肿瘤患者锁骨下静脉置管术后感染因素分析

目的　探讨肿瘤化疗患者经皮穿刺锁骨下静脉置管术后的感染因素。方法　对 4 0 0例肿瘤化疗患者经皮穿刺锁骨下静脉置管术后感染进行监测。按置管时间长短 (A组 <2 0d ,B组 2 0～ 3 9d ,C组 4 0～ 5 9d ,D组≥ 6 0d)、病情轻重、伴有糖尿病与否、合用激素与否对所发生的感染情况分组进行 χ2 检验。结果　发生导管性感染 3 6例 ,感染率 9.0 %。 4组中按导管留置时间长短比较A与B、C、D之间分别为P >0 .0 5、P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1 ;B与C、D比较分别为P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1 ;C与D的P >0 .0 5。除A与B、C与D之间比较无显著差异外 ,其他均有极显著差异。病情轻重之间、是否合用激素之间感染率经统计学处理P <0 .0 1 ,差异有极显著意义。有否伴有糖尿病有否之间经统计学处理 P >0 .0 5 ,差异无显著意义。结论　留置时间长、病情重、合用激素者感染发生率高。而伴有糖尿病与否在统计学上无意义 ,可能与伴有糖尿病病例数少 ( 9例 )有关。     

乳腺癌病人术后锁骨下静脉置管化疗致血栓相关因素及护理对策

[目的]探讨乳腺癌病人术后锁骨下静脉置管化疗引起血栓的相关因素及护理对策。[方法]对1280例病人的临床资料进行统计，用Logistic回归模型进行相关因素分析。[结果]单因素分析显示年龄、糖尿病、纤维蛋白原、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、锁骨下静脉穿刺导管头端位置、穿刺入路对血栓形成的影响有统计学意义。多因素分析显示，糖尿病、血液中纤维蛋白原含量、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、锁骨下静脉穿刺导管头端位置是影响血栓形成的主要因素。[结论]有无糖尿病、血液中纤维蛋白原含量、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、导管头端位置是影响血栓形成的主要因素。     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的分析与预防

目的:探讨我院ICU中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生的相关因素,提出预防措施。方法:对我院ICU于2010年1月~2015年1月收治的562例患者使用中心静脉导管的情况进行回顾性调查,分析感染发生与各项因素之间的关系。结果:中心静脉置管导管相关性血流感染的发生率与有无合并基础疾病无相关性(P0.05),而患者来源科别、导管留置时间、固定方式、穿刺部位及患者年龄与导管相关性血流感染的发生率显著相关(P0.05)。结论:合并基础疾病、外科来源的患者、留置导管时间过长、缝线固定、非锁骨下置管、年龄偏高等因素可能是导管相关性血流感染发生的高危因素。相关医护人员需要依据这些危险因素采取针对性的预防措施,从而提高患者在中心静脉置管使用过程中的安全性。     

乳腺癌病人术后锁骨下静脉置管化疗致血栓相关因素及护理对策

[目的]探讨乳腺癌病人术后锁骨下静脉置管化疗引起血栓的相关因素及护理对策.[方法]对1 280例病人的临床资料进行统计,用Logistic回归模型进行相关因素分析.[结果]单因素分析显示年龄、糖尿病、纤维蛋白原、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、锁骨下静脉穿刺导管头端位置、穿刺入路对血栓形成的影响有统计学意义.多因素分析显示,糖尿病、血液中纤维蛋白原含量、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、锁骨下静脉穿刺导管头端位置是影响血栓形成的主要因素.[结论]有无糖尿病、血液中纤维蛋白原含量、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、导管头端位置是影响血栓形成的主要因素.     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素的调查研究

目的通过对ICU中心静脉置管患者感染的观察与分析,找出导管相关感染的危险因素。方法选择2009年9月至2010年3月,在ICU行中心静脉置管的患者,观察并记录其年龄、性别、置管部位、导管放置时间、穿刺点周围皮肤情况、导管性质、管腔数量、有无静脉营养等内容。护士根据患者的实际情况结合动态护理记录单实施有针对性的导管护理并及早反馈相关信息。结果患者年龄(58.1±18.9)岁,置管天数(8.76±6.89)d。行中心静脉置管的患者105例,其中77例次锁骨下静脉置管,23例次颈内静脉置管,6例次颈内静脉置入漂浮导管。中心静脉导管感染4例,置管时间分别为3、14、18、21 d,感染率为3.8%,每1 000个导管日感染率3.95。结论 ICU患者病情危重,严格掌握中心静脉置管适应症;使用中心静脉导管动态护理记录单进行导管常规评价,对症护理,缩短留置时间;严格的无菌技术是控制导管感染的关键措施。     

心胸外科中心静脉导管感染患者的相关因素分析及预防对策

目的 探讨并分析心胸外科中心静脉导管感染的相关因素及预防对策.方法 2002年1月-2005 12月,随机抽取行中心静脉穿刺患者560例.治疗结束后,取导管尖端进行细菌培养,并对结果进行分析.结果 引起心胸外科深静脉置管相关感染的病原菌中,葡萄球菌占50%,真菌占16.7%;深静脉置管3,4,5周的感染率分别为24.5%、35.6%和65.2%;普胸手术及开放性胸外伤患者导管感染发生率分别为14.8%、18.0%,高于心脏手术及化疗患者;锁骨下静脉穿刺及贵要静脉置管感染发生率(9.6%、9.4%)低于颈内静脉(18.7%).结论 引起心胸外科深静脉置管相关感染的病原菌以葡萄球菌为首位病原菌;深静脉留置时间愈长,则导管感染率越高;普胸手术及开放性胸外伤患者导管感染发生率显著高于心脏手术及化疗患者;锁骨下静脉穿刺及贵要静脉置管感染发生率低于颈内静脉.严格深静脉置管护理和缩短留置时间对防止相关性感染具有重要临床意义.     

神经外科患者中心静脉导管感染的相关因素分析及预防护理

目的:探讨并分析神经外科患者中心静脉导管感染的相关因素及预防护理方法.方法:随机抽取560例行深静脉置管患者,于治疗结束后取导管尖端进行细菌培养,并对结果进行分析.结果:引起神经外科患者中心静脉导管感染的病原菌中,葡萄球菌占65.2%,真菌占16.7%;深静脉置管15～21 d、22～28 d、≥29 d患者导管感染发生率分别为24.5%、35.6%和65.3%;深静脉置管时间愈长,导管感染发生率越高(P＜0.01);高血压性脑出血手术及开放性颅脑损伤患者导管感染发生率分别为14.8%、18.0%,均高于颅内肿瘤切除手术及化疗患者(P＜0.01);锁骨下静脉穿刺置管及经贵要静脉穿刺置管患者感染发生率均低于颈内静脉穿刺置管患者(P＜0.01).结论:严格深静脉置管护理和缩短留置时间对防止神经外科患者中心静脉导管感染具有重要临床意义.     

心胸外科中心静脉导管感染患者的相关因素分析及预防对策

目的探讨并分析心胸外科中心静脉导管感染的相关因素及预防对策。方法2002年1月-2005年12月，随机抽取行中心静脉穿刺患者560例。治疗结束后，取导管尖端进行细菌培养，并对结果进行分析。结果引起心胸外科深静脉置管相关感染的病原菌中，葡萄球菌占50％，真菌占16．7％；深静脉置管3，4，5周的感染率分别为24．5％、35．6％和65．2％；普胸手术及开放性胸外伤患者导管感染发生率分别为14．8％、18．0％，高于心脏手术及化疗患者；锁骨下静脉穿刺及贵要静脉置管感染发生率（9．6％、9．4％）低于颈内静脉（18．7％）。结论引起心胸外科深静脉置管相关感染的病原菌以葡萄球菌为首位病原菌；深静脉留置时间愈长，则导管感染率越高；普胸手术及开放性胸外伤患者导管感染发生率显著高于心脏手术及化疗患者；锁骨下静脉穿刺及贵要静脉置管感染发生率低于颈内静脉。严格深静脉置管护理和缩短留置时间对防止相关性感染具有重要临床意义。     

两种深静脉置管术在危重症患者治疗中的比较

目的 对锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术和股静脉穿刺置管术的优缺点进行比较.方法 对我科2006～2007年240例行深静脉穿刺置管术的重症监护病房(ICU)患者进行回顾性分析,对两种静脉置管术的一针穿刺成功率、插管完成时间、误穿动脉率、导管留置时间、导管相关感染率和深静脉血栓形成率进行比较.结果 股静脉穿刺置管术的一针穿刺成功率较锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术高,插管完成时间短,误穿动脉率低,但导管留置时间较锁骨下静脉穿刺置管短,导管相关感染率,深静脉血栓形成率高.结论 ICU患者如果需要留置导管较长时间,宜选择锁骨下静脉穿刺置管方法,而对于急性中毒患者,宜选择股静脉穿刺置管.     

锁骨下静脉穿刺置管在乳腺癌化疗中的应用及护理

目的探讨锁骨下静脉途径在乳腺癌化疗中的应用、观察及护理。方法回顾性分析62例乳腺癌进行锁骨下穿刺置管化疗的临床资料,总结护理经验。结果62例患者全部一次置管成功,无穿刺并发症。1例发生穿刺部位感染而拔管,3例导管脱落再次置管,无导管堵塞、深静脉栓塞或血栓形成、深静脉炎、药物渗漏致组织坏死等并发症。结论乳腺癌患者行锁骨下静脉置管化疗是一种安全、无痛苦的给药途径,而优质的导管护理是导管长时间留置成功的关键。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.