P=0．005）和白细胞计数（PV：R=0．584，P=〈0．001；ET：R：0．471，P=0．013）都呈正相关。在PV患者中，JAK2V617F突变负荷和血小板计数呈负相关（R=-0．354，P=0．020）；但在ET患者中，JAK2V617F负荷和血小板计数无明显相关性（R=0．233，P=0．242）。结论：在PV患者和ET患者中，JAK2V617F突变负荷和患者外周血中血红蛋白、红细胞压积和白细胞计数都呈正相关。在PV患者中，JAK2V617F负荷和血小板计数呈负相关，而在ET患者中JAK2V617F负荷和血小板计数无明显相关性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.