虚拟现实技术在帕金森病冻结步态康复中的应用

目的 观察虚拟现实(VR)技术康复训练对帕金森病（PD）患者冻结步态（FOG）的治疗效果。 方法 选取2016年6月至2018年12月期间在我院治疗的83例PD伴FOG患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组（43例）及对照组（40例）。2组患者均给予抗PD药物治疗及护理,同时给予6周常规康复训练;观察组患者在上述干预基础上辅以VR技术康复训练。于训练前、训练6周后评估对比2组患者冻结步态严重程度、运动功能及平衡能力改善情况。 结果 治疗前2组患者FOG问卷（FOG-Q）评分、步长、步频、步速、最大冻结指数值(FImax)、平均冻结指数值(FIavr)、Berg平衡量表（BBS）评分及PD综合量表(UPDRS-Ⅲ)评分组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后发现观察组患者FOG-Q评分［（12.5±2.4）分］、步长［（24.3±8.4）cm］、步频［（71.6±15.8）步/min］、步速［（19.9±7.6）m/min］、FImax（0.6±0.2）、FIavr（0.3±0.2）、BBS评分［（31.9±6.5）分］及UPDRS-Ⅲ评分［（16.5±5.2）分］均较训练前及对照组明显改善(P<0.05);对照组治疗后仅有FOG-Q评分［（13.7±1.7）分］、步长［（17.1±5.8）cm］及UPDRS-Ⅲ评分［（19.8±3.9）分］较训练前明显改善(P<0.05)。2组患者不良反应例数的组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 在常规康复干预基础上辅以VR技术康复训练可进一步缓解PD患者FOG症状,提高其运动功能及平衡能力,对改善患者生活质量具有重要意义。     

帕金森病患者步态测量与定量分析

摘要 目的：提取帕金森病患者步态运动学和时空参数,通过实验分析找到可以作为步态量化评估的特征参数,为医生提供康复评估的依据。 方法：本文采用基于刚体的虚拟标识点方法在受试者下肢解剖学关键点设置标识点获取其步态信息。受试者被分为开机组(DBS ON),关机组(DBS OFF)和对照组(Control),运动捕捉仪记录受试者多个步态周期的虚拟标识点三维坐标。提取包括关节角度、支撑相比率、双支撑相比率、步态周期时间、步频、步长和步速等在内的步态运动学及时空参数。对三组步态特征参数进行单因素一元方差分析。 结果：各组间下肢各关节角度变化范围、支撑相比率、双支撑相比率、步长和步速差异均有显著性(P<0.01),且随受试者症状的减轻,关节角度变化范围、步长和步速有显著递增趋势 (DBS OFFDBS ON>Control)。 结论：基于刚体的虚拟标识点可以准确测量人体步态。提取出的关节角度变化范围、支撑相比率、双支撑相比率,步长和步速均可作为帕金森病患者康复评估的依据。     

背屈踝足矫形器对偏瘫步态时空参数的影响

目的:通过对穿戴不同角度踝足矫形器(AFO)偏瘫患者的步态分析,探讨不同角度AFO对偏瘫步态时空参数的影响。方法:对9例偏瘫患者背屈5°、0°位AFO与裸足进行步态对比分析,获取步态参数。结果:背屈5°AFO(DAFO)与裸足相比,能显著增加患者步长(P0.01)、步速(P0.01)、步幅(P0.05)和步频(P0.05),减少步长时间(P0.01)和步幅时间(P0.05)。0°位AFO(功能位,FAFO)与裸足相比能显著增加步幅(P0.05)。背屈5°与0°AFO相比能显著提高患者步速(P0.05),减少步长时间(P0.05)和步幅时间(P0.05)。两种角度AFO对偏瘫患者步态双侧对称性的改善均不显著。结论:背屈5°AFO能有效地改善患者步速、步长、步幅和步频。     

基于可穿戴式步行引导仪的可视化步行训练对帕金森病冻结步态患者步行能力的影响

目的：探讨基于可穿戴式步行引导仪的可视化步行训练对帕金森病冻结步态患者步行能力的影响。方法：选取23例帕金森病冻结步态患者为试验组,同时选取20例性别、年龄等匹配的健康者为对照组。试验组给予利用可穿戴式步行引导仪的可视化步行训练,20min/次,2次/日,训练1周。利用Vicon三维步态分析系统收集试验组训练前后和对照组时空参数、非优势侧及优势侧运动学参数、非优势侧及优势侧地面反作用力参数(包括前-后侧峰值、内-外侧峰值及纵向第一峰值)。结果：(1)训练后,试验组患者步速及双侧步长均明显增加,步频、双支撑期明显减小,与训练前相比,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);训练后,试验组患者优势侧步长、步频及双支撑期与对照组比较,差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。(2)训练后,试验组患者双侧髋关节着地角度、踝背屈及跖屈最大角度及下肢关节活动范围均明显增加,膝关节着地角度减小,踝关节第一峰值出现的阶段延迟,与训练前相比,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);训练后,试验组患者双侧(膝关节着地角度、踝背屈最大角度、踝关节第一峰值出现阶段、下肢关节活动范围)和优势侧(髋关节着地角度...     

可穿戴设备在帕金森病冻结步态领域的临床应用

帕金森病的冻结事件严重降低患者的生活质量,增加致残率。可穿戴设备的兴起在帕金森病等慢性病领域开拓了广泛的应用前景。本文对可穿戴设备在帕金森病冻结步态领域的应用进行综述,为探讨冻结步态可能的运动学机制,量化冻结步态评估,完善冻结步态的管理提供有力的依据。     

术前阻力训练对内侧开放式楔形截骨术患者膝关节功能、步态及生活质量的影响

目的:观察术前阻力训练对内侧开放式楔形截骨术后患者膝关节功能、步态及生活质量的影响。方法:选取拟接受内侧开放式楔形截骨术的患者58例,随机分为康复宣教组30例和阻力训练组28例。康复宣教组在术前接受康复宣教,阻力训练组进行为期4周的术前抗阻训练。于训练前、术前训练后及手术后6个月采用美国特种外科医院膝关节功能评分(HHS)评估患者膝关节功能,使用世界卫生组织生存质量评定量表(QOL-BRER)评定患者生活质量,佩戴便携式步态评估仪评估患者在平地上完成20m步行时步长、步速、步频,使用手持式测力计测量患者股四头肌、腘绳肌肌力。结果:训练前2组HSS评分、QOL-BRER评分、步长、步速、步频比较差异无统计学意义。阻力训练组：术前训练后HSS评分、QOL-BRER评分、步速、步频较训练前增加(P<0.05),步长与训练前比较无统计学意义;术后6个月HSS评分、QOL-BRER评分、步长、步速、步频较术前训练后增加(P<0.05)。康复宣教组：HSS评分、QOL-BRER评分、步长、步速、步频较宣教前无统计学差异。术后6个月HSS评分、QOL-BRER评分、步长、步速、步频较术前...     

减重步行训练对帕金森病患者步态的影响

目的:探讨减重步行训练对帕金森病(PD)患者步态的影响。方法:PD患者50例随机分为对照组和训练组,各25例。对照组采用常规药物治疗,训练组在常规药物治疗基础上,加用减重步行训练。于治疗前及治疗4周后,监测2组步行参数(步频、步长、步速),采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)评估患者运动功能受损程度,采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价患者平衡功能,6min步行测试(6minwT)评价患者的步行运动功能。结果:训练组治疗后步长大于对照组(P<0.05),步频小于对照组(P<0.05)。训练组UPDRS II、UPDRS III、6minwT及BBS治疗后的评分与本组治疗前及对照组治疗后的评分相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:减重步行训练可改善PD患者的步态运动功能。     

早期认知障碍患者的认知功能和双重任务步态的临床研究

目的:探索早期认知障碍患者双重任务下步态参数与认知功能之间的关系。方法:本研究共纳入轻度认知障碍者(MCI)20例,主观认知下降者(SCD) 34例,认知功能正常者(NC)24例,均采用三维运动捕捉系统及建模仿真分析软件进行单任务及双重任务下步态参数(步长、步速、步频、步态周期)的采集与分析。结果:双重任务下MCI组步频(步/min)(102.173±11.941)小于SCD组步频(110.500±10.435)(P0.01);MCI组步态周期(s)(1.209±0.133)较NC组步态周期(1.122±0.117)和SCD组步态周期长(1.116±0.102)(P0.01)。NC组在双重任务下步长(m)及步速(m/s)下降(P0.01);SCD组在双重任务下步长、步速及步频均下降(P0.05);MCI组在双重任务下步速、步频及步态周期均下降(P0.01)。相关性分析显示步速与记忆和语言功能存在正性相关(P=0.005,r=0.312;P=0.014,r=0.277;P=0.005,r=0.317),步频与记忆功能存在正性相关(P=0.010,r=0.289;P=0.012,r=0.283),步态周期与记忆功能存在负性相关(P=0.001,r=﹣0.354),与执行功能存在正性相关(P=0.022,r=0.258)。结论:双重任务下步态参数可作为早期评估认知功能的辅助指标。     

节律性听觉刺激及视觉刺激对帕金森病患者步态的影响

目的:探讨节律性听觉刺激及视觉刺激对帕金森病患者步态的影响。方法:帕金森病患者90例,随机分为观察组和对照组各45例,2组均给予常规药物治疗,观察组加用在节律性听觉及视觉刺激下步行训练。训练前后进行步行参数测试,帕金森病综合评分量表(UPDRS)第2、3部分,Berg平衡量表(BBS),6min步行测试(6minwT)评价患者的步行、运动功能。结果:治疗4周后,观察组步频、步长、步速、6min wT及BBS评分均较治疗前及对照组治疗后明显提高(P<0.05),UPDRS评分第2及第3部分均较治疗前及对照组治疗后明显下降(P<0.05);对照组治疗前后各项评分比较均差异无统计学意义。结论:节律性听觉刺激及视觉刺激可改善帕金森病患者的步态运动功能。     

脑深部电极植入术联合暗示步态训练 改善帕金森患者冻结步态

目的：研究脑深部电极植入术（DBS）联合暗示步行训练对帕金森病（PD）患者冻结步态的改善效果。方法：将符合入选标准的PD患者58例随机分为对照组和干预组,各29例。2组患者均给与常规的抗PD药物治疗和康复训练,干预组在此基础上进行DBS联合暗示步态训练12周。于干预前、后,应用Barthel指数（BI）评定量表和步态时间距离参数变化量表对患者进行评估和比较。结果：干预前,2组的BI评分、步长和步速差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;干预后,干预组的BI评分、步长和步速高于同组干预前,且高于对照组（均P<0.05）。结论：DBS联合暗示步态训练,可以增加PD患者的步幅,加快其步速,提高患者日常活动能力,对改善冻结步态有积极的效果。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.