气囊漏气试验指导高龄患者气管拔管的意义

目的：观察气囊漏气试验（the cuff-leak test, CLT）对高龄患者气管拔管后发生气道梗阻的预测价值及相关影响因素。方法回顾性研究56例高龄气管插管患者,根据拔管前CLT的发生分为阴性组和阳性组,计算每位患者的绝对漏气量（ mL）和相对漏气量（％）,观察两组拔管相关性喘鸣（ the post-extubation stridor , PES）的发生情况。结果 CLT阳性组14例中发生PES 9例,阴性组发生6例,CLT阳性患者PES的发生率明显高于CLT阴性患者。两组患者在年龄、性别构成、体质量、机械通气时间、气囊压力等方面比较差异均无统计意义（P＞0．05）,两组绝对漏气量（mL）和相对漏气量（％）比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。发生PES的患者绝对漏气量（mL）和相对漏气量（％）均明显低于非PES患者（P＜0．001）。此外,与PES发生相关的影响因素包括体质量、插管时程。对于高龄患者根据ROC曲线选择CLT绝对漏气量为232 mL、相对漏气量为18．5％作为预测PES发生的临界值。结论气囊漏气试验是一项简单、无创的筛查拔管后可能发生气道梗阻的简单有效的方法,如为阳性则要注意可能发生拔管后的上气道梗阻,对于体质量过重、插管时间过长、气囊压力过大的患者需高度警惕并做好拔管前的相应处理。     

气囊漏气试验阴性拔管后喉头水肿和喘鸣1例病例报告并文献复习

拔管后喉头水肿(PLE)是气管插管中较常见的并发症,极易引起上气道梗阻,表现为拔管后喘鸣(PES),增加再插管率及死亡率。气囊漏气试验(CLT)是目前最常用且较为简单、无创的预测方法。但是CLT结果阴性并不代表患者拔管后一定不会发生喉头水肿。本研究报道1例病例,患者多次CLT阴性但拔管后仍出现PES和PLE,导致拔管后呼吸衰竭,经再次气管插管行有创通气、糖皮质激素静脉推注等处理后好转出院。     

危重症患者气管导管拔管前行气囊漏气试验的最佳循证实践

目的:制定危重症患者气管导管拔管前行气囊漏气试验的最佳循证实践策略。方法:遵循乔安娜布里格斯研究所(JBI)的临床证据实践应用模式,利用证据分级系统进行证据质量评价,并运用证据的可行性、证据的适宜性、证据的临床意义、证据的有效性(FAME)结构展开讨论,采纳所有有效的证据,然后将证据转化为临床审查标准。比较证据应用前后...     

两种气囊漏气实验预测气管插管拔管时机准确性的效果观察

目的 比较两种气囊漏气实验判断气管插管拔管后发生喉头水肿的准确性,为预测气管插管拔管时机提供依据.方法 按随机数字表法,将2018年1月-2020年12月南京医科大学附属脑科医院ICU收治的200例气管插管行有创机械通气的患者,分成气囊漏气实验定性组和定量组,每组各100例.气囊完全放气后,定性组直接听诊有无漏气声以判...     

气囊漏气试验预测老年病人拔管后上气道梗阻的临床意义

[目的]探讨经口气管插管病人在拔除气管插管前行气囊漏气试验对预测拔管后发生上气道梗阻的临床意义。[方法]选择重症医学科(ICU)内267例经口气管插管并进行机械通气的病人随机分为对照组(133例)和观察组(134例)。对照组病人按照传统方式评估后即可拔除经口气管插管;观察组病人在拔除经口气管插管前需进行气囊漏气试验,试验阳性时分析其原因、评估拔管后可能出现的风险并采取相应的预防措施,试验转为阴性时拔除气管插管。比较两组病人拔除气管插管后上气道梗阻的发生率,分析其发生上气道梗阻的原因,评估气囊漏气试验对预测老年病人拔管后发生上气道梗阻的价值。[结果]对照组、观察组病人上气道梗阻的发生率分别为15.8%和7.5%,经比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]气囊漏气试验对预测老年病人拔除经口气管插管后发生上气道梗阻具有临床参考价值,可预防拔除气管插管后发生上气道梗阻的发生。     

机械通气患者拔管前漏气试验在判断上气道狭窄中的应用

目的:探讨机械通气患者拔管前进行漏气实验在判断上气道狭窄中的应用效果。方法:将115例气管插管机械通气患者随机分为观察组60例和对照组55例,观察组在拔管前进行漏气实验,漏气实验阳性(漏气量<140 ml)时评估拔管可能出现的风险并采取相应措施,漏气实验阴性(漏气量>140 ml)时拔除气管插管;对照组按传统方式评估后拔除气管插管。比较两组患者气道狭窄发生率及主要变量,分析发生气道狭窄的原因,评估漏气试验对预测气道狭窄的价值。结果:观察组气道狭窄发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);两组气囊压力、MV时间、再置管比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);气道狭窄发生与喉头水肿、肿瘤、喉梗阻、气道痉挛、分泌物阻塞、原发性气道疾病等因素相关(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:漏气试验对预测上气道狭窄结果具有临床参考价值,可预防拔管后的气道阻塞、再次插管的发生。     

1例多次咬破气管插管气囊管患者的护理

患者男，81岁，既往有慢性阻塞性肺病病史8年余，3d前无明显诱因下再次出现咯嗽、咯劾Ⅱ重，咳黄白黏痰，量约80ml／d，伴胸闷、气喘不适，双下肢水肿明显，伴尿少，每日约800ml，纳差、乏力，于2005年6月来我院急诊。     

气管切开术后气道梗阻的原因及护理干预

1996年至 2 0 0 1年我院 4 8例患者接受气管切开术 ,其中 2例气管插管被痰栓堵塞致呼吸道梗阻危及生命 ,经及时抢救 ,转危为安 ,现将发生原因及护理干预总结如下。1　临床资料4 8例中男 19例 ,女 2 9例 ,17～ 73岁。急性有机磷中毒 4 4例 ,脑出血 4例 ,气道梗阻 2例均为有机磷中毒。典型病例　患者男 ,4 6岁。因口服敌敌畏 10 0ｍｌ,于 1998年 7月 11日晨收入院 ,16时突然意识丧失 ,口唇紫绀 ,呼吸停止 ,立即予以人工呼吸 ,气管插管 ,呼吸机辅助呼吸 ,4 8ｈ后气管切开继续机械通气。在气管切开后第 3天患者极度烦躁不安 ,抽搐 ,面色青紫 ,经…     

2种拔管方法清除气囊上滞留物的效果比较

目的 探讨更适合于清除气管插管气囊上滞留物的拔管方法.方法 将101例拔管患者随机分为A组50例和B组51例.A组采用正压技术,即在患者吸气末应用简易呼吸器快速向气管插管内送气,同时放开气囊,将气囊上滞留物吹至口腔并及时吸净,再拔出气管插管.B组采用传统方法,放开气囊后,将吸痰管插入气管插管末端,边吸痰边拔除气管插管.观察2种清除气囊上滞留物的总量、生命体征变化及并发症发生的情况.结果 对气囊上滞留物的清除效果A组优于B组,P＜0.05.结论 采用简易呼吸器清除气囊上滞留物后拔管,清除较彻底,并发症少.     

人工气道患者非计划拔管事件的评价

目的 探讨非计划拔管事件再插管或未再插管的原因与意义。方法 对重症监护室非计划拔管事件再插管组与未再插管组进行比较分析。结果 呼吸机通气模式在两组间有显著差异。非计划拔管事件发生时ＳＩＭＶ（同步间歇指令通气）与ＣＭＶ（控制指令通气）的再插管率（８０．８％）比用ＣＰＡＰ（持续气道正压通气）与Ｔ管给氧拔管的再插管率（３１．８％）显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,再插管组气道分泌物评分高,氧合指数低（ＰａＯ２／     

The challenge of upper airway obstruction in pediatric intensive care

Over a 5-year period, 75 patients were admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit because of acute upper airway obstruction (AUAO). Congenital abnormalities were demonstrated in 25 children; 9 of them died secondary to severe combined malformations or major central nervous system dysfunction. Acquired AUAOs were seen in 50 patients; 1 died in brain death secondary to anoxia. Obstructions were observed at all levels of the airways from the nose to the carina. In 28% of the patients, AUAO had remained undiagnosed until admission for complications such as acute respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, coma, seizures. With early diagnosis and prompt release of the obstruction the prognosis is good unless severe congenital abnormalities or major central nervous system damage are associated.     

Cuff-leak test for the diagnosis of upper airway obstruction in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose  To evaluate, in adults, the diagnostic accuracy of the cuff-leak test for the diagnosis of upper airway obstruction secondary to laryngeal edema and for reintubation secondary to upper airway obstruction. Methods  Systematic review without language restrictions based on electronic databases and manual review of the literature up to December 2008. When appropriate, a random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression (Moses’ method) were performed. Results  Upper airway obstruction was the outcome in nine studies with an overall incidence of 6.9%. There was significant heterogeneity among studies. The pooled sensitivity was 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.48–0.63), the specificity was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.90–0.93), the positive likelihood ratio was 5.90 (95% CI: 4.00–8.69), the negative likelihood ratio was 0.48 (95% CI: 0.33–0.72), and the diagnostic odds ratio was 18.78 (95% CI: 7.36–47.92). The area under the curve of the summary receiver-operator characteristic (SROC) was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89–0.94). Only three studies have evaluated the accuracy of the cuff-leak test for reintubation secondary to upper airway obstruction. Overall incidence was 7%. The pooled sensitivity was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.38–0.84), the specificity was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81–0.90), the positive likelihood ratio was 4.04 (95% CI: 2.21–7.40), the negative likelihood ratio was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.26–0.82), and the diagnostic odds ratio was 10.37 (95% CI: 3.70–29.13). Conclusions  A positive cuff-leak test (absence of leak) should alert the clinician of a high risk of upper airway obstruction.     

Pulmonary edema due to partial upper airway obstruction in a child

The case of an 8-year-old boy is reported, who developed acute pulmonary edema associated with acute subglottic swelling and subsequent partial upper airway obstruction after extubation and recovery from anaesthesia. The main factors responsible for the formation of pulmonary edema presumbly are a large subatmospheric transpulmonary pressure gradient and hypoxia leading to translocation of circulating blood volume into the pulmonary vasculature and fluid shift across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Application of oxygen and CPAP or PEEP plus diuretic therapy will promote rapid clearance of the pulmonary edema.     

Pulmonary edema secondary to chronic upper airway obstruction. Hemodynamic study in a child

A 22-month-old girl with the syndrome of hypoventilation, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale and pulmonary edema due to adenoidal hypertrophy is described. Adenoidectomy resulted in relief of all symptoms and signs within 24 h. Hemodynamic study using pulmonary artery catheter showed that the pulmonary artery pressure returned to normal 48 h after relief of the obstruction. The normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, measured throughout the period of obstruction, in the presence of severe pulmonary edema, could suggest a non-cardiogenic low pressure pulmonary edema. However, the highly negative pleural pressure which existed during upper airway obstruction indicated an elevation of transmural left ventricular end diastolic pressure (compared to pulmonary wedge pressure) and thus, suggested that the pulmonary edema in this syndrome is secondary to both — right and left heart failure.     

SLIPA喉罩在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的 评价SLIPA喉罩通气全麻应用于妇科腹腔镜手术的安全性和可行性,并与气管插管全麻做比较.方法 择期行腹腔镜手术的妇科患者80例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机均分为SLIPA喉罩组(S组)和气管插管组(T组).记录插管(罩)前(T0)、插管(罩)即刻(T1)、插管(罩)后5 min(T2)、气腹后15 min(T3)、拔管(罩)前(T4)、拔管(罩)即刻(T5)及拔管(罩)后5 min(T6)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)及气道峰压(Ppeak),记录拔管(罩)后并发症的发生情况.结果 ①与T0时比较,T组T1 、T4 、T5时SBP、DBP 明显升高,HR增快,且相应时点均高于S组(P﹤0.05).②两组间SpO2 、PETCO2和Ppeak变化差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).③T组发生躁动、呛咳、咽痛的患者明显多于S组(P﹤0.05).结论 SLIPA喉罩用于妇科腹腔镜手术中安全性好,并发症少,值得临床推广.     

Effective intubation technique to manage the airway obstruction in A case of Pierre Robin sequence: A case report

The case was a 4‐day‐old boy referred to the hospital with a diagnosis of Pierre Robin Sequence and with airway Obstruction. Using a laryngoscope in the hyperextended position and putting pressure on the cricoid, the vocal cords were visualized, and with the help of an assistant, the intubation was performed.     

Diagnosis of anesthetic-induced upper airway obstruction in children using respiratory inductance plethysmography

Objective.Upper airway obstruction is the most rapid and clinically relevant cause of hypoxia during sedation and anesthesia. This study was designed to determine if respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) could quantify the degree of upper airway obstruction caused by induction of general anesthesia. Methods.RIP tracings were obtained during induction of general anesthesia in healthy children. Three sets of measurements were obtained during: (1) a 3 minute control period without anesthetics, (2) 3 minutes of 50% nitrous oxide, and (3) halothane administration to complete the induction of general anesthesia. Clinical impression of upper airway obstruction (none, partial, or complete) was correlated with two separate RIP analysis techniques. Results.Three hundred ninety-five breathing epochs from 20 children (ages 3–10 years) were analyzed by both phase shift and phase inversion techniques. Although both techniques had good general correlation with severity of airway obstruction, neither was sufficiently reliable for accurate prediction of severity of airway obstruction. Conclusions.We investigated two methods for analyzing RIP tracings during varying degrees of upper airway obstruction in anesthetized children. We found that neither technique was sufficiently accurate for predicting the severity of upper airway obstruction and would not be useful as a predictor of upper airway obstruction in the clinical or research settings.     

Continuous positive airway pressure titration in infants with severe upper airway obstruction or bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abstracta

Introduction

Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is recognized as an effective treatment for severe airway obstruction in young children. The aim of the present study was to compare a clinical setting with a physiological setting of noninvasive CPAP in infants with nocturnal alveolar hypoventilation due to severe upper airway obstruction (UAO) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Methods

The breathing pattern and respiratory muscle output of all consecutive infants due to start CPAP in our noninvasive ventilation unit were retrospectively analysed. CPAP set on clinical noninvasive parameters (clinical CPAP) was compared to CPAP set on the normalization or the maximal reduction of the oesophageal pressure (Poes) and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) swings (physiological CPAP). Expiratory gastric pressure (Pgas) swing was measured.

Results

The data of 12 infants (mean age 10 ± 8 mo) with UAO (n = 7) or BPD (n = 5) were gathered. The mean clinical CPAP (8 ± 2 cmH₂O) was associated with a significant decrease in Poes and Pdi swings. Indeed, Poes swing decreased from 31 ± 15 cmH₂O during spontaneous breathing to 21 ± 10 cmH₂O during CPAP (P < 0.05). The mean physiological CPAP level was 2 ± 2 cmH₂O higher than the mean clinical CPAP level and was associated with a significantly greater improvement in all indices of respiratory effort (Poes swing 11 ± 5 cm H₂O; P < 0.05 compared to clinical CPAP). Expiratory abdominal activity was present during the clinical CPAP and decreased during physiological CPAP.

Conclusions

A physiological setting of noninvasive CPAP, based on the recording of Poes and Pgas, is superior to a clinical setting, based on clinical noninvasive parameters. Expiratory abdominal activity was present during spontaneous breathing and decreased in the physiological CPAP setting.     

Comparison of prehospital insertion success rates and time to insertion between standard endotracheal intubation and a supraglottic airway

Objective

To compare paramedic insertion success rates and time to insertion between standard ETI and a supraglottc airway device (King LTS-D™) in patients needing advanced airway management.

Methods

Between June 2008 and June 2009, consented paramedics from 4 EMS systems performed ETI or placed a King LTS-D according to a predetermined randomization calendar. Data collection occurred following each placement via telephone. Placement success (ability to ventilate to chest rise, absence of gastric sounds, presence of bilateral lung sounds, and when applicable, quantitative end-tidal CO₂ reading) was compared between treatment groups. Time to ventilation (time from airway device in hand ready to place to time of first successful ventilation) was also compared.

Results

A total of 213 patients in need of advanced airway management were treated during the study period, with 9 patients excluded from the analysis. The remaining 204 placements by 110 of the 272 consented paramedics were analyzed (median placements per paramedic = 1; range = 1-7). The overall placement success rate was virtually equal across the two groups (ETI = 80.2%, King LTS-D = 80.5%; p = 0.97). The median time to placement between ETI and the King LTS-D was also not significantly different (ETI = 19.5 s vs. King LTS-D = 20.0 s; z = −0.25; p = 0.80).

Conclusion

In this study, no differences in placement success rate or time to insertion were detected between the King LTS-D and ETI.