超声生物显微镜斑点追踪成像评价正常小鼠左心室内、外膜心肌应变

目的 应用超声生物显微镜(UBM)及斑点追踪(STI)技术探讨不同月龄正常小鼠左心室内膜及外膜心肌应变的特征。 方法 对48只不同月龄的健康成年雄性小鼠行常规超声心动图检查,采集胸骨旁左心室长轴、乳头肌水平左心室短轴二维图像。常规超声心动图测量舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室内径缩短率(LVFS)。脱机分析两个不同切面左心室内、外膜的纵向应变、圆周应变及径向应变的峰值应变(PK)、达峰时间(TPk)、室壁最大达峰延迟时间(MOWD)等指标。 结果 不同月龄间心率、IVST、LVPWT、LVEDD和LVESD的差异无统计学意义。与3月龄组比较,12月龄组LVEF、LVFS均减小(P＜0.05)。随月龄增加,小鼠左心室内膜下和外膜下心肌纵向、圆周及径向PK均呈逐渐减小的趋势:与3月龄组相比,12月龄组的测值均明显减小(P＜0.05);与6月龄组相比,12月龄组径向应变测值也明显减小(P＜0.05)。外膜下心肌的纵向及圆周应变均显著小于内膜下心肌(P＜0.01)。随月龄增加,左心室内膜下和外膜下心肌纵向、圆周及径向TPk、MOWD均呈逐渐增大趋势。与3、6月龄组相比,12月龄组的部分测值明显增大(P＜0.05)。同月龄正常小鼠内膜下及外膜下心肌纵向、圆周TPk及MOWD接近(P＞0.05)。 结论 UBM及STI技术能够无创、简便地全面评价正常小鼠左心室内、外膜下心肌的应变;所获不同月龄正常小鼠心脏结构及功能的正常测量值范围可为今后其他小鼠心脏模型的研究提供参考依据。     

超声评价肾移植对左心室重构的影响

目的 通过观察终末期肾衰竭患者肾移植术前及术后1年左心室质量(LVM)和左心室质量指数(LVMI)的变化,探讨相关临床、实验室参数和超声心动图指标对左心室重构和左心室肥厚转归的影响。方法 选取31例术后1年随访到的同种异体肾移植手术患者。在术前和术后1年,分别应用24 h动态血压监测和超声心动图采集24 h平均血压、LVM和LVMI,比较相关临床和实验室参数的变化,并进行相关性分析。结果 肾移植术后1年,96.77%(30/31)患者的肾功能达到代偿水平(肌酐清除率＞51 ml/min)。与术前比较,术后1年红细胞比容、甘油三酯和总胆固醇显著增高,血肌酐显著降低(P均＜0.05);24 h平均收缩压和24 h平均舒张压显著降低(P＜0.05);同时LVM和LVMI均显著降低(P＜0.05)。术后1年LVM和LVMI与术后1年血肌酐水平存在相关性(P＜0.05)。而回归分析显示术后1年24 h平均收缩压是影响术后1年LVM和LVMI的独立因素。结论 超声心动图可准确反映肾移植手术前后左心室的重构。肾移植术成功后1年,左心室肥厚部分逆转,肾功能恢复和血压控制是其重要保障。     

左心室质量指数评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后左心室重构逆转

目的 探讨左心室质量指数(LVMI)定量评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者左心室重构逆转的价值。方法 选择经冠状动脉造影证实为3支冠状动脉病变的冠心病患者30例,于PCI术前2~3天及术后6个月应用实时三维超声心动图测量并比较左心室质量指数(LVMI)、左心室舒张末期容积指数(LVEDVI)及左心室射血分数(LVEF)。结果 与手术前2~3天比较,术后6个月LVMI、LVEDVI减小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LVEF较术前提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后6个月,LVMI与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.80,P<0.05)。结论 PCI能够逆转冠心病患者的左心室重构,LVMI可对其予以定量评价。     

高频超声联合经颅彩色多普勒超声评价急性脑梗死患者颈动脉及颅内动脉结构与功能改变

目的 应用高频超声联合经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)评价急性脑梗死患者颈动脉及颅内动脉结构与功能改变。方法 选择急性大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死患者29例(脑梗死组)及正常人30名(对照组),以高频超声测量颈动脉收缩期血管内径(D_s)、血管内-中膜厚度(IMT),记录粥样硬化斑块部位、形态、回声类型及斑块数目并测量大小;以TCCS检测双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)收缩期血流峰值速度(V_s)、舒张末期血流速度(V_d)、搏动指数(PI)及阻力指数(RI)。结果 脑梗死组颈总动脉Ds、最大IMT与平均IMT均大于对照组,脑梗死组颈动脉斑块个数、多发斑块血管数、混合性回声和低回声斑块个数均多于对照组(P＜0.05)。脑梗死组患侧和健侧MCA的RI均高于对照组(P＜0.05),脑梗死组患侧MCA PI高于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论 高频超声联合TCCS评价颈动脉及颅内动脉粥样硬化改变,为无创、早期诊断脑梗死提供了有用的参考指标,有一定临床实用价值。     

高血压患者颈动脉与左心室结构和功能改变的超声研究

目的探讨高血压患者颈动脉与左心室结构和功能改变的相关性.方法采用高频超声检测78例原发性高血压患者和30例正常对照者的颈动脉结构和功能,并与超声心动图检测的左心室结构及功能作对照研究,探讨两者的相关性.结果高血压患者的颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、收缩末期内径(Ds)、舒张末期内径(Dd)和血流阻力指数(RI)均有增大(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),并且在左心室肥厚组更为明显;颈动脉IMT、扩张性(CD)及顺应性(CC)与左心室重量指数(LVMI)、二尖瓣环舒张早期最大血流速度E峰与舒张晚期最大血流速度A峰比值(E/A)及二尖瓣环舒张早期及晚期峰值速度e、a峰比值(e/a)密切相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而与左心室射血分数(LVEF)无明显相关性.结论高血压患者颈动脉结构和功能的改变与左心室肥厚及左心室舒张功能降低密切相关.     

123例健康中老年人左心室重量的超声测值

目的建立健康中老年人超声心动图测定的左心室重量(LVM)和左心室重量指数(LVMI)及左心室室壁相对厚度(RWT)的正常值。方法对123例中老年健康体检者,以超声心动图测定舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心室后壁厚度(PWT)及左心室内径(LVIDd),计算LVM、LVMI以及RWT。结果123例健康中老年人的LVMI男女分别为(85.60±15.52)g/m     

四维自动左心室定量分析技术评价左心室功能与几何形态改变的关系

目的 应用四维自动左心室定量分析工具（4D Auto LVQ）与二维超声心动图（2DE）对比分析左心室扩大者心室几何形态及收缩功能,探讨左心室几何形态改变与收缩功能的关系。方法 以左心室球形指数作为反映左心室几何构型变化的指标,应用2DE及RT-3DE测量39名健康志愿者（正常组）和60例左心室扩大患者（左心室扩大组）的左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、左心室收缩末期容积（LVESV）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）及二维舒张末期球形指数^-1（SId^-1）和三维球形指数（SPI）,并进行相关性分析。结果 与正常组比较,左心室扩大组LVEDV、LVESV及SPI增加,LVEF减小;2DE与RT-3DE所获得的LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF及球形指数值显著相关（P均<0.05）。左心室扩大组中,RT-3DE和2DE分别所测球形指数与LVEF呈负相关,球形指数与LVEDV、LVESV呈正相关（P<0.05）,SPI与LVEF的相关性高于SId^-1与LVEF（r=-0.553 vs r=-0.457,P<0.05）。结论 应用4D Auto LVQ技术可较简捷、直观显示并测量左心室几何形态及收缩功能;球形指数与LVEF、LVEDV、LVESV显著相关。     

急性脑梗死合并高血压病患者左室重量指数与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性研究

目的探讨急性脑梗死合并高血压病患者左室重量指数(LVMI)与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)之间的相关性。方法选取2008年1月至2012年1月在我院神经内科住院治疗的合并高血压病的急性脑梗死患者162例,依据血压水平分为1级、2级、3级高血压3组。用心脏彩超测量舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVST)、舒张末期左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左室腔舒张末期内径(LVDd),并根据患者身高和体重计算出左室重量指数(LVMI),用颈动脉彩超测量颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)和颈动脉斑块。结果随着LVMI增加颈动脉内膜中层厚度亦增加;血压分级越高,IMT越大,颈动脉斑块检出率越高。结论急性脑梗死合并高血压病患者LVMI与IMT呈正相关性。     

超声斑点追踪显像评估原发性高血压患者左心室扭转

目的 探讨超声斑点追踪显像(STE)技术评价原发性高血压(EH)患者左心室旋转和扭转变化规律的价值。方法 对30例左心室正常构型(LVN)的EH患者、30例左心室重构(LVR)的EH患者及30名正常人,经胸采集左心室短轴心尖水平和心底水平的二维图像,测量并计算心底部旋转角度峰值(Rotbase)、心尖部旋转角度峰值(Rotap)、左心室峰值扭转角度(Ptw)、收缩末期扭转角度(AVCtw)、等容舒张末期扭转角度(MVOtw)、扭转角度达峰时间(t-Ptw)和等容解旋率(IUR)。结果 与正常对照组相比,高血压病LVN组及LVR组的Ptw、AVCtw、MVOtw、Rotap、Rotbase增加,IUR减低(P均<0.05);t-Ptw有延长趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与LVN组比较,LVR组的Ptw、AVCtw、MVOtw、Rotbase增加,IUR减低(P均<0.05)。高血压患者的IUR与二尖瓣环间隔及侧壁部位的舒张早期峰速度均值(Em)呈正相关(r=0.685,P<0.001)。结论 STE技术可有效评估EH患者左心室扭转特征。     

实时三维超声心动图观察兔室壁瘤形成过程的形态学特征

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图观察兔心肌梗死后不同时间段室壁瘤形成的形态学特征。方法 选取新西兰白兔20只,采用结扎左前降支中段及左旋支中段制作室壁瘤模型。普通饮食饲养4周后,将仍存活且有室壁瘤形成的实验动物纳入本研究,按照不同观察时间点分为术前、术后1天、2天、3天、1周、2周、3周、4周,并于术前及术后各时间点行二维超声心动图及实时三维超声心动图检查,并获取左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积、室壁瘤容积、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室短轴缩短率、左心室舒张末期左心室前壁厚度。结果 术后2天兔室壁瘤开始形成,术后3周基本形成,室壁瘤形成只数于术后2天至术后3周随时间呈增加趋势。与术前、术后1天比较,左心室收缩和舒张末期容积、左心室舒张末期内径及室壁瘤容积于术后2天至术后3周呈增加趋势(P<0.05),左心室前壁厚度、短轴缩短率及射血分数于术后2天至术后3周呈下降趋势(P<0.05),术后3周后趋于稳定。室壁瘤容积、室壁瘤容积占左心室舒张末期容积百分比与射血分数有较好的相关性(r=-0.778、-0.911,P均<0.001)。结论 室壁瘤容积与左心室舒张末期容积的百分比可作为评价兔心功能的重要参数。     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.