流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌和卡他莫拉菌的耐药性分析

目的了解我院临床分离的流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌和卡他莫拉菌的耐药性。方法对2012年1月-2013年8月我院不同标本分离的流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、卡他莫拉菌,依照CLSl2010版标准判断药敏结果,采用WHONET5．6软件进行数据处理和统计分析。结果2012年1月-2013年8月我院共分离流感嗜血杆菌60株（产β-内酰胺酶16株）,肺炎链球菌60株、卡他莫拉菌43株（产β-内酰胺酶36株）,除1株流感嗜血杆菌和4株肺炎链球菌自血液标本分离外,其他均来源于痰标本。流感嗜血杆菌对复方新诺明的耐药率最高60％,氨苄西林的耐药率为28．6％．对阿莫西林,克拉维酸、头孢噻肟、氧氟沙星敏感率均在90％以上。肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、四环素耐药率分别为95．7％、95．5％、86．7％,对头孢噻肟、左氧氟沙星、青霉素的耐药率分别为O％、2．3％、8．5％。卡他莫拉菌对阿莫西林／克拉维酸、头孢呋辛、头孢克洛、头孢噻肟、氧氟沙星均呈现高度敏感（敏感率〉90％）。结论流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对头孢菌素类、阿莫西林／克拉维酸以及喹诺酮类抗菌药物保持高度敏感性;产β-内酰胺酶仍是上述2种细菌对氨苄西林耐药的重要耐药机制;检出氨苄西林耐药而β-酰胺酶阴性的流感嗜血杆菌的分离株,其耐药机制有待进一步研究;肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、四环素呈高水平耐药,头孢噻肟、左氧氟沙星、青霉素、阿莫西林是治疗肺炎链球菌所致感染的首选抗菌药物。对这些苛养菌造成的感染及其耐药性席当引起重视．临床廊根据具体的药物敏感试聆结果来指导用药以减少耐药菌株的产牛．     

2005-2006年我国九家教学医院分离的常见呼吸道病原菌的耐药监测研究

目的调查2005-2006年中国社区呼吸道常见病原菌的耐药性。方法收集2005年1月—2006年9月全国9家医院社区呼吸道感染患者中分离的417株肺炎链球菌、208株流感嗜血杆菌、76株卡它莫拉菌和66株A群β溶血链球菌。琼脂稀释法测定莫西沙星等10种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MICs）。结果全国9家医院，青霉素中介的肺炎链球菌（PISP）为23．0％，青霉素耐药的（PRSP）为24．5％。来自儿童的肺炎链球菌对青霉素的敏感性明显低于成人组（30．6％vs．64．5％，P〈0．001）。成人组中，上海瑞金医院PISP和PRSP明显高于其他8家医院（PISP46．7％vs．15．3％，40．0％vs．17．3％，P=0．002）。青霉素对417株肺炎链球菌的MIC范围为0．008～4μg／ml。PRSP对头孢克洛、头孢丙烯、阿莫西彬克拉维酸和头孢曲松的敏感性分别为2．9％、2．9％、53．9％、58．8％，未发现对莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星不敏感的PRSP。19．2％的流感嗜血杆菌和92．1％的卡它莫拉菌产生β内酰胺酶。流感嗜血杆菌对头孢克洛、头孢丙烯的敏感性（88．9％、92．3％）低于其对阿莫西彬克拉维酸、头孢曲松、阿奇霉素、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星的敏感性（99．5％～100％）。卡它莫拉菌对上述药物的敏感性为92．1％～100％。9家医院流感嗜血杆菌β内酰胺酶的发生率最高的是杭州（41．9％）、广州（37．5％），其次是上海（26．3％～29．6％）、武汉（13．0％），最低的是北京和沈阳（≤3．3％）；成人组流感嗜血杆菌的产酶率高于儿童组（22．1％vs．11．1％，P〈0．05）。未发现对青霉素耐药的A群β溶血链球菌。肺炎链球菌、A群β溶血链球菌对阿奇霉素耐药率高于75％。莫西沙星对肺炎链球菌、A群β溶血链球菌的MICs比左氧氟沙星低4～8倍。结论不同年龄组、不同地区肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌的耐药性均有差异。革兰阳性球菌对大环内酯类的高耐药性值得关注，莫西沙星对呼吸道病原菌有优秀的抗菌活性。     

头孢丙烯对5种儿童感染常见病原菌的抗菌活性

目的观察头孢丙烯等口服抗生素对5种儿童社区获得性感染常见致病菌的体外抗菌活性.方法选取近年北京儿童医院临床分离的金葡菌、化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌菌株,采用E试验法检测其对头孢丙烯、头孢克洛、头孢地尼等抗生素的敏感性.结果头孢丙烯对所检测菌株的MIC90值分别是：甲氧西林敏感金葡菌0.75 mg/L;化脓性链球菌0.023 mg/L;肺炎链球菌青霉素敏感株0.094 mg/L,青霉素耐药株12 mg/L;β内酰胺酶阴性流感嗜血杆菌2mg/L,β内酰胺酶阳性16 mg/L;β内酰胺酶阴性卡他莫拉菌0.75 mg/L,β内酰胺酶阳性2 mg/L.PRSP株对头孢丙烯耐药率为61.9%,流感嗜血杆菌β内酰胺酶阳性株中占15.8%.结论头孢丙烯对金葡菌、化脓性链球菌、青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌、β内酰胺酶阴性卡他莫拉菌有良好抗菌作用;对β内酰胺酶阳性流感嗜血杆菌的抗菌活性低于头孢地尼;青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌株对头孢丙烯有较高的耐药率.     

头孢地尼和头孢克洛对523株呼吸道分离菌体外抗菌活性比较

目的：研究头孢地尼和头孢克洛对呼吸道常见分离菌的体外抗菌活性。方法：采用琼脂稀释法测定头孢地尼和头孢克洛对523株临床分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)，E test法测定青霉素对肺炎球菌的MIC，用Nitrocefin测试细菌的β内酰胺酶，用纸片确证法检测大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)，用WHONET5分析试验结果。结果：523株临床分离株对头孢地尼的敏感率范围为91．3％～100．0％，MIC50和MIC90范围分别为0．032～0．25mg／L和0．064～1mg／L，对头孢克洛的敏感率范围为82．6％～100．0％，MIC50，和MIC90范围分别为0．25～4mg／L和1～16mg／L。此外，30株青霉素中度敏感肺炎链球菌(PISP)对头孢地尼和头孢克洛的敏感率分别为66．7％和46．7％。产ESBLs的54株大肠埃希菌和51株肺炎克雷伯菌及8株青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌(PRSP)对这2种头孢菌素的耐药率均为100％。结论：对青霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌、甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、β溶血链球菌，非产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，头孢地尼比头孢克洛有较高的抗菌活性和较低的MIC值。对PISP头孢地尼比头孢克洛有较好的抗菌活性，产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌及PRSP，对两者均耐药。     

苛养菌在下呼吸道感染患者中的分布与耐药性分析

目的对下呼吸道感染患者苛养菌的分布及抗菌药物耐药性进行分析,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集2013年1月至2016年10月于该院门诊、住院部就诊的下呼吸道感染患者痰标本18 313例,对分离到的苛养菌进行药敏试验。结果共分离到苛养菌2 070株,主要为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌。流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌主要见于儿童患者,药敏试验显示头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药率均15%,对复方磺胺甲噁唑、四环素耐药率较高,均76%。结论头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、阿莫西林/克拉维酸等抗菌药物可用于治疗由苛养菌引起的下呼吸道感染,治疗过程中应注意监测抗菌药物耐药性变化,依据药敏试验结果合理选择、调整用药,防止耐药菌株的产生。     

2016年中国多中心社区成人患者呼吸道3种常见临床分离菌药物敏感性测定

目的调查2016年全国16所医院社区成人患者呼吸道3种常见临床分离菌的耐药性。方法收集2016年1-12月全国16所医院分离的591株社区成人患者呼吸道分离菌,其中肺炎链球菌298株,流感嗜血杆菌222株,卡他莫拉菌71株。采用琼脂稀释法和肉汤微量稀释法测定不同抗菌药物对这3种菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果按照肺炎链球菌口服青霉素的折点判定标准,62.8%(187株)的肺炎链球菌为青霉素不敏感菌株(PNSP)。肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类的耐药率超过85.9%(256株),对口服头孢菌素的耐药率为54.7%~64.1%(163株~191株),对左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星的敏感率分别为96.3%(287株)和97.3%(290株)。PNSP株对头孢曲松、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛的耐药率显著高于青霉素敏感菌株(PSSP)。流感嗜血杆菌对头孢克洛、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑和氨苄西林的敏感率分别为33.8%、33.8%和42.8%,对其余受试抗菌药物的敏感率均超过60%;β内酰胺酶阳性检出率为35.6%(79/222),且β内酰胺酶阳性菌株对氨苄西林、克拉霉素、氯霉素和四环素的耐药率显著高于β内酰胺酶阴性株。卡他莫拉菌对除克林霉素、阿奇霉素和克拉霉素外的抗菌药物都表现出较高的敏感性。结论肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对受试的大环内酯类和口服头孢菌素类耐药率高,但左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌仍具有很高的抗菌活性,细菌耐药率低。     

2000～2002年患儿呼吸道致病菌的耐药性研究

目的　研究 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年上海地区患儿呼吸道流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌及卡他莫拉菌感染情况 ,肺炎链球菌的血清分型 ,3种致病菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法　细菌的生化鉴定采用API鉴定系统 ,肺炎链球菌血清分型采用荚膜肿胀试验 ,β内酰胺酶测定采用头孢硝噻酚试验 ,抗生素敏感试验采用浓度梯度扩散法及琼脂扩散法。结果　流感嗜血杆菌持续 3年位居呼吸道致病菌首位 ,对氨苄西林素耐药率接近 2 0 %。卡他莫拉菌及肺炎链球菌分离率呈增加趋势 ,其中 17 2 %流感嗜血杆菌及 95 1%卡他莫拉菌 β内酰胺酶阳性。 72 7% β内酰胺酶阳性卡他莫拉菌对氨苄西林耐药。检测到 11种肺炎链球菌血清型 ,19F及 2 3F为主要血清型 ,青霉素耐药菌株 (PRSP)占 4 2 %。结论　流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌及肺炎链球菌已成为上海地区患儿呼吸道主要院外感染致病菌。流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌感染对青霉素类抗生素已产生不同程度的耐药 ,19F、2 3F是本地区肺炎链球菌主要血清型。     

2004-2005年中国社区获得呼吸道感染常见病原菌耐药性研究

目的调查中国6所教学医院2004--2005年分离的社区获得呼吸道感染常见病原菌的耐药性。方法收集2004年7月-2005年3月全国6个地区6所医院社区获得呼吸道感染患者中分离的510株肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、p溶血链球菌及MSSA、非产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌，以琼脂稀释法测定头孢泊肟等9种抗菌药物的MIC。结果肺炎链球菌中，青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌（PSSP）、青霉素中介肺炎链球菌（PISP）、青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌（PRSP）对头孢泊肟的敏感率分别为98．9％、42．2％、6．4％。肺炎链球菌对莫西沙星的敏感率为100％；对米诺环素的敏感率为94．6％；对阿奇霉素的敏感率仅为10．7％；流感嗜血杆菌、MSSA、非产ESBL的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对头孢泊肟、头孢丙烯、头孢克洛、莫西沙星和米诺环素的敏感率在51．3％～100％。结论呼吸道病原菌特别是肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌的耐药率与往年监测结果相比较呈增加趋势；头孢泊肟对呼吸道病原菌的抗菌活性优于头孢丙烯和头孢克洛。     

头孢丙烯及其他4种抗生素对社区获得性呼吸道感染病原菌体外抗菌活性比较

目的 :调查头孢丙烯及其他 4种抗生素对社区获得性呼吸道感染细菌的体外抗菌活性。方法 :肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌用全自动细菌分析系统的革兰阳性菌鉴定卡GPI、奈瑟及嗜血杆菌鉴定卡NHI做最终鉴定。药物敏感性试验采用Etest方法测定MIC。结果 :共计测定了 15 5株肺炎链球菌、97株流感嗜血杆菌、2 0株卡他莫拉菌、12株苯唑西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌 ,19株 β 溶血链球菌的药物敏感性试验。结果表明肺炎链球菌对 5种常用抗生素的敏感率分别为 :头孢丙烯 90 .3%、头孢克罗 85 .2 % ,阿奇霉素 2 5 .8%、青霉素 80 .6 %、阿莫西林 克拉维酸为 94 .2 %。流感嗜血杆菌对头孢丙烯和头孢克罗敏感率均为 97.9%。结论 :头孢丙烯对社区获得性呼吸道感染的 5种主要病原菌均显示了很高的体外抗菌活性。     

2005-2006年中国社区呼吸道感染细菌耐药性监测

目的调查2005—2006年社区呼吸道感染常见病原菌对头孢克洛及其他5种抗菌药物的耐药性。方法收集2005年10月—2006年8月全国6个地区6所医院社区呼吸道感染患者中分离的流感嗜血杆菌(280株)、肺炎链球菌(105株)、卡他莫拉菌(61株)、β溶血链球菌(30株)和MSSA(30株)共506株。菌株统一由北京医院作复检并用E试验测定头孢克洛等6种抗菌药物的MIC。结果流感嗜血杆菌是社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和慢性支气管炎急性发作(AECB)等感染的最重要的病原菌。分别占CAP56.9%(202株)和AECB64.5%(93株)。药敏结果显示,青霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌(PSSP)为50.5%,青霉素中介肺炎链球菌(PISP)为31.4%,青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌(PRSP)为18.1%。青霉素不敏感率以上海和广州最高(78.6%),其他依次为四川(50%)、天津(46.7%)、浙江(37.5%)和北京(21.1%)。有21.1%的流感嗜血杆菌和93.4%的卡他莫拉菌产生β内酰胺酶。流感嗜血杆菌对头孢克洛、头孢丙烯、阿奇霉素、氨苄西林和莫西沙星分别有98.6%、97.8%、98.6%、85.8%和100%的敏感率。阿奇霉素对肺炎链球菌、β溶血链球菌和MSSA耐药率分别高达94.3%、60%和56.7%。头孢克洛对流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌的MIC值低于头孢丙烯1/2。结论与2003年监测结果比较,肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率有较快的增长;流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌的产酶率呈上升趋势;肺炎链球菌、β溶血链球菌和MSSA3种革兰阳性球菌对阿奇霉素的耐药率升高;头孢克洛对社区呼吸道感染常见病原菌保持70%~100%的敏感性,提示仍可作为轻中度社区呼吸道感染的选用药物。     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.