超声对胆囊壁增厚的诊断与鉴别价值

目的探讨各型胆囊壁增厚的声像图特征及鉴别诊断价值。方法应用超声检测分析276例胆囊壁增厚声像图,分胆囊疾病性和非胆囊疾病性,按其胆囊壁增厚的不同程度分轻、中、重度。结果胆囊疾病引起的胆囊壁增厚155例(56%),主要疾病有:胆囊炎、胆囊腺肌增生症和胆囊癌,其中轻度增厚72例(46.4%),中度57例(36.6%),重度26例(17%);非胆囊疾病引起的胆囊壁增厚121例(44%),主要疾病有:急性病毒性肝炎、肝硬化、慢性心力衰竭和慢性肾炎,其中轻度增厚23例(19%),中度45例(37.2%),重度53例(43.8%)。胆囊疾病组与非胆囊疾病组的胆囊壁增厚轻度、重度二组相比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论超声对胆囊壁增厚的原因判断具有重要的诊断与鉴别价值。     

肝脏疾病所致胆囊壁增厚的B超诊断分析

胆囊壁增厚是B超诊断胆囊炎的重要依据但不是特异性表现,某些非胆囊疾病也可导致胆囊壁增厚,特别是肝脏疾病引起的胆囊壁增厚非常多见,实践证明肝病患者对胆囊的B超检查比单纯观察肝实质回声图像更有意义。本文通过对116例肝病患者的胆囊声像图进行观察,进一步了解肝脏疾病与胆囊壁增厚的关系,并对其原因进行分析。     

胆囊炎声象图改变在超声诊断中的价值

目的 :揭示胆囊炎声像图特征 ,为胆囊炎诊断和治疗提供依据。方法 :分析 48例非萎缩性胆囊炎超声图象改变 ,经上腹部常规行纵切、斜切、横切扫描 ,重点观察胆囊壁、胆囊腔的回声情况。结果 :对 48例胆囊炎声象图进行统计 ,以胆囊壁回声改变为主 2 9例 ,以胆囊腔回声改变为主 19例。结论 :胆囊炎声象图特点 ,(1)胆囊壁弥漫性或节段性增厚 ,厚度超过 3mm ;(2 )胆囊壁内缘毛糙征 ;(3)囊壁内缘强弱回声不匀或模糊 ;(4)囊壁内条纹征 ;(5 )胆囊腔增大 ,囊内见有结石强光团或炎性碎硝飘浮等五项征象     

局限型胆囊腺肌增生症的超声特征及病理对照分析

目的 探讨局限型胆囊腺肌增生症的声像图特征及分类,提高超声诊断与鉴别诊断能力.方法 对45例局限型胆囊腺肌增生症的超声声像图特征及术后病理结果进行对照分析.结果 病灶多位于胆囊底部,可伴发于胆囊结石及胆囊炎,声像图表现可分为三类:(1)厚壁型 胆囊壁局限增厚,可伴多个小囊状无或低回声,和/或斑点状强回声伴"彗星尾"征.(2)结节型 局限于胆囊壁间、单发、类圆形均质低回声,边界清晰.(3)多囊型 胆囊底部多房囊状改变,边缘光滑,后方回声增强.胆囊壁黏膜层及浆膜层均连续完整,与肝脏境界清楚.结论 超声对不同类型局限型胆囊腺肌增生症有较高的诊断价值.     

胆囊壁小隆起病变的超声分析

目的 探讨胆囊壁小隆起样病变的不同病理类型的超声图像的特征。方法 对36例经B超检查，最后经手术病理证实为胆囊壁小隆起样病变进行回顾．分析不同类型的声像图特征。结果 胆囊壁小隆起样病更的声像图表现为胆囊壁有强回声或中等回声突入胆囊内，不伴声影，不随体位改变而移动。胆固醇沉积症位于胆囊体部时，超声表现为强回声，少数为中等回声团；胆囊腺肌增生症时，超声表现为胆壁增厚，有突起的强回声：腺瘤和乳头状腺瘤，超声表现较为复杂，胆囊壁上的强回声团块，不活动，无声影，基底较宽。结论 对于胆囊壁小隆起样的病变中有上升的趋势，要引起高度重视，不容忽视：对于不典型病例，需结合彩色多普勒及CT增强扫描进行综合分析，并鉴别诊断。     

胆囊壁增厚与胆囊炎相关性超声诊断与临床评价分析

目的探讨胆囊壁增厚与胆囊炎的相关性及其诊断意义。方法采用超声检查测量胆囊壁厚度以及对胆囊全貌进行分析，结合临床症状、表现及胆囊切除术后对胆囊的病理检查进行系统分析。结果超声诊断胆结石并胆囊炎58例，病理检查诊断38例合并胆囊炎，20例不合并胆囊炎，超声诊断符合率65．5％，病理检查诊断合并急性胆囊炎11例，胆囊壁增厚的6例，壁不明显增厚的5例，病理检查诊断合并慢性胆囊炎27例，胆囊壁增厚的15例，壁不明显增厚的12例，由此可见，胆囊壁的增厚与否与胆囊的急慢性炎症无明显的关系，应同时结合临床等综合考虑。结论胆囊壁增厚是诊断胆囊炎的重要依据，但应结合其他的声像图特征，观察胆囊全貌的改变及毗邻关系、临床症状，同时还需排除胆囊以外的病变，以便做出更加可靠的诊断。     

急性坏疽性胆囊炎穿孔及包裹的超声诊断分析

[目的]分析急性坏疽性胆囊炎穿孔、包裹的超声声像特征,提高超声诊断水平.[方法]对17例急性坏疽性胆囊炎穿孔、包裹的超声诊断进行回顾分析.[结果]其声像图特点如下:胆囊壁毛糙、增厚,可见双层或多层弱回声带,胆囊壁的局部膨出或缺损,胆囊周围可见局限性积液暗区与胆囊腔相连通.胆囊内有稠厚的胆汁或脓汁,多数伴有胆囊结石.[结论]B超较X线造影简便易行,无损伤,无痛苦,对急性坏疽性胆囊炎穿孔、包裹的诊断有重要价值.     

胆囊壁声像图改变在鉴别腹水性质中的价值探讨

本文分析了６４例腹水患者的胆囊壁声像图特征。结果表明：良性腹水患者胆囊壁增厚，多呈双层或多层改变；恶性腹水患者胆囊壁一般呈单层回声，增厚或不增厚。文中探讨了产生这些改变的病理生理基础，并讨论了胆囊壁声像图改变在腹水性质诊断中的价值。     

胆囊腺瘤超声误诊为胆囊结石一例

患者男，67岁，因急性右上腹疼痛5d，以“急性胆囊炎”收入院。查体：腹部检查：莫非征阳性，血常规检查：WBC：19．6×10^9／L；超声显示：胆囊大小9．3cm×4．2cm，胆囊颈部折叠，壁毛糙不厚，于前壁可见一强斑点回声，隐约可见连续中断，囊腔无回声区内见稀疏点状强回声，胆囊颈部可见1．9cm强回声团反射，其后伴部分声影（图1），于胆囊周围可见深0．6cm无回声带，胆总管管径0．6cm。     

超声诊断原发性胆囊癌易误诊的原因

目的:探究超声诊断原发性胆囊癌易发生误诊的主要因素。材料与方法:采用回顾性分析的方法,本文就30例原发性胆囊癌患者的声像图表现及其误诊原因进行研究分析,所有患者在手术前均行超声检查,并经过手术与病理学的证实,结果:经过超声诊断以及病理学证实,可以发现这30例患者超声诊断检出原发性胆囊癌的为24例,符合率为80%,检出的胆囊的肿块声像图可分为四种类型,(1)弥漫性囊壁增厚型为3例,胆囊壁呈弥漫性不规则实性低回声增厚,胆囊体积缩小;(2)局限性囊壁增厚型7例,多位于胆囊颈部和体部,不规则增厚常局限于一段胆囊壁,厚度常超过4mm;(3)乳头状结节型9例,多见于胆囊颈部,早期肿块呈等回声或不均匀回声,为宽基底自胆囊壁凸向囊腔,当肿块增大时,形态不规则,内部回声多不均匀。(4)实性团块型5例,多见于胆囊颈部的实性团块病变,呈低或等回声,此型可直接沿胆囊壁蔓延,堵塞胆囊颈部及胆囊管致胆汁排泄不畅,胆囊体积增大;本组误诊6例,误诊率为20%。误诊原因主要有病变隐匿、长期胆囊炎合并结石、结石干扰判断以及肿块生于颈部等。结论:对原发性胆囊癌患者给予超声诊断具有一定的安全性,能够降低患者的痛苦,超声医师需增强对原发性胆囊癌的认识,仔细观察声像,降低误诊率,为原发性胆囊癌的早期诊断与治疗争取时机。     

Computed tomographic evaluation of gallbladder disease

Evaluation of gallbladder diseases by computed tomography (CT) is limited compared with ultrasonographic evaluation. However, CT can bring about excellent information in advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder, severe and complicated cholecystitis, porcelain gallbladder, and indication for dissolution of gallbladder stones. Unique findings are also available in emphysematous cholecystitis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, stones with gas (Mercedez-Benz sign), limy bile, and enhancement in acute cholecystitis. Combined use of CT and ultrasound apparently increase the accuracy of diagnosis in carcinoma and cholecystitis. This article is composed of sections on carcinoma, cholecystitis, stone, bile in the gallbladder, calcification, gas and fat, and miscellaneous topics including polypoid lesions, adenomyomatosis, hydrops, and wall thickening.     

Gangrenous cholecystitis: new observations on sonography.

We studied 25 patients with gangrenous cholecystitis and observed a new sonographic finding--striated thickening of the gallbladder wall--and three patterns of pericholecystic fluid collections. Heterogeneous thickening of the gallbladder wall was characterized by either multiple striations (alternating hypoechoic and hyperechoic layers) or irregular mass-like protrusions projecting into the gallbladder lumen. We observed striated thickening far more frequently (in 10 of 25 patients) than other findings reported previously as being associated with gangrenous cholecystitis, such as intraluminal membranes (1 in 25 patients) and masslike protrusions into the gallbladder lumen (1 in 25 patients). Although the sensitivity and specificity of this finding cannot be determined by our study, we believe that mural striations in cases of acute cholecystitis should raise the question of gangrenous changes. Additionally, we found that two subtypes of pericholecystic fluid collections (types II and III) were associated with gallbladder wall perforation and abscess formation more frequently than type I collections.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的影像学表现

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的影像学表现及其病理基础。方法分析经病理证实的16例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT、MR表现。观察胆囊壁厚度、胆囊壁强化情况、胆囊壁内结节、胆囊内黏膜线、胆囊内有无结石以及胆囊周围的变化。结果16例患者中胆囊增大12例、缩小4例，所有患者均见不同程度的胆囊壁增厚及胆囊壁内结节，6例胆囊内显示黏膜线。11例患者胆囊内有结石。胆囊周围炎性浸润8例，其中2例炎症侵及肝脏。结论胆囊壁增厚、增厚胆囊壁内结节及胆囊内黏膜线是诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的特征性表现。     

原发性胆囊癌的CT分析(附30例报告)

目的 探讨原发性胆囊癌的CT表现特征。方法对30例病理证实的原发性胆囊腺癌的CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果 肿块型16例，其增强特点可用于鉴别原发性肝癌；厚壁型8例，表现为胆囊壁不规则性、非对称性增厚，区别于胆囊炎的均匀性增厚；腔内结节型6例，表现为腔内分叶状软组织结节，横径大于1.0cm，不同于胆囊息肉的表现。结论掌握原发性胆囊癌的特征性CT表现，有助于提高其诊断与鉴别诊断的准确性。     

B-mode ultrasonographic diagnosis in gallbladder wall thickening

Diseases associated with gallbladder wall thickening include benign entities such as adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder, acute and chronic cholecystitis, and hyperplasia associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction, and also cancer. Unique conditions such as sclerosing cholecystitis and cholecystitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment can also manifest as wall thickening, as in some systemic inflammatory conditions. Gallbladder cancer, the most serious disease that can show wall thickening, can be difficult to diagnose early and to distinguish from benign causes of wall thickening, contributing to a poor prognosis. Differentiating between xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and gallbladder cancer with wall thickening can be particularly problematic. Cancers that thicken the wall while coexisting with benign lesions that cause wall thickening represent another potential pitfall. In contrast, some benign gallbladder lesions that can cause wall thickening, such as adenomyomatosis and acute cholecystitis, typically show characteristic ultrasonographic features that, together with clinical findings, permit easier diagnosis. In this review of the literature, we describe B-mode abdominal ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder lesions showing wall thickening.

     

急性胆道感染的B超诊断分析

文章对经手术病理证实的６５例急性胆囊炎和５例急性化脓性胆管炎的声像图进行总结分析。结果：急性胆囊炎表现：胆囊增大,张力增高,多数病例囊壁增厚,胆囊内可见点、片状中等回声。坏疽胆囊炎、胆囊穿孔应综合断。结论地急性胆道感染Ｂ超是最有效的影像诊断方法。     

B超在经皮胆镜息肉摘除术前的应用

本文报告３０例经皮胆镜息肉摘除术前的Ｂ超筛选。病理结果均为良性病变。提出了Ｂ超对经皮胆镜息肉摘除病例的筛选标准：①息肉直径＜１２ｍｍ，近年内无明显增大；②基底不宽，胆囊壁局部无增厚改变；③胆囊壁厚度＜３ｍｍ，胆囊无显著慢性炎症。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的MRI表现特点

目的：探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis，XGC）的MRI影像表现特点。方法：回顾性分析15例经病理证实为XGC的患者的术前MRI影像。观察胆囊本身改变（壁增厚的方式和程度、信号特点、黏膜线是否完整、强化程度及是否有结石）、胆囊周围脂肪及肝实质的改变。结果：15例患者均出现胆囊壁增厚，范围为0.8~2.6cm，其中13例为弥漫性增厚，2例为局灶性增厚。13例弥漫性增厚的病例中均匀性增厚2例，不均匀增厚11例。10例患者出现胆囊壁内结节，大小为0.2~0.7cm，表现为较长T1、长T2信号，增强扫描未见确切强化。15例患者均表现为黏膜线显著强化，其中黏膜线完整11例，中断4例。合并胆囊结石15例。所有病例均出现肝实质动脉期一过性强化，邻近肝实质出现肝脓肿7例，与十二指肠粘连6例。结论：胆囊壁不均匀增厚、壁内出现结节、黏膜线完整并明显强化、邻近肝实质动脉期一过性强化是XGC较常见的影像表现，并符合其病理特点。     

Gallbladder carcinoma and chronic cholecystitis: differentiation with two-phase spiral CT

The objective of the present study was to determine whether an analysis of two-phase spiral computed tomographic (CT) features provides a sound basis for the differential diagnosis between gallbladder carcinoma and chronic cholecystitis. Eighty-two patients, 35 with gallbladder carcinoma and 47 with chronic cholecystitis, underwent two-phase spiral CT. We reviewed the two-phase spiral CT features of thickness and enhancement pattern of the gallbladder wall seen during the arterial and venous phases. Mean wall thicknesses were 12.6 mm in the gallbladder carcinoma group and 6.9 mm in the chronic cholecystitis group. The common enhancement patterns seen in gallbladder carcinoma were (a) a highly enhanced thick inner wall layer during the arterial phase that showed isoattenuation with the adjacent hepatic parenchyma during the venous phase (16 of 35, 45.7%) and (b) a highly enhanced thick inner wall layer during both phases (eight of 35, 22.9%). The most common enhancement pattern of chronic cholecystitis was isoattenuation of the thin inner wall layer during both phases (42 of 47, 89.4%). In conclusion, awareness of the wall thickening and enhancement patterns in gallbladder carcinoma and chronic cholecystitis on two-phase spiral CT appears to be valuable in differentiating these two different disease entities.     

Failed or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Can preoperative ultrasonography identify potential problems?

A prospective study was performed to assess the role of preoperative ultrasonography in predicting failed or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty patients underwent detailed preoperative ultrasound examinations. The number and size of calculi, evidence of acute or chronic cholecystitis, gallbladder morphology, and the presence or absence of aberrant anatomy were documented. A comparison was made of the surgical outcome and the ultrasound findings in each patient. Six patients were converted to open cholecystectomy because of inflammatory changes in the gallbladder. The preoperative ultrasound studies in 5 of these patients demonstrated evidence of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Gallbladder wall thickening and contraction were also seen. Five gallbladder resections had intraoperative difficulties; preoperative ultrasonography demonstrated a thickened gallbladder wall in 2. Of 31 uneventful cases, 7 had evidence of gallbladder wall thickening and/or contraction. There were no ultrasound features that identified between the unsuccessful, difficult, or uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomies. We conclude that detailed preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the gallbladder in patients destined for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is of little value in screening for difficult or unsuitable cases. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.