Rasch模型分析评估住院儿童跌倒风险量表

目的采用Rasch分析法初步评价住院儿童跌倒风险评估量表。方法在结合小儿生理病理和国内外儿童跌倒风险相关量表的基础上编制住院儿童跌倒风险量表(改良HDFS量表),对431例住院患儿进行评估测试后,采用Rasch统计方法评估风险条目。结果确立的7条目具有较高的条目信度,符合住院儿童风险测量的信度、效度和反应度,但儿童之间的信度较低。结论 1岁以上住院儿童跌倒风险量表条目信度较好,但仍需要加强量表应用培训,增加量表的个体信度。     

运动障碍儿童Gesell 发育量表评估情况分析

目的了解运动障碍儿童的智力低下发生率和智力结构特点。方法对157 例运动障碍儿童(脑瘫103 例,精神发育迟滞54 例)采用Gesell 发育量表进行评估,发育商<75 为智力低下。结果脑瘫患儿智力低下发生率92.2%,其中痉挛型为91.2%,不随意型、混合型和肌张力低下型均为100%。痉挛型脑瘫患儿大运动发育落后于精神发育迟滞患儿,不随意型脑瘫患儿大运动和精细运动发育均落后于精神发育迟滞患儿。结论运动障碍儿童,特别是不随意型脑瘫患儿的智力评估和康复值得注意。Gesell 发育量表用于运动障碍儿童有其局限性。     

Peabody与Gesell发育量表在1岁内脑瘫高危儿运动功能评估中的相关性

目的：探讨Peabody运动发育量表（PDMS-2）和Gesell发育量表（GDS）对〈1岁脑瘫高危患儿运动功能评估的相关性。方法：＜1岁的脑瘫高危病史患儿508例，按月龄分为0～3个月、4～6个月、7～12个月3个组，采用盲评法分别应用PDMS-2和GDS进行评估。并在GDS不纠正胎龄和纠正胎龄的条件下分别比较PDMS-2和GDS中的粗大运动发育商（GMQ）与精细运动发育商（FMQ）两者的相关性。结果：3组患儿不纠正胎龄和纠正胎龄时PDMS-2和GDS的GMQ有相关性（P〈0．01）；7～12个月组纠正胎龄后的GMQ相关系数最大（0．985）。0～3个月组不纠正胎龄PDMS-2和GDS的FMQ无相关性（P〈0．01）；0～3个月组纠正胎龄、4～6个月、7～12个月组不纠正胎龄和纠正胎龄PDMS-2和GDS中的FMQ有相关性（P＜0．01）；7～12个月组纠正胎龄后的FMQ相关系数最大（0．984）。结论：〈1岁脑瘫高危患儿中，除1～3个月患儿不纠正胎龄时的FMQ外，PDMS-2和GDS中的GMQ和FMQ均有相关性，在月龄大并纠正胎龄的患儿中相关性更突出。     

强制性诱导运动疗法对偏瘫型脑瘫患儿上肢功能的影响

目的观察强制性诱导运动疗法（CIMT）对偏瘫型脑瘫患儿上肢功能的影响。方法22例0～3岁偏瘫型脑瘫患儿随机分为两组，对照组应用常规康复治疗；观察组在常规康复治疗基础上应用CIMT治疗，用低温板材塑形制作限制性器具，限制健侧手活动，对患儿进行集中、大量、重复的练习和与日常生活相关的活动，设计循序渐进的治疗方案，每天4h，每周6d，疗程2个月。治疗前后采用脑瘫儿童精细运动功能评估量表评定疗效。结果治疗后，两组患儿的精细运动能力均较治疗前提高（P〈0．05），但观察组的疗效优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论应用CIMT治疗偏瘫型脑瘫患儿可提高患儿上肢功能的康复效果。     

作业治疗在精神运动发育迟滞儿童中的应用

目的 探讨作业治疗对精神运动发育迟滞儿童精细运动功能的作用.方法 选取25例精神运动发育迟滞儿童进行作业治疗.采用Peabody精细运动发育评估量表(PDMS-FM)评定治疗前后的效果.结果 PDMS-FM各项指标在治疗前后均有显著性差别( P<0.05～0.01).结论 作业治疗可以显著改善精神运动发育迟滞儿童的精细运动功能.     

穴位注射治疗小儿脑性瘫痪精细运动功能障碍57例疗效观察

目的探讨穴位注射治疗小儿脑瘫精细运动功能障碍的疗效。方法对57例脑瘫患儿以穴位注射为主，配合作业疗法进行治疗，并以婴幼儿精细运动发育量表评估疗效。结果治疗后，34例（59．7％）精细运动发育商提高；45例（78．9％）抓握能力指数提高；53例（92．9％）视觉感知能力指数提高。结论穴位注射配合作业疗法治疗小儿脑瘫精细运动功能障碍确有明显效果。     

脑性瘫痪儿童精细运动功能评估量表的心理测量学特性研究

目的分析0—3岁脑性瘫痪儿童精细运动功能评估量表（FMFM）的信度、效度和反应度等心理测量学特性。方法共有375名0—3岁脑性瘫痪儿童参加了此项研究，分析FMFM精细运动能力分值的重测信度与评定员之间信度（等级相关系数分析）、平行效度（与PDMS-FM原始分的Pearson相关分析）、结构效度（样组间差异分析）和反应度（效应尺度）。结果FMFM量表精细运动能力分值具有良好的重测信度（ICC=0．9833）和评定员之间信度（ICC=0．9924）；与PDMS-FM量表原始分之间的相关系数为0．9199：能有效地区分同一偏瘫儿童健患侧上肢精细运动能力分值之间差异，同时也能有效地区分相同月龄段双瘫和四肢瘫儿童精细运动能力之间的差异；此外本量表具有较好的效应尺度。结论FMFM量表具有良好的信度、效度和反应度，可以有效地评定脑性瘫痪儿童精细运动能力。     

Peabody运动发育量表-2与Gesell发育量表在脑性瘫痪患儿中的平行效度研究

目的探讨Peabody运动发育量表-2(PDMS-2)与Gesell发育量表在12~30个月脑性瘫痪患儿中的平行效度及PDMS-2在评估脑性瘫痪患儿运动功能中的应用价值。 方法12~30个月的脑性瘫痪患儿84例，均接受Peabody运动发育量表与Gesell发育量表评估，定量资料评价其平行效度时采用秩相关计算PDMS-2中粗大运动商与Gesell发育量表大运动发育商、PDMS-2精细运动商与Gesell发育量表精细运动发育商的相关系数，定性分类来评价其平行效度时计算kappa值。 结果PDMS-2粗大运动商与Gesell发育量表大运动发育商相关系数为0.89（P<0.01）、PDMS-2精细运动商与Gesell发育量表精细运动发育商的相关系数为0.87（P<0.01）。根据PDMS-2粗大运动商分类与Gesell发育量表大运动发育商分类、PDMS-2精细运动商分类与Gesell发育量表精细运动发育商分类计算的kappa值分别为0.28、0.41。 结论本研究显示，PDMS-2可用于评估12~30个月脑瘫患儿的运动功能，但其有一定的局限性。     

高危脑瘫婴幼儿早期康复的疗效与价值

目的　观察高危脑瘫婴幼儿早期康复治疗的疗效 ,探讨早期康复对高危脑瘫婴幼儿预后的影响和价值。方法　经儿科医生用小儿智能发育筛查表查出的高危脑瘫婴幼儿 ,由康复医学科医生用贝利儿童发育量表对其粗大运动、精细运动、自理、认知、社交、语言等方面进行评估。将有相应功能障碍的 2 0 9名高危脑瘫婴幼儿分成 2组 :康复组 14 7名 ,对照组 62名。康复组接受神经营养药、高压氧和康复训练 ,并依发育落后的情况采取不同的康复训练方案 ;对照组接受神经营养药和高压氧治疗 ,无康复训练。用贝利婴幼儿发育量表在康复治疗前后、1.5～ 2岁时跟踪评测疗效 ,判断预后。结果　康复组治疗前、后差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,尤其是粗大运动的差异极显著 (P <0 .0 0 1)。经 3个以上疗程治疗后 ,2组在运动方面差异有非常显著性(P <0 .0 1) ,康复组疗效明显优于对照组 ,但在自理、认知、社交、语言方面 2组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。在1.5～ 2岁跟踪评测时 2组发育迟缓人数差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,康复组明显低于对照组 ,但脑瘫发生率 2组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　婴幼儿时期是脑发育最迅速的时期 ,也是脑细胞的生理功能成熟和完善时期。对高危脑瘫婴幼儿进行早期康复干预 ,可促进大脑发育、发展     

Peabody精细运动发育量表在痉挛型脑瘫患儿中的应用

目的:探讨Peabody精细运动发育量表(PDMS-FM)在脑瘫儿童精细运动康复评估中的价值。方法:选择3岁以下的痉挛型脑瘫患儿共98例,应用PDMS-FM测定其精细运动功能。用精细运动发育商(FMQ)、抓握能力标准分(sGr)和视觉运动统合能力标准分(SVI)进行分析。结果:sGr、sVI和FMQ在不同类型的脑瘫之间有着非常显著的差异,四肢瘫患儿精细运动功能最差,双瘫患儿较好,而偏瘫患儿介于二者之间,两两比较都有显著性差异。3岁以下脑瘫患儿总体的抓握能力较差而视觉运动统合能力较强(P<0.001),四肢瘫患儿在<12月、12—24月和≥24月三个年龄段中,抓握能力均显著差于视觉运动统合能力(P<0.05);双瘫患儿在<12月组中,抓握能力显著差于视觉运动统合能力(P<0.01),在1岁以上的两组中,二者之间差异没有显著性。偏瘫患儿则在12—24月组中,抓握能力显著差于视觉运动统合能力(P<0.05),在<12月和≥24月组中,二者没有显著差异。结论:PDMS-FM可以很好地反映脑瘫患儿的精细运动功能,在脑瘫的临床分型和治疗工作中有着很好的应用价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.