巨核细胞系抗原表达在急性髓系白血病中的意义

目的探讨急性髓系白血病（ＡＭＬ）巨核细胞系抗原（ＭＫ）表达与临床、生物学特征的关系。方法采用流式细胞仪间接免疫荧光法对成人初治ＡＭＬ患者２１１例进行检测。结果２７例（１２８％）表达ＭＫ;ＡＭＬ亚型中以杂合急性白血病（ＨＡＬ）和急性单核细胞白血病（Ｍ５）表达最高,分别为４５．５％和２４．１％。ＭＫ表达与ＣＤ３４抗原、外周血高白细胞数、多药耐药糖蛋白（Ｐｇｐ）高度相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,与染色体核型无关。ＭＫ＋ＡＭＬ的完全缓解（ＣＲ）率为３３．３％,明显低于ＭＫＡＭＬ的７１９％。结论巨核细胞系抗原表达可能起源于较早期造血干细胞的恶性转化,可作为临床判断疗效及预后的参考指标之一。     

微卫星Mfd41和DCC的遗传不稳定性与慢性粒细胞白血病病程发展关系研究

目的：研究微卫星ＤＮＡｓ的遗传不稳定性与慢性粒细胞白血病（ＣＭＬ）加速、急变的关系。方法：采用基础ＰＣＲ银染方法对９例加速期和８例急变期ＣＭＬ患者的骨髓细胞与其慢性期标本位于染色体１７ｐ的Ｍｆｄ４１和１８ｑ的ＤＣＣ两个微卫星序列进行比较分析。结果：１７例ＣＭＬ加速期或急变期患者中有８例出现微卫星不稳定性（ＭＳＩ）或杂合性丢失（ＬＯＨ），占总病例数的４７．５％。６例（加速期２例，急变期４例）出现ＤＣＣ改变，占总病例数的３５．３％；２例（加速期和急变期各１例）出现Ｍｆｄ４１改变，占总病例数的１１．８％。结论：微卫星ＤＮＡｓ的遗传不稳定性可能参与ＣＭＬ加速或急变的演变     

免疫表型在急性髓细胞白血病中的预后价值

为探讨免疫表型在急性髓细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）中的预后价值，分析了５７例住院成人ＡＭＬ患者的初诊免疫表型与完全缓解（ＣＲ）率和ＣＲ期的关系。结果表明，各髓系抗原的表达率依次为ＣＤ１３＞ＣＤ３３＞ＳＩ６＞ＣＤ６５＞ＣＤ１５＞ＣＤ１１ｂ＞ＣＤ１４。干／祖细胞分化抗原ＣＤ３４的表达率为４２％，以Ｍ１和Ｍ５最高（８０％和８６％），Ｍ３则几乎不表达ＣＤ３４和ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ。淋系抗原ＣＤ２、ＣＤ７、ＣＤ１０、ＣＤ１９和ＣＤ２２在部分ＡＭＬ中阳性。单参数统计分析显示，ＣＤ７＋、ＣＤ１１ｂ＋和ＣＤ３４＋的病例较阴性病例具有低ＣＲ率（Ｐ＜０．０５，＜０．０１，＜０．００５）和短ＣＲ期，表明免疫表型可以作为临床上判断ＡＭＬ预后的参考指标之一。     

血和尿Ⅳ型胶原对早期糖尿病肾病诊断的意义

目的：探讨血和尿Ⅳ型胶原（ⅣＣ）含量在非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）中的变化及对肾功能损害早期诊断的价值。方法：采用酶联免疫法和放射免疫法测定３３例病史５年以上、血尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）和肌酐（ＳＣｒ）均在正常范围内的ＮＩＤＤＭ患者（糖尿病组）和３０例非糖尿病患者（对照组）血和尿中ⅣＣ含量及尿微量白蛋白（ＵＡ）含量,比较２组患者上述各项指标及检测阳性率。结果：糖尿病患者血和尿中ⅣＣ阳性率（分别为７８．７９％和１００．００％）及其含量〔血ⅣＣ（１６０．２０±６６．０１）μｇ／Ｌ,尿ⅣＣ（６７．３５±８．３１）μｇ／Ｌ）〕均明显高于对照组〔分别为１０．００％、６．６７％、（６１．７８±２９．２６）μｇ／Ｌ和（２．２６±２．３６）μｇ／Ｌ〕,Ｐ均＜０．０１。且糖尿病患者尿ⅣＣ检测阳性率（１００．００％）明显高于尿微量白蛋白检测阳性率（１８．１８％,Ｐ＜０．０１）,其含量变化二者呈明显正相关（ｒ＝０．８９２４,Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：测定糖尿病患者血、尿ⅣＣ,尤其是尿ⅣＣ较尿ＵＡ测定对ＤＮ更具早期诊断价值;ⅣＣ是早期糖尿病肾损害的预警指标之一。     

急性髓系白血病细胞CD34抗原表达的研究：Ⅰ表达特点和临床意义

对５６例初发急性髓系白血病（ＡＭＬ）细胞ＣＤ＿（３４）抗原的表达作了检测，分析了ＣＤ＿（３４）抗原表达与临床表现及化疗疗效的关系。结果显示，ＡＭＬ细胞的ＣＤ＿（３４）表达率存在很大差别，从１％～８５％；５６例ＡＭＬ中ＣＤ＿（３４）阳性表达病例为２３例，占４１．１％。ＣＤ＿（３４）抗原表达与ＦＡＢ形态学分型无关，但Ｍ＿３型的表达阳性率明显低于Ｍ＿１、Ｍ＿２型。ＣＤ＿（３４）￣＋病例组与ＣＤ＿（３４）￣－病例组在年龄、性别及初发时白细胞总数、血红蛋白浓度、血小板计数等均无明显差异；在诱导化疗疗效上，ＣＤ＿（３４）￣＋组完全缓解率为４３．５％，明显低于ＣＤ＿（３４）￣－组的７２．７％。研究结果提示，ＡＭＬ细胞在ＣＤ＿（３４）抗原的表达上存在异质性；并具有一定的预后判断价值，建议对ＣＤ＿（３４）￣＋病例施行更为有效的、可能需与ＣＤ＿（３４＿￣－病例不同的化疗。     

基因重组α干扰素治疗48例慢性粒细胞白血病的临床观察

为观察干扰素的疗效，应用基因重组α干扰素（ＩＦＮ－α）治疗４８例慢性粒细胞白血病（ＣＭＬ），其中慢性期（ＣＰ）４５例（２例完全缓解病例），加速期（ＡＰ）３例。剂量大多为隔日３００万Ｕ，４例为每日６００万Ｕ，平均疗程为８．６个月（３～３９个月）。单用ＩＦＮ－α治疗ＣＭＬＣＰ７例，其中３例有效；联用甲异靛治疗１７例，联用羟基脲治疗９例，有效率分别为９４．１％和５５．６％，与单用甲异靛或羟基脲治疗者相比无显著差异；ＩＦＮ－α同时与甲异靛和羟基脲合用１０例，７例有效。ＩＦＮ－α能明显减少联用药物的剂量，减轻其毒副作用。缓解后１２例单用ＩＦＮ－α维持治疗，平均持续缓解时间为６．５个月。复查Ｐｈ＋ＣＭＬ２９例，治疗后均未达到完全转阴，其中１例Ｐｈ染色体阳性率由１００％降至８％，９例由１００％降至７０％～９０％，总有效率为３４．５％。细胞遗传学好转的患者平均用药剂量和用药时间明显高于细胞遗传学未好转者。结果提示ＩＦＮ－α可用于ＣＭＬＣＰ和缓解后维持治疗，若加大剂量和延长用药时间，有可能进一步提高疗效。ＩＦＮ－α对ＣＭＬＡＰ无效。     

白细胞介素8及其受体在急性白血病的表达及其意义

目的探讨白细胞介素８（ＩＬ８）及其Ａ、Ｂ受体（ＩＬ８ＲＡ、ＩＬ８ＲＢ）的表达与急性白血病（ＡＬ）的分型、疗效及并发症的关系。方法用酶联免疫夹心法检测７７例初诊ＡＬ患者外周血ＩＬ８含量,用间接免疫荧光及流式细胞术检测骨髓单个核细胞（ＭＮＣｓ）表达ＩＬ８Ｒ,并检测了１５例ＡＬ完全缓解（ＣＲ）期脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中ＩＬ８水平。结果ＡＬ患者外周血ＩＬ８水平高于正常人,其中急性髓系白血病（ＡＭＬ）高于急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）,Ｍ４、Ｍ５高于Ｍ１～Ｍ３,ＢＡＬＬ高于ＴＡＬＬ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＡＬＬ中ＩＬ８＞１００ｎｇ／Ｌ组比≤１００ｎｇ／Ｌ组疗效差（Ｐ＜０．０５）;约３６．３６％的ＡＬ患者ＩＬ８Ｒ（＋）,ＩＬ８Ｒ（＋）者的外周血白细胞计数及幼稚细胞比例显著高于ＩＬ８Ｒ（－）者（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＣＲ期患者ＣＳＦ中ＩＬ８水平与治疗前比较,差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）,合并中枢神经系统白血病（ＣＮＳＬ）时明显升高。结论外周血和ＣＳＦ中ＩＬ８水平的检测及检测骨髓ＭＮＣｓ膜ＩＬ８Ｒ的表达有助于ＡＬ各亚型的鉴别及预后判断;ＣＮＳＬ发生时ＣＳＦ中ＩＬ８增高。     

失碳长春碱或长春花碱酰胺加顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌临床观察

目的：观察失碳长春碱（ＮＶＢ）加顺铂（ＤＤＰ）与长春花碱酰胺（ＶＤＳ）加顺铂两种联合化疗方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）的疗效及毒性反应。方法：对收治的７６例ＮＳＣＬＣ患者随机分成两组,Ａ组（ｎ＝３８）：ＮＶＢ ２５ｍｇ／ｍ＾２＋生理盐水８０～１００ｍｌ于第１天,第８天或第５天静注,ＤＤＰ８０～１００ｍｇ／ｍ＾２＋２．５％氯化钠２５０～５００ｍｌ于第１天或分５ｄ静点。Ｂ组（ｎ＝３８）：ＶＤＳ     

慢性粒－单核细胞白血病——附16例分析

为重新全面认识慢性粒－单核细胞白血病（ＣＭＭＬ）特征。对１６例ＣＭＭＬ患者的临床和实验室资料进行分析。结果：ＣＭＭＬ患者起病症状多为非特异性，外周血可出现少量原幼粒、单核细胞，成熟单核细胞比例均＞０．１０，骨髓原始、早幼粒细胞多＞０．０５，原幼单核细胞＞０．０５，成熟单核细胞＞０．２０，伴有明显的二或三系病态造血。表达额外的ＡＤＡ２同工酶。化疗耐受性差。外周血白细胞数和单核细胞数明显升高（分别＞５０×１０９／Ｌ和１０×１０９／Ｌ），骨髓原始及早幼粒细胞与原幼单核细胞＞０．３０者预后很差。结果表明：ＣＭＭＬ是一组异质性疾病，建议将ＣＭＭＬ单独列为一组疾病，从ＭＤＳ中分出来，并将ＣＭＭＬ分为慢性期、加速期和急变期，应将ＦＡＢ诊断ＣＭＭＬ标准作适当修改     

bcl—2基因表达在慢性粒细胞白血病急变中的意义

目的探讨ｂｃｌ２基因表达在慢性粒细胞白血病（ＣＭＬ）急变中的生物学意义。方法采用碱性磷酸酶抗碱性磷酸酶免疫复合物方法和地高辛标记探针原位杂交技术检测各期ＣＭＬ患者６０例新鲜骨髓标本中ＢＣＬ２蛋白和ｂｃｌ２ｍＲＮＡ的表达,并对其中１９例标本进行流式细胞术分析骨髓细胞凋亡率及细胞周期。结果初诊和治疗后ＣＭＬ中ｂｃｌ２基因表达相近,但明显低于急变时。ｂｃｌ２ｍＲＮＡ表达与蛋白表达基本一致。ｂｃｌ２基因高表达与ＣＭＬ患者外周血血红蛋白、血小板、幼稚细胞及骨髓不成熟细胞比例相关。加速／急变期ＣＭＬ细胞凋亡率明显低于慢性期,但细胞周期无明显变化。结论ＣＭＬ急变时ｂｃｌ２基因表达增高,骨髓细胞凋亡率降低,这些现象部分地阐明了ＣＭＬ急变预后不良的机制,也为ＣＭＬ急变的早期诊断和治疗提供了实验依据。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.