贲门失弛缓症的循证治疗

目的:评价各种贲门失弛缓症治疗方法的有效性和安全性.方法:检索Medline数据库、Cochrane图书馆的随机对照试验和系统评价以及NGC(national guideline clearinghouse)网站相关临床指南,评价贲门失弛缓症的各种治疗方法,为临床实践提供最佳的循证医学证据.结果:共检索到18项结果,共评估了药物治疗、内镜下治疗和外科治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效和安全性.结论:基于目前的临床证据,我们认为,药物治疗可作为一种暂时治疗方法;内镜下气囊扩张治疗可作为首选治疗方法;内镜下注射肉毒杆菌毒素治疗可作为那些不适合作明确治疗(气囊扩张或手术治疗)患者的一种辅助治疗.对于那些反复扩张或注射效果不佳患者,推荐外科治疗.     

气囊扩张与肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效分析

目的:分别观察气囊扩张和肉毒杆菌毒素局部注射两种方法治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效。方法:20例采用SY-哑铃型气囊导管贲门失弛缓扩张器进行扩张治疗,20例应用肉毒杆菌毒素在内镜下用硬化剂针分点注射。结果:气囊扩张1个月的治疗有效率99.50%,6个月的有效率96.00%;12个月的有效率90.00%;24个月后有效率85.00%;75%的患者1次扩张疗效可维持5年以上。肉毒杆菌毒素局部注射1个月有效率为95.00%,6个月后有效率为70.00%;12个月后有效率为65.00%;24个月后有效率50.00%。结论:扩张治疗是一种较满意的治疗方法,其复发率及治疗费用低,在内镜直视下由富有经验的医师操作完全可避免并发症的发生,而肉毒杆菌毒素治疗操作简单、安全,但治疗费用及复发率高,对不适于进行扩张治疗的患者可选择该治疗方法。     

内镜下注射肉毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的护理

目前贲门失弛缓症的治疗方法有手术、扩张、药物等[1] 。我院开展内镜下注射肉毒杆菌毒素的方法 ,取得显著效果 ,现将手术前后护理体会介绍如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料我院 1999年 11月～ 2 0 0 1年 10月经胃镜、食管吞钡、食管测压后确诊 16例贲门失弛缓症。行内镜下局部注射肉毒杆菌毒素治疗 ,其中男 12例 ,女4例 ,年龄 2 5～ 73岁 ,平均年龄 4 2岁。病程最短4 0ｄ ,最长 10余ａ ,主要临床表现为吞咽困难、反流、胸骨后疼痛、反食、恶心。1 2　器械与用物注射肉毒杆菌毒素患者均采用ＯｌｙｍｐｕｓＱ -2 4 0内镜 ,ＯｌｙｍｐｕｓＮＭ …     

胃镜下小剂量注射肉毒毒素A治疗贲门失弛缓症的近期疗效观察

目的探讨注射小剂量肉毒毒素 A治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法与疗效。方法内镜下将小剂量肉毒毒素 A分点注射在 10例贲门失弛缓症患者的贲门处。结果 10例患者贲门口明显松弛和扩张。治疗前后贲门口直径分别为 (1.5± 1.11) mm和 (4 .3± 1.42 ) mm(P<0 .0 1) ;治疗前后食管 5分钟存留钡柱高度分别为 (2 2 9.8± 40 .9) mm和 (163 .9± 40 .3 ) mm(P<0 .0 1)。治疗前后经 Eckardt评分分级 ,治疗后均下降 1～ 3个级差。结论内镜下注射小剂量肉毒毒素 A治疗贲门失弛缓症 ,方法简便 ,近期疗效显著     

肉毒毒素联合小直径气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症

2005年以来,笔者采用内镜直视下肉毒毒素注射联合气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症(achalasia,CA)13例,与内镜直视下气囊扩张的9例CA患者作临床对照,定期随访观察2年取得了较好的疗效.现就其近期和远期疗效报告如下.     

药膳疗法减轻鼻咽癌放疗中涎腺损伤的临床研究

贲门失弛缓症是由于Auerbach神经节数量减少或萎缩导致食管下端括约肌(LES)异常松弛、食管体蠕动减弱所引发的疾患。临床表现主要包括吞咽困难、未消化食物的反流、非心源性胸痛和体重下降等，目前该病治疗尚缺少理想方法。2001年3月～2004年3月我院收治17例，采用内镜下小气囊扩张与下食管括约肌内注射肉毒毒素(BT)联合治疗     

肉毒毒素联合小直径气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症

2005年以来,笔者采用内镜直视下肉毒毒素注射联合气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症（achalasia,CA）13例,与内镜直视下气囊扩张的9例CA患者作临床对照,定期随访观察2年取得了较好的疗效。现就其近期和远期疗效报告如下。     

经内镜气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的护理

[目的]探讨内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的护理措施。[方法]对38例贲门失弛缓症病人行术前充分准备、心理护理、术中娴熟的配合、术后饮食及并发症的观察及护理。[结果]38例病人应用气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症1次～3次后成功率100%,无护理并发症发生。[结论]内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症方法有效,损伤小,术前充分准备、术中密切配合、术后严密观察并发症是治疗成功的重要保证。     

气囊扩张与A型肉毒杆菌毒素注射序贯联合治疗贲门失弛缓症38例临床护理

目的:探讨哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张序贯联合A型肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症(AC)的近、远期疗效和护理方法.方法:对38例AC患者应用哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张1周后注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素100 U,并进行精心护理.结果:本组治疗后1、3、6、12、24个月有效率分别为100.0%、94.7%、89.5%、81.6%、55.3%.治疗后1周食管下端括约肌压力(LESP)、食管下端括约肌松弛率(LESRR)与治疗前比较有极显著性差异(P<0.01),治疗后24个月LESRR与治疗后1周比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:哑铃型气囊扩张器扩张序贯联合肌内注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗技术可靠,安全性高,采取适宜的护理措施,可取得满意的临床疗效,且降低并发症发生率.     

肉毒杆菌毒素局部注射联合小气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症

目的：探讨肉毒杆菌毒素（BT）联合小气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效及食管动力学变化.方法：29例贲门失弛缓症患者, 在内镜直视下行食管下部括约肌（LES）内注射 BT联合小气囊扩张治疗,进行症状评分及食管测压检查.结果：29例患者临床症状较治疗前明显改善（P＜0.05）;食管下部括约肌压力（LESP）,松弛率（LESRR）明显降低（P＜0.01）;治疗前后食管体部均为非推进性蠕动波.结论：经内镜注射BT联合小气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症可明显缓解患者的临床症状,改善食管动力,是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法.     

Comparison and cost analysis of different treatment strategies in achalasia

Currently there are three acceptable long-term treatments of achalasia: pneumatic dilatation, laparoscopic Heller myotomy, and botulinum toxin injection. Primarily retrospective studies suggest equal efficacy of pneumatic dilatation and surgical myotomy, especially in centers with expertise in both treatments. Randomized prospective studies find pneumatic dilatation superior to botulinum toxin because of the need for serial frequent treatments with the latter therapy. All cost analysis studies support the superiority of pneumatic dilatation over the two other treatments.     

Long-term results of endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in elderly achalasic patients with tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Recent studies suggest that endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) for achalasia is a safe procedure giving short-term relief of symptoms mainly in elderly patients (> 50 years). The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of periodic BTX treatments in high risk achalasia patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 20 consecutive achalasia patients, aged > 60 years (11 women; 71+/-11 years), with general (ASA class III or IV) and local risk factors (i.e. tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum) for complications associated with pneumatic dilation, were treated by local injection of 100 U of BTX into the gastric cardia, using the four-quadrant technique. The patients were prospectively followed for a median period of 2 years (range 5-48 months), using a symptom score (1-14 points) and barium esophagograms. RESULTS: Symptomatic improvement (decrease of the symptom score > or = 3 points) was found in 16/20 patients (80%), 6 weeks after the first BTX injection, and the cardia diameter increased from 2.1+/-0.7 to 3.2+/-1.2 mm (P < 0.01) (data are means +/- SD). Those patients who initially responded to BTX treatment developed a symptomatic relapse after a median follow-up of 5+/-2 months. They were treated by subsequent BTX re-injections (2.5+/-1 sessions per patient, range 1-5) resulting in longer lasting symptom relief (10+/-3 months, P < 0.05 vs. initial BTX injection). At completion of the study, 14/20 high risk achalasia patients (70 %) treated with periodic BTX injections are still in clinical remission. One further patient died without relapse 6 months after a single BTX treatment as a consequence of progressive heart failure. Four patients who did not respond to BTX injection were successfully and uneventfully treated by careful pneumatic dilation (n = 3) or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic botulinum toxin injection has reasonable long-term efficacy and safety in elderly achalasia patients who are at increased risk with regard to pneumatic dilation.     

Treatment of achalasia: botulinum toxin injection vs. pneumatic balloon dilation. A prospective study with long-term follow-Up.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In patients with achalasia, intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) has been suggested as an alternative regimen to balloon dilation and has been shown to be superior to placebo injection. The aim of the present study was to test the effectiveness, the long-term outcome and the cumulative costs of BTX injection in consecutive patients with symptomatic achalasia in comparison with pneumatic balloon dilation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 37 patients, who presented with symptomatic achalasia between January 1994 and December 1996 were treated with either BTX injection (n = 23) or pneumatic dilation (n = 14). Patients with short-term or long-term symptomatic failures of the initial procedure were treated again, either with the same or with the alternative method, depending on the initial response and on the patient's wish. Symptoms were assessed using a global symptom score (0 - 10) which was evaluated before treatment and 1 week, 1 month and then every 6 months after the treatment. In addition, body weight and recurrence of symptoms were noted and manometry was carried out before and after treatment. The patients were regularly contacted for the long-term follow-up. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in the global symptom scores of all patients treated, in both the BTX injection group (before 8.2 +/- 1.3, after 3.0 +/- 1.6) and the dilation group (before 8.3 +/- 1.1, after 2.3 +/- 1.9). There was also a significant decrease of lower esophageal sphincter pressure after treatment in the BTX group and the dilation group. There were no significant differences with regard to overall treatment failure and long-term outcome between patients who had or had not received previous treatment. No major complications were encountered in either group. An actuarial analysis over 48 months comparing patients receiving BTX injection or balloon dilation demonstrated that after 12 months neither therapy was significantly superior. After 24 months a single pneumatic dilation was superior to a single BTX injection, and after 48 months all patients treated by BTX injection had experienced a symptomatic relapse. In contrast, 35 % of all patients treated by dilation and 45 % of patients treated successfully by dilation were still symptom-free in an intention-to-treat analysis after 48 months. When the overall costs of treatment and further treatment after recurrence were compared, dilation and BTX injection showed a similar cost-effectiveness (costs per symptom-free day) after 48 months. CONCLUSIONS: BTX injection, which can be performed in an outpatient setting, is as safe and cost-effective as balloon dilation in symptomatic achalasia. Taking into account the lower long-term efficacy of BTX injection therapy, however, it is an alternative only in a minority of older or high-risk patients.     

沙格列汀治疗2型糖尿病的Meta分析

目的系统评价沙格列汀治疗2型糖尿病的疗效和安全性。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library(2011年第2期)、PubMed(1978～2011.5),EMbase(1974～2011.5)、CNKI(1978～2011.5)、VIP(1989～2011.5)、CBM(1978～2011.5)。按照Cochrane系统评价方法查找沙格列汀治疗2型糖尿病的所有随机对照试验(RCT),进行数据提取和质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入7个RCT。Meta分析结果显示:在降低患者糖化血红蛋白水平方面,不同剂量沙格列汀组均明显优于安慰剂组,其差异有统计学意义[2.5 mg/d:MD=–0.65,95%CI(–0.81,–0.48),P<0.000 01;5 mg/d:MD=–0.74,95%CI(–0.88,–0.58),P<0.000 01;10 mg/d:MD=–0.66,95%CI(–0.82,–0.50),P<0.000 01];而不良反应发生率两组相似,其差异均无统计学意义[2.5 mg/d:RR=1.03,95%CI(0.93,1.14),P=0.52;5 mg/d:RR=1.01,95%CI(0.95,1.07),P=0.7810 mg/d:RR=1.04,95%CI(0.96,1.12),P=0.33]。结论沙格列汀能有效控制2型糖尿病患者血糖,且安全性较好。但其远期疗效及安全性有待开展更多高质量、大样本、长期随访的RCT加以验证。     

自体富血小板凝胶治疗糖尿病足溃疡的系统评价

目的系统评价自体富血小板凝胶治疗糖尿病足溃疡的有效性和安全性。方法计算机检索Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验数据库（2009年第3期）、MEDLINE（1978～2009年）、EMbase（1978～2009年）、OVID数据库（1978～2009年）、中国生物医学文献数据库（1978～2009年）、维普中文期刊数据库（1989～2009年）、中国期刊全文数据库（1979～2009年）、万方学位论文数据库（1978～2009年）。并手工检索相关会议论文集及查阅检索到的所有文献的参考文献,全面收集全世界关于自体富血小板凝胶治疗糖尿病足溃疡的随机对照试验。按照国际Cochrane协作网推荐的方法进行系统评价。结果共纳入4个试验包括216例患者。Meta分析结果显示：①糖尿病足溃疡愈合率：自体富血小板凝胶治疗优于常规治疗（P〈0.000 01）。②糖尿病足溃疡面积减少：自体富血小板凝胶治疗优于常规治疗（P=0.000 3）。③糖尿病足溃疡愈合时间：自体富血小板凝胶治疗优于常规治疗（P〈0.000 01）。④副作用及并发症发生率：无明显治疗相关副作用及并发症的发生。结论目前的证据表明,自体富血小板凝胶治疗糖尿病足溃疡有较好的短期疗效和安全性。     

Long-term results and prognostic factors in the treatment of achalasia with botulinum toxin

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic therapy of achalasia by injection of botulinum toxin into the lower esophageal sphincter has very limited adverse effects and is initially successful in 70 % of patients. However, this result only lasts for 6 - 9 months on average in most patients and only half of them benefit for more than 1 year. The aim of this study was to find out which factors are predictive for a good long-term success. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 25 patients with achalasia. The diagnosis had been proven by barium swallow and esophageal manometry. Therapy was carried out endoscopically between June 1996 and December 1998 by injection of 25 mouse units (MU) botulinum toxin into each of the four quadrants of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was measured prior to and 1 week after endoscopic therapy. A standardized questionnaire was used for symptom assessment, at the initial presentation, at 1 week and at 2.5 +/- 0.8 years after treatment. RESULTS: The LESP was significantly reduced (pre-treatment 62.1 +/- 15.2 mmHg vs. post-treatment 43.1 +/- 12.5 mmHg; P < 0.01). Symptoms improved in 16 patients (pre-treatment symptom score 9.5 +/- 2.9 vs. post-treatment symptom score 4.7 +/- 1.8; P < 0.01). Nine patients showed no relevant improvement. From the 16 patients with a good initial response, two were lost to follow-up. In nine patients the outcome was still satisfactory after a mean of 2.5 years (1.5 - 4 years) (pre-treatment symptom score 9.5 +/- 2.9 vs. symptom score at 2.5 years after Botox 5.1 +/- 1.5; P < 0.05). These patients were on average 67.7 +/- 12.5 years old. The remaining five patients received a second or third injection of botulinum toxin, but none improved substantially for more than 6 months. One of them eventually underwent pneumatic dilation, and three laparoscopic myotomy. Thus, botulinum toxin treatment was unsuccessful in 14 patients in all. These 14 patients were, on average, significantly younger than the nine successfully treated patients (46.1 +/- 12.6 years vs. 67.7 +/- 12.5 years; P < 0.01) and had significantly higher LESP values prior to botulinum toxin therapy (72.8 +/- 8.9 mmHg vs. 47.8 +/- 9.2 mmHg; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term success of botulinum toxin injection into the LES in patients with achalasia is highest in elderly patients and in patients with an LESP not exceeding the upper normal level prior to treatment by 50 % or more. On the basis of our results, younger patients (< 55 years) with a severe increase in LESP do not seem to benefit from botulinum toxin injection and pneumatic dilation or myotomy may be more advantageous to them.     

粒细胞集落刺激因子治疗糖尿病足感染的系统评价

目的系统评价粒细胞集落刺激因子(Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors,G-CSF)治疗糖尿病足感染(diabet-ic foot infections,DFI)的有效性和安全性。方法制定严格纳入和排除标准进行文献检索,计算机检索Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验数据库(2011年第4期)、Medline、PubMed(1978～2011年)、Embase(1978～2011年)、OVID数据库(1978～2011年)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBMDisc)(1978～2011年)、维普中文期刊数据库(1989～2011年)、中国期刊全文数据库(1979～2011年)、万方学位论文数据库(1978～2011年),并手工检索相关会议论文集及查阅检索到的所有文献的参考文献,收集G-CSF治疗DFI的随机对照试验。按照国际Cochrane协作网推荐的方法进行系统评价。结果共纳入8个试验包括197例患者。Meta分析结果显示:①DFI截肢率:G-CSF治疗优于安慰剂/空白组(P=0.004);②Wanger分级下降情况:G-CSF治疗优于安慰剂/空白组(P=0.001);③抗生素使用时间和住院时间:G-CSF与安慰剂/空白组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.61,P=0.07);④副作用及并发症发生率:G-CSF治疗组无明显治疗相关副作用及并发症的发生,与安慰剂/空白组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论目前的证据表明:G-CSF辅助治疗DFI可减少截肢率,且有较好安全性。但仍需大量循证医学证据的进一步积累,从而指导临床实践。     

贲门失弛缓症内镜下球囊扩张治疗及复发的预测因素

目的 :观察球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效及复发率 ,探讨贲门失弛缓症球囊扩张治疗后复发的预测因素。方法 :应用球囊扩张治疗并随访半年以上 ,比较复发组与非复发组在性别、年龄、病程、食管最大径、球囊扩张直径、球囊扩张类型及扩张时间等方面的差异 ,并进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 :球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症有效率为 10 0 % ,复发率为 2 3.3% ,复发组与非复发组在年龄及病程两方面存在差异 ,病程的回归系数为 - 1.35 8(P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :球囊扩张术是治疗贲门失弛缓症有效的方法 ,但存在一定的复发率 ,病程是贲门失弛缓症球囊扩张治疗后复发的唯一预测因素。     

依达拉奉联合醒脑静治疗成人急性脑梗死疗效的系统评价

目的系统评价依达拉奉联合醒脑静治疗成人急性脑梗死的有效性和安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane图书馆、CBM、CNKI、VIP和WanFang Data,检索时限均为建库至2012年3月,查找依达拉奉联合醒脑静治疗成人急性脑梗死的随机对照试验(RCT)。按照纳入与排除标准,由两位研究者独立进行文献筛选、资料提取和方法学质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入9个RCT,共计1 098例患者。Meta分析结果显示,依达拉奉联合醒脑静组在有效率[OR=3.43,95%CI(2.44,4.82),P<0.000 01]、显效率[OR=2.33,95%CI(1.78,3.05),P<0.000 01]、病死率[OR=0.38,95%CI(0.15,0.95),P=0.04]和治疗后ESS评分[治疗后7天:SMD=–0.48,95%CI(–0.80,–0.17),P=0.003;治疗后14天:SMD=–0.89,95%CI(–1.17,–0.62),P<0.000 01;治疗后1月:SMD=–0.89,95%CI(–1.20,–0.59),P<0.000 01]及NDS评分[治疗后7天:MD=10.42,95%CI(4.78,16.05),P=0.000 3;治疗后14天:MD=13.82,95%CI(12.86,14.79),P<0.000 01;治疗后21天:MD=10.33,95%CI(4.43,16.23),P=0.000 6]方面均优于单用醒脑静组,其差异均有统计学意义。依达拉奉+醒脑静+常规治疗组在有效率[OR=3.03,95%CI(1.36,6.73),P=0.006]、显效率[OR=2.86,95%CI(1.50,5.44),P=0.001]和治疗后ESS评分[治疗后7天:MD=–6.26,95%CI(–8.49,–4.03),P<0.000 01;治疗后14天:MD=–6.43,95%CI(–8.73,–4.13),P<0.000 01]方面均优于常规治疗组,其差异有统计学意义。结论依达拉奉联合醒脑静治疗成人急性脑梗死疗效明显优于单用醒脑静及常规治疗。但由于纳入研究的方法学质量不高,上述结论尚需更多高质量、大样本RCT进一步验证。     

前交叉韧带双束重建术与单束重建术对恢复膝关节稳定性的系统评价

目的系统评价前交叉韧带双束重建术与单束重建术在恢复膝关节前交叉韧带的前直向稳定性和旋转稳定性方面的临床疗效，为前交叉韧带重建方法的选择提供依据。方法按Cochrane系统评价方法，计算机检索MEDLINE（1966～2007．10），OVID（1950～2007．10），Cochrane图书馆（2007年第4期），中国期刊全文数据库（1979～2007．10），收集所有相关随机和半随机对照试验。采用Juni评价法评价文献质量并提取有效数据后，利用RevMan 4．2．10软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入随机和半随机对照试验6篇。文献质量B级1篇，C级5篇。Meta分析结果显示：双束重建组术后前交叉韧带的前直向稳定性[WMD=-0．75（-1．14，-0．37），P=0．0001]和旋转稳定性[RR=1．38，95％CI（1．17，1．61），P〈0．0001]均优于单束重建组，其差异有统计学意义。结论前交叉韧带双束重建术在恢复膝关节的前直向稳定性和旋转稳定性方面优于单束重建术。由于纳入文献数量较少，质量不高，上述结论尚需开展大样本高质量的临床研究来证实。