中药离子导入对颈性眩晕患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽的影响

目的 :观察颈性眩晕患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽 ( CGRP)的水平及单向中频电中药导入治疗后患者血浆 CGRP的改变。方法 :对 34例颈性眩晕患者采用单向中频电中药导入治疗 (导入组 ) ;另 34例口服复方丹参片和眩晕停药物治疗作为对照。治疗前后测定血浆 CGRP。结果 :治疗前 6 8例眩晕患者血浆 CGRP〔导入组( 36 .2 3± 2 2 .78) ng/L,服药组 ( 36 .72± 2 2 .85 ) ng/L〕均低于健康人组〔( 5 2 .2 6± 18.5 3) ng/L,P均 <0 .0 1〕,经单向中频电中药导入治疗后患者血浆 CGRP较治疗前明显升高〔导入组 ( 5 0 .12± 2 0 .6 2 ) ng/L,P<0 .0 5 ;服药组 ( 44 .5 2± 2 3.36 ) ng/L ,P>0 .0 5〕。结论 :CGRP参与了颈性眩晕的病理生理过程。     

慢性充血性心力衰竭患者血浆游离肉碱浓度的测定及临床意义

目的探讨测定慢性充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者血浆游离肉碱浓度的临床意义。方法用放射性同位素酶化学法测定 40例 CHF患者和 3 0例正常人的血浆游离肉碱浓度。结果 CHF患者血浆游离肉碱浓度 [(4 6.48± 1.3 3 ) μmol/L]明显低于正常人血浆游离肉碱水平 [(5 5 .3± 11.19) μmol/L,P<0 .0 5 ]。心功能 级组比心功能 、 级组的血浆游离肉碱浓度更低 ,前者为 (3 5 .76± 5 .61)μmol/L,后者分别为 (5 0 .2 4± 9.3 2 ) μmol/L 和 (4 9.81± 12 .2 3 ) μmol/L;左室射血分数 (L VEF)≤ 40 %组血浆游离肉碱浓度较L VEF>40 %组低 ,分别为 (3 8.96± 9.0 6) μmol/L和 (4 9.71± 10 .77) μmol/L,两组比较有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1)。经 L-肉碱 3 g/d静脉滴注治疗 10天后 ,伴随 CHF患者心功能改善 1～ 2级后 ,血浆游离肉碱浓度显著升高至 (10 0 .2 7± 5 6.2 3 )μmol/L (P<0 .0 1)。结论放射性同位素酶化学法测定血浆游离肉碱浓度灵敏、精确、可靠且重复性好。 CHF患者血浆游离肉碱浓度随心衰程度的加重而降低 ,提示 CHF患者存在能量代谢的紊乱 ,可能与体内肉碱缺乏有关 ,补充外源性 L -肉碱后 CHF患者心功能得以明显改善 ,血浆游离肉碱浓度亦随之升高 ,CHF患者补充适量的外源性肉碱是有效的代谢治疗方法之一     

电刺激小脑对脑梗塞患者血浆内皮素的影响

目的　探讨电刺激小脑治疗对急性脑梗塞患者血浆内皮素水平的影响。方法　将6 0例急性脑梗塞患者 ,随机分为电刺激小脑治疗组 (30例 )和常规治疗对照组 (30例 ) ,分别观察其疗效和治疗前后血浆内皮素 (ET)含量的变化 ,并与 30名健康人的血浆ET水平进行比较。结果　脑梗塞患者的血浆内皮素水平 (6 1.76± 34 .6 0 )ng/L ,明显高于健康人 (44 .48± 6 .41)ng/L ,P <0 .0 1。电刺激小脑治疗组治疗前与对照组血浆内皮素水平差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;治疗后患者血浆内皮素水平 (39.12± 2 1.39)ng/L ,较对照组 (6 1.5 0± 12 .6 4)ng/L明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,与健康人比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。对照组治疗前后差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　电刺激小脑治疗对急性脑梗塞患者有明显疗效 ,利于患者的早期肢体功能恢复 ,血浆ET水平的降低是其治疗机制之一。     

动脉硬化疾病患者血浆内皮素和降钙素基因相关肽的检测及其临床意义

目的 :探讨内皮素 (ET)和降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP) ,在动脉硬化 (AS)疾病 (包括脑梗死、冠心病和高血压病 )发病中的作用及意义。方法 :用放免法检测 30例健康者和 32例 AS疾病者治疗前、后的血浆 ET和 CGRP含量。结果 :AS疾病者治疗前 ET和 CGRP比对照组显著升高 (90 .6± 2 3.3) ng/ L比 (44 .5± 11.8) ng/ L ,t=10 .0 2 ;(76 .8± 2 7.6 )ng/ L比 (6 4.1± 11.2 ) ng/ L ,t=2 .39,P分别 <0 .0 1,<0 .0 5 ;治疗后与治疗前比较 ET显著下降 (5 6 .7± 16 .1) ng/ L比(90 .6± 2 3.3) ng/ L,t=11.0 9,P<0 .0 1,也显著升高 (10 0 .5± 8.8) ng/ L比 (76 .8± 2 7.6 ) ng/ L,t=4.77,P<0 .0 1,也高于对照组 (10 0 .5± 8.8) ng/ L比 (6 4.1± 11.2 ) ng/ L,t=14.0 0 ,P<0 .0 1。结论 :ET和 CGRP在 AS疾病的发病中可能起一定作用 ;测定二者的水平有助于判断病情变化及预后     

厄贝沙坦治疗前后原发性高血压患者血浆内皮素-1的变化

目的　观察厄贝沙坦治疗前后原发性高血压 (EH)患者血浆内皮素 - 1(ET - 1)水平的变化 ,探讨ET - 1在EH发展中所起的作用。方法　 88例高血压患者作为EH组 ,服用厄贝沙坦治疗 4周 (剂量 15 0～ 30 0mgd-1) ,4 8例健康人作为对照组。测量两组血压和血浆ET - 1水平 ,检测厄贝沙坦治疗后EH组血压和血浆ET - 1的变化。结果　3例患者因不良反应退出研究。EH组与对照组血浆ET - 1水平分别为 90 .2 4± 2 9.2 3ng/L、5 8.31± 11.4 2ng/L ,前者较后者显著增高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且高血压III级ET - 1水平显著高于高血压II级 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,高血压II级ET - 1水平显著高于高血压I级 (P <0 .0 5 )。厄贝沙坦组治疗后ET - 1水平为 6 8.98± 8.2 0ng/L ,较治疗前显著降低 (P <0 .0 1)。厄贝沙坦组治疗前SBP和DBP分别为 16 8.34± 12 .92、112 .33± 8.0 4mmHg ,治疗后分别为 12 8.32± 18.4 3、82 .76± 4 .2 2mmHg ,均较治疗前明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　EH患者血压与ET - 1水平正相关 ,厄贝沙坦在有效降压的同时 ,血浆ET - 1水平亦降低。     

B-型利钠肽在早期心力衰竭患者中的临床意义

目的　探讨心力衰竭 (HF)患者血浆B -型利钠肽 (BNP)的水平变化及在早期HF患者中的临床应用价值。方法　 6 8例HF患者 (NYHAⅠ～Ⅳ )均行超声心动图检查并取肘静脉血 ,用ELISA方法测定血浆BNP水平。结果　HF患者NY HAⅢ～Ⅳ级血浆BNP水平与Ⅰ～Ⅱ级比较有显著性差异〔(0 .5 5± 0 .1 1 )vs (0 .35± 0 .1 3)pg/L〕且Ⅰ～Ⅱ级患者血浆BNP水平明显高于对照组〔(0 .35± 0 .1 3)vs (0 .0 6± 0 .0 2 )pg/L ,P <0 .0 0 1〕。LVEF≤ 4 0 %患者血浆BNP水平明显高于LVEF >4 0 %患者〔(0 .5 3± 0 .1 2 )vs (0 .34± 0 .1 7)pg/L ,P <0 .0 0 1〕。LVEDD≥ 6 0mm患者明显高于LVEDD <6 0mm者〔(0 .5 3± 0 .1 5 )vs (0 .4 7±0 .1 2 )pg/L ,P <0 .0 0 1〕。结论　心衰患者血浆BNP水平是早期心功能受损的敏感指标 ,与心功能指标NYHA、LVEDD、LVEF有明显的相关性 ,其中与NYHA更相关 ,对HF患者的早期诊断具有重要的临床价值     

益心颗粒治疗冠心病心绞痛机制研究

目的 :观察益心颗粒治疗冠心病心绞痛的临床疗效及对内皮功能的影响。方法 :选取冠心病心绞痛患者 5 5例 ,随机分为 2组 ,分别给予益心颗粒和消心痛治疗 2周。结果 :益心颗粒组和消心痛组均可明显改善冠心病心绞痛患者的临床症状 ,益心颗粒组总有效率为 85 .71% ,消心痛组总有效率为 88.89% ,2组间无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。血清一氧化氮 (NO)含量均明显增加 ,益心颗粒组治疗前 (2 1.76± 2 .6 4 )μmol/ L ,治疗后(31.2 3± 3.76 )μmol/ L ,P<0 .0 5 ;消心痛组治疗前 (2 2 .87± 2 .79)μmol/ L ,治疗后 (32 .96± 3.5 6 )μmol/ L ,P<0 .0 5。内皮素 (ET)水平均降低 ,益心颗粒组治疗前 (6 5 .87± 10 .32 ) ng/ L,治疗后 (49.98± 7.73) ng/ L,P<0 .0 5 ;消心痛组治疗前 (6 3.73± 9.34) ng/ L,治疗后 (46 .2 3± 7.93) ng/ L,P<0 .0 5。治疗后 2组 NO和 ET间比较均无显著性差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论 :益心颗粒能缓解冠心病心绞痛的临床症状 ,改善其内皮功能 ,其作用机制之一是通过增加 NO、抑制 ET而介导的。     

急性心肌梗死患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽含量变化及尿激酶溶栓治疗对其影响的观察

目的 :观察降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)在急性心肌梗死 (AMI)中的临床意义以及尿激酶溶栓治疗对其的影响。方法 :采用放免法测定 2 0例 AMI、30例稳定型心绞痛 (SAP)患者和 2 0例正常对照组的血浆 CGRP浓度。结果 :AMI患者入院时的血浆 CGRP平均浓度为 (45 .8± 7.1 ) ng/L,SAP患者为 (42 .9± 9.9) ng/L,正常对照组为 (5 2 .1± 1 6 .0 ) ng/L ,SAP患者的血浆 CGRP浓度较正常对照组明显减低 (P<0 .0 1 )。AMI合并心力衰竭、心源性休克和严重心律失常及梗死面积较大者的血浆 CGRP浓度〔分别为 (6 1 .1± 1 7.4) ng/L、(6 7.7±2 4.1 ) ng/L和 (1 5 5 .7± 46 .5 ) ng/L〕较无并发症者 (1 99.4± 5 2 .1 ) ng/L显著减低 ;CGRP与 CK MB呈显著正相关 (r=0 .42 ,P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;AMI溶栓后梗死相关动脉 (IRA )再通者的血浆 CGRP和 CK MB浓度较溶栓前明显升高 ,分别是溶栓前的 6倍和 2～ 3倍。结论 :检测血浆 CGRP浓度对 AMI病情和预后的判断可提供有益的帮助。 AMI溶栓后早期出现 CGRP和 CK MB浓度明显升高提示 IRA再通。     

重型颅脑损伤患者血浆肾上腺髓质素变化及临床意义

目的　探讨血管活性物质肾上腺髓质素 (ADM)、内皮素 - 1 (ET - 1 )、去甲肾上腺素 (NE)在重型颅脑损伤中的变化及对血流动力学的影响 ,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法　检测 1 2例重度颅脑损伤患者血浆ADM、ET - 1、NE手术前后浓度变化。结果　重度颅脑损伤组手术前血浆ADM、ET - 1、NE浓度分别为 (65 63± 6 55)mmol/L ,(2 2 1 91± 31 42 )mmol/L ,(2 37±0 1 6)ng/mL ,明显高于正常对照组 (2 1 56± 4 2 1 )mmol/L ,(77 56± 4 2 1 )mmol/L ,(0 48± 0 0 7)ng/mL(P <0 0 1 ) ;死亡组血浆ADM、ET - 1、NE浓度分别为 (1 0 4 59± 31 33)mmol/L ,(2 71 34± 38 72 )mmol/L ,(2 88± 0 53)ng/mL ,明显高于存活组 (57 736±2 7 63)mmol/L ,(1 84 74± 31 42 )mmol/L ,(2 1 1± 0 466)ng/mL(P <0 0 5)。重度颅脑外伤患者早期存在明显的高血流动力学状态 ,术后 3～ 5d逐渐恢复。结论　ADM、ET - 1、NE参与重型颅脑损伤的病理过程 ,并对血流动力学变化产生影响     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液中白介素-1β的变化

目的 :探讨白细胞介素 1β(IL 1β)在急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)发病中的作用。方法 :用酶联免疫吸附试验检测了 13例 ARDS患者和 9例健康者支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BAL F)和血清中 IL 1β含量。结果 :ARDS患者 BAL F及血清中 IL 1β含量〔分别为 (14 4 .6 7± 80 .79) ng/ L 和 (4 5 .71± 7.0 9) ng/ L〕明显高于对照组〔分别为 (2 0 .39± 1.87) ng/ L 和 (35 .0 6± 5 .4 6 ) ng/ L,P=0 .0 0 0和 P=0 .0 0 1〕,且 ARDS患者 BAL F中IL 1β含量也明显高于血清 (P=0 .0 0 0 )。结论 :IL 1β参与了 ARDS的发病过程 ,早期测定 ARDS患者肺内细胞因子可能比血液或血浆中更有价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.