肝纤维化门静脉压力改变与血管活性物质关系的实验研究

目的制作兔肝纤维化模型,观察血管活性物质与门静脉压力变化的关系.方法 40只家兔采用口服硫代乙酰胺方法造模,分别于造模8、12、16、20周时检测ET-1及NO浓度,超声观察胆囊壁及肝脏血流动力学指标,测量不同时期门静脉压力.分析血管活性物质与肝脏血流动力学指标及门静脉压力变化间的关系.结果胆囊壁增厚是肝纤维化阶段的二维超声表现;随着纤维化程度的加重,血清ET-1、NO浓度逐渐增加,且以ET-1/NO比值增加更为明显;门脉内压力、肠系膜上动脉、脾动脉搏动指数(PI)随纤维化程度逐渐增加,实验组与对照组间有显著差异(P<0.05),且与ET-1/NO值呈正相关(P<0.01).结论通过超声可无创检测肝脏血流动力学变化,帮助临床诊断肝纤维化及治疗效果的观察,具有积极的作用.     

Fibriscan和声触诊弹性成像STE结合二维超声对肝病及其肝纤维化的诊断分析

目的:分析瞬时弹性成像(Fibriscan)和声触诊弹性成像(STE)结合二维超声对肝病及其肝纤维化的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2022年4月至2022年7月期间我院收治的78例肝病患者的临床资料,以其中发生肝纤维化的31例患者为纤维化组,以其中未发生肝纤维化的47例患者为未纤维化组,比较两组患者肝脏硬度、STE杨氏模量值、胆囊壁厚度、脾脏长径、脾脏厚度、门静脉主干内径,并分析以上指标与肝纤维化发生的相关性。使用受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析以上指标联合诊断肝纤维化的诊断价值。结果:纤维化组患者肝脏硬度、STE杨氏模量值、胆囊壁厚度、脾脏长径、脾脏厚度、门静脉主干内径均显著高于非纤维化组患者(P<0.05)。经logictics模型分析,肝脏硬度、STE杨氏模量值、胆囊壁厚度、脾脏长径、脾脏厚度、门静脉主干内径与肝纤维化发生呈正相关(P<0.05)。ROC曲线中,肝脏硬度、STE杨氏模量值、胆囊壁厚度、脾脏长径、脾脏厚度、门静脉主干内径联合诊断肝纤维化的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.909。结论:Fibriscan和STE结合二维超声诊断肝病患者肝纤维化发生具有较高诊断价值,可为临床诊断提供参考依据。     

肝硬化胆囊壁的高频超声分型与门静脉主干及右支血流动力学的关系

目的 探讨肝硬化胆囊壁的不同分型与门静脉主干及右支血流动力学变化的关系.方法 采用高频超声联合二维及彩色超声观察肝硬化组(69例)和对照组(30名)的胆囊壁分型、厚度、门静脉主干内径(D_(pv))、门静脉主干血流速度(V_(pv))、门静脉主干血流量(Q_(pv))、门静脉右支内径(D_(rpv))、门静脉右支血流速度(V_(rpv))、门静脉右支血流量(Q_(rpv)).同时根据胆囊壁的不同分型将69例肝硬化患者分为胆囊壁不厚亚组、单纯增厚亚组和双边亚组,对比肝硬化各组与对照组以上检测指标的差异.结果 各组间胆囊壁厚度均存在差异(P<0.05);D_(pv)除胆囊壁不厚亚组与单纯增厚亚组间差异无统计学意义外,其余各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);V_(pv)仅单纯增厚亚组与对照组、双边亚组与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);Q_(pv)在双边亚组与其余各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).D_(rpv)、Q_(rpv)各组间差异均无统计学意义;V_(rpv)对照组分别与单纯增厚亚组及双边亚组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).肝硬化组与对照组Q_(rpv)/Q_(pv)比值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).胆囊壁厚度与D_(pv)呈正相关(r=0.886,P<0.01).结论 肝硬化时高频超声下胆囊壁的不同分型与门静脉主干血流动力学变化关系密切,而与门静脉右支血流动力学变化无相关性;胆囊静脉回流受阻并非肝硬化门静脉高压胆囊壁变化主要的血流动力学原因,其发生可能有更内在的机制.     

彩色多普勒超声评价大鼠肝纤维化分期

目的探讨常规二维超声及CDFI评价大鼠肝纤维化分期的价值。方法选取80只健康Wistar大鼠,建立肝纤维化模型,应用二维超声及CDFI测量大鼠门静脉内径及血流速度、脾脏厚度及长度,对测量结果与大鼠肝纤维化病理分期进行相关性分析。结果大鼠门静脉内径在S4与S0、S1、S2、S3之间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),S1与S3、S2与S0的差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);门静脉血流速度S0与S4的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各期肝纤维化中,脾脏厚度及长度差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。门静脉内径与肝纤维化病理分期呈正相关(r=0.77,P<0.001),门静脉血流速度与肝纤维化分期呈负相关性(r=-0.29,P<0.05)。脾脏厚度及长度与肝纤维化分期无明显相关性。结论常规二维超声及CDFI可通过检测大鼠门静脉内径及血流速度,简便、无创、客观地评价肝纤维化进程。     

慢性病毒性肝炎胆囊超声观察指标与肝脏组织病理G、S关系研究

目的 探讨慢性病毒性肝炎不同炎症分级(G)、肝组织病理纤维化(S)分期与胆囊壁超声改变关系及其临床意义.方法 对照组 102 例为体检健康者.病例组 402 例按肝穿结果纤维化分为 So～S4 五期、炎症分为 G1～G4 四级.在肝穿后7 d内应用超声观察胆囊的大小、胆囊壁的声像图表现,将观察的结果与 G 与 S 及临床化验进行对照分析.结果 胆囊壁的异常表现包括毛糙、增厚毛糙、双边影征;病例组与对照组之间胆囊各观察指标比较:胆囊壁异常表现、胆囊大小差异有显著性.S 分期中,胆囊长径S0-3 与 S4 之间差异有显著性;胆囊壁厚度、胆囊壁毛糙 S0-2 与 S3-4 之间差异有显著性.G 分级中,胆囊长径 G1 与 G2、G2 与 G3-4 之间差异有显著性;胆囊壁厚度 G1-2 与 G3-4 之间差异有显著性;胆囊壁毛糙 G1-3 与 G4 之间差异有显著性.结论 慢性病毒性肝炎患者胆囊大小、胆囊壁声像图异常改变随着 G、S 分期增加而增加,综合考虑各项指标的变化有助于临床评估慢性病毒性肝炎的病情发展.     

慢性肝病时肝循环指数检测及骨强度改变的实验研究

目的探讨超声检测实验性肝纤维化肝循环指数(HCI)及骨强度的作用。方法40只健康家兔采用硫代乙酰胺为唯一饮用水制备肝纤维化模型,分别于0、8、12、16、20周测量外周血清骨钙素(BGP)水平;应用超声检测不同时期肝纤维化HCI及骨声波传导速度(SOS),病理对照观察肝纤维化程度及骨骼结构变化。结果HCI实验组S2、S3、S4期与对照组S0期间比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),实验组间对比S4期与S1、S2期之间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。实验兔肝纤维化股骨SOS随纤维化程度加重而降低,实验组S3、S4期与对照组S0间差异有显著性意义;血清BGP浓度实验组与对照组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论超声检测HCI及SOS,对慢性肝病时肝储备功能和骨骼强度的评估具有积极作用。     

门静脉和肝中静脉内径与肝纤维化相关性的临床研究

目的探讨慢性肝病患者的门静脉和肝中静脉内径与肝纤维化程度的相关性。方法173例经过肝活检病理确诊的慢性肝病患者,超声测量其门静脉主干内径(DPV)和肝中静脉内径(DMHV),然后将DPV和DMHV与肝纤维化分期作相关性分析。结果肝纤维化S4期的DPV[(11.74±1.32)mm]高于S3期[(11.01±1.22)mm]、S2期[(10.44±1.35)mm]、S1期[(10.13±0.62)mm]和S0期[(10.08±1.55)mm],P<0.01;DPV与肝纤维化分期的相关性(rs=0.376,P<0.01)。S4期的DMHV[(4.30±1.76)mm]小于S3期[(6.11±1.77)mm]、S2期[(6.50±1.68)mm]、S1期[(7.31±1.71)mm]和S0期[(8.01±0.68)mm],P<0.01;DMHV与肝纤维化分期的相关性(rs=-0.471,P<0.01);联合DPV和DMHV诊断S4期的曲线下面积为0.771,大于DPV(0.711)和DMHV(0.761)。结论DPV和DMHV与慢性肝病的肝纤维化程度均有较好的相关性,DPV和DMHV联合检测对于早期肝硬化的诊断有更好的临床价值。     

超声评价肝脏炎症及纤维化程度的指标筛选

目的：探讨超声评价慢性肝炎肝组织炎症及纤维化程度的可行性，并筛选诊断意义较大的超声指标。方法：采用多普勒招声检测225例慢性肝炎患者及51例正常人肝脏，脾脏，胆囊的二维声像及血流动力学参数共44项指标，并与病理论断结果对照，挑选出诊断意义大的超声指标。结果：分别有20项指标与肝组织炎症分级，19项与肝纤维化分期显著性相关，其中，门静脉主干最大血流速度及胆囊壁平滑度是判断炎症程度意义的独立性判别指标；肝包膜及实质回声，胆囊壁厚度是判断肝纤维程度的的独立性判别指标。结论：超声可用于评价慢性肝炎肝脏炎症及纤维及程度。     

不同类型失代偿期肝硬化患者胆囊壁变化分析

目的 探讨不同类型失代偿期肝硬化患者胆囊壁变化异同。方法 按发病原因的不同将78例失代偿期肝硬化患者分为乙型肝炎后肝硬化组48例,丙型肝炎后肝硬化组15例,酒精性肝硬化组10例,自身免疫性肝硬化组2例,药物性肝硬化组3例。采用二维超声结合彩超对78例肝硬化患者的胆囊壁厚度、胆囊壁分型、门静脉内径(Dpv)、门静脉血流速度(Vpv)进行检测。结果 各组间在以上各检测指标间差异均无统计学意义。结论 门静脉高压症比肝功能减退与胆囊壁变化的关系密切;肝功能减退时血清胆红素、转氨酶的增高可能与胆囊壁变化呈并行关系;雌激素可能参与胆囊壁的变化。     

B型超声指标组合预测代偿性乙肝肝硬化

目的 探讨肝、胆、脾超声检查指标与肝脏纤维化分期的相关性,构建代偿性乙型肝炎肝硬化(CHBC)B型超声诊断模型.方法 回顾性分析398例慢性乙型肝炎肝活检患者的B型超声检查资料,以Logistic回归分析构建诊断模型.结果 肝左叶厚径、右叶斜径、胆囊长径、横径及胆囊指数、门静脉内径、脾脏厚度与肝组织纤维化分期存在相关性,肝硬化患者肝实质回声、血管走行、胆囊壁状态、脾大程度等半定量指标平均秩次及年龄、胆囊指数等计量指标均数均高于非肝硬化患者;超声半定量指标评分、胆囊指数及年龄影响对肝硬化的诊断,诊断ROC曲线下面积0.846;超声模型指数-2.143诊断灵敏度90.30%,阴性预测值94.60%;指数0诊断特异度95.70%,阳性预测值75.00%.结论 B型超声肝实质回声、血管走行、胆囊壁、脾大等半定量指标联合胆囊指数、患者年龄构成的超声指数可预测CHBC.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.