动脉粥样硬化与肾素血管紧张素系统及纤溶系统的关系

目的　探讨动脉粥样硬化斑块与肾素血管紧张素系统 (RAS)和纤溶系统之间的关系。方法　根据超声检查和冠状动脉造影将 78例受试者分为正常组 (A组 )和动脉粥样硬化组 (B组 )。检测血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、纤溶酶原激活物及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂。结果　A组和B组AngII分别为 (3 2 .68± 13 .85 ) pg/ml和 (3 6.96± 3 0 .2 )pg/ml,Ald分别为(0 .2 1± 0 .0 6) pg/ml和 (0 .2 4± 0 .0 4) pg/ml ,PAI 1分别为 (0 .5 1± 0 .17)AU/ml和 (0 .5 9± 0 .14 )AU/ml ,两组测值均存在显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;t PA分别为 (0 .3 3± 0 .12 )IU /ml和 (0 .3 5± 0 .15 )IU /ml(P >0 .0 5 )。结论　动脉粥样硬化斑块形成患者血液中的RAS和纤溶系统分泌异常。     

血栓性疾病患者血浆中主要纤溶指标的检测及其临床意义

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t—PA），纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂（PAI）是人体纤溶系统的主要指标。其检测日益受到重视。用显色底物比色法对人体血浆中t－PA、PAI活性进行了测定，结果表明该法灵敏度高，稳定性好。对照组t-PA活性为1．55±0．67IU／ml，PAI活为8.077±3．07AU／ml。心肌梗塞、脑梗塞和冠心病患者t—PA活性较正常水平下降，PAI活性则明显升高。     

单纯性高甘油三酯血症辨证分型与自由基代谢及凝血-纤溶活性关系的研究

目的 :研究单纯性高甘油三酯血症辨证分型与自由基代谢及凝血纤溶活性的关系。方法 :选择血清甘油三酯 >1.8mm ol/ L患者 ,按中医辨证分为气虚证组 (2 5例 )、阴虚证组 (2 6例 )、阳虚证组 (2 0例 )、痰湿证组 (2 4例 )和血瘀证组 (2 5例 ) ,并设立对照组 (2 5例 ) ,比较各组血浆丙二醛 (MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)、内皮素 (ET)、一氧化氮 (NO)、血小板α颗粒膜蛋白 (GMP 14 0 )、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (t PA)及其抑制剂 (PAI)等指标的差异。结果 :高甘油三酯血症各证型 ET、MDA、PAI、GMP 14 0均高于对照组 ,而 NO、SOD、GSH Px、t PA均较之为低 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;痰湿证组、血瘀证组 ET、MDA、PAI、GMP 14 0、SOD、GSH Px均高于气虚证组、阴虚证组与阳虚证组 ,而 NO、t PA则较低 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;阳虚证组 SOD、GSH Px则较气虚证组与阴虚证组显著降低 (P均 <0 .0 1)。结论 :各证型均存在不同程度的自由基代谢紊乱及凝血纤溶系统的改变 ,痰湿证及血瘀证存在较明显脂质过氧化反应增强、血管内皮细胞功能障碍、血小板活化、纤溶活性降低等改变 ,阳虚证组抗氧化酶活性降低。     

欣舒注射液对兔血管内膜剥脱术后血小板活化及纤溶活性的影响

目的观察欣舒注射液 (XSPS)对兔血管内膜剥脱术后血浆血小板α颗粒膜蛋白 (GMP 14 0 )及组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (t PA)、Ⅰ型纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子 (PAI 1)含量变化的影响。方法选取日本雄性大耳白兔 2 0只 ,随机分为对照组和中药组 ,用球囊导管剥脱其腹主动脉内皮。分别于术前及术后 3天、7天耳缘静脉采血测定血浆GMP 14 0 ,t PA、PAI 1的含量。结果XSPS可显著降低血浆GMP 14 0水平 ,使t PA升高、PAI 1下降 ,与对照组相比有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论XSPS可明显抑制兔动脉损伤后血小板的活化 ,促进纤溶活性 ,从而抑制动脉成形术后血栓的形成 ,可能达到防治再狭窄的作用。     

血栓性疾病实验诊断指标的应用研究

目的　评价血管内皮细胞、凝血、纤溶、血小板活化指标在血栓性疾病诊断中的价值。方法　对 5 1例血栓性疾病患者、2 1例非血栓性疾病患者以及 35例正常人 ,分别以ELISA法检测其血管性血友病因子 (vWF :Ag)、组织因子 (TF)、凝血酶原片段 1 2 (F1 2 )、组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (t PA :Ag)、血栓烷B2 (TXB2 )和以发色底物法检测纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂活性 (PAI:Ac)及α2 纤溶酶抑制剂活性 (α2 PI:Ac)等。结果　血栓病组与非血栓病组患者的t PA :Ag、PAI:Ac、α2 PI:Ac、vWF :Ag、F1 2都较对照组高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其中α2 PI:Ac、vWF :Ag、F1 2在血栓病组和非血栓病组之间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;血栓病组的血浆TXB2 、TF较非血栓病组偏高 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;常规止凝血试验如PT、APTT、FIB和PLT在血栓病组和非血栓病组之间均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。t PA :Ag的诊断敏感度、特异度、诊断比数比以及ROC曲线下面积分别为 6 6 7%、6 6 7%、4 0和 0 6 90 ,而PAI:Ac分别为 94 1%、6 0 7%、2 4 7和 0 84 9。结论　本研究结果提示 ,PAI:Ac在诊断血栓性疾病中的敏感度较高 ,其次为t PA ,但需扩大样本进行前瞻性研究和证实 ;其它指标包括vWF :Ag、α2 PI:Ac、TF、F1 2、TXB2 以及常     

平肝化浊合剂对实验性脑梗死血管内皮功能及超微结构的影响

目的 :探讨平肝化浊合剂 (PGHZS)对脑梗死大鼠血管内皮细胞纤溶功能和血小板活化及脑超微结构的影响。方法 :6 0只 10～ 12个月龄的 SD雄性大白鼠 ,随机分为假手术组、模型组、PGHZS实验组 ,用同种大鼠无菌自然干燥的血凝块制作多发性脑梗死模型。假手术组、模型组均灌胃蒸馏水 (2 0 ml/kg) ,PGHZS实验组灌胃 PGHZS(2 5 .40 g/kg) ,连续用药 2周 ,末次用药后腹主动脉取血 ,测定血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t PA )及其抑制物 (PAI)活性和血小板α颗粒膜蛋白 (GMP 140 )含量 ;并随机取脑组织进行病理学形态及细胞超微结构观察。结果 :PGHZS实验组 t PA活性明显升高 ,PAl活性、PAI/t PA比值和 GMP 140含量均明显降低 ,与模型组比较差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;用药 14日后 PGHZS实验组大鼠脑组织中神经细胞、血管内皮等超微结构改变均较模型组减轻。结论 :PGHZS可明显改善脑梗死大鼠血管内皮细胞纤溶功能异常和降低血小板活化程度 ,减轻脑组织神经细胞超微结构的缺血性损害。     

卡维地洛及TNF-α对内皮细胞释放t-PA和PAI-1的影响

目的　研究卡维地洛及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)对内皮细胞分泌组织纤溶酶原激活物 (t PA)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 1(PAI 1)的影响。方法　培养内皮细胞株 (ECV3 0 4) ,分为TNF α刺激组 ,培养基中TNF α加至终浓度为 5、10、2 5、5 0、10 0ng/ml;卡维地洛干预组 ,培养基中加TNF α (5 0ng/ml)后加入卡维地洛 ,终浓度为 2 0、5 0、10 0、2 0 0nmol/L ,2 4h后测定上清中的组织纤溶酶原激活物 (t PA)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 1(PAI 1)的含量。结果　内皮细胞在TNF α刺激 2 4h后 ,其分泌的PAI 1抗原含量与对照组比有明显升高 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而两组间t PA含量无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。而卡维地洛干预组却显著降低PAI 1(P <0 0 5 ) ,对t PA含量无明显作用 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　TNF α对内皮细胞株分泌的PAI 1有显著的升高作用 ,而对t PA无显著影响 ;用卡维地洛干预后 ,PAI 1显著降低 ,t PA含量无明显改变。     

类风湿关节炎患者血清sFas、sFasL和IL-18水平及意义

目的　探讨类风湿关节炎 (RA)患者血中可溶性Fas(sFas)、可溶性Fas配体 (sFasL)和白细胞介素 18(IL 18)水平及意义。方法　应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)和速率散射比浊法检测 70例RA患者血中sFas、sFasL、IL 18和类风湿因子 (RF)、C 反应蛋白 (CRP)含量。结果　RA患者sFas、sFasL、IL 18、RF、CRP含量分别为 ( 3.75± 1.79)ng/ml、( 12 15± 10 17)pg/ml、( 6 6 .6± 4 9.6 ) pg/ml、( 4 87±6 6 1)IU/ml、( 2 .75±4 .14 )mg/dl,与对照组 [( 2 .37± 1.2 9)ng/ml、( 4 43± 2 4 5 ) pg/ml、( 32 .2± 2 0 .5 ) pg/ml、<30IU/ml、<0 .0 1mg/dl]相比 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。sFasL与CRP、RF呈正相关 (r =0 .5 36 ,r =0 .394 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,sFas与IL 18呈正相关 (r =0 .80 8,P <0 .0 1)。结论　sFas、sFasL、IL 18与RA的发病过程有关     

急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗前后凝血与纤溶系统的变化

目的　探讨急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者溶栓治疗前后不同时间段凝血与纤溶系统的变化情况。方法　对 4 1例经溶栓治疗的AMI患者分别于治疗前及治疗后 4、8、12、4 8h和 3、7d共 7次抽取静脉血 ,分别检测凝血酶原时间 (PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间 (APTT)、纤维蛋白原 (Fg)、D 二聚体 (DD)、纤溶酶原 (PLG)、α2 纤溶酶抑制物 (α2 PI)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (t PA)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 1(PAI 1)等指标的活性或含量。结果　所有患者经溶栓治疗后 ,均导致PT、APTT的明显延长 ,t PA活性、DD含量的明显增高 ,PLG、α2 PI、PAI 1活性和Fg含量的明显降低 (与溶栓前比较 ,P均 <0 .0 1)。但这种变化为时较短 ,至溶栓后 12h ,各项指标已出现不同程度的恢复 ,t PA与PAI 1已回复至溶栓前水平。结论　凝血与纤溶活性的变化与溶栓疗效关系密切 ,应用时监测PLG、α2 PI、t PA、PAI 1、Fg和DD等指标 ,对判断溶栓疗效有重要价值。     

中枢神经系统疾病脑脊液中IL—6的表达与意义

目的　探讨 IL - 6在中枢神经系统 (CNS)疾病脑脊液 (CSF)中表达的意义。方法　采用 EL ISA法检测 10例脑梗死、14例脑出血、16例蛛网膜下腔出血、16例细菌性脑膜炎、18例病毒性脑炎、14例脑外伤患者和 2 0例正常对照者 CSF中 IL - 6水平 ,对部分脑出血患者进行发病第 1、2、5、10天的动态观察。结果　脑梗死、脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血患者 IL - 6含量分别为 6 40 .4pg/ ml± 5 5 7.8pg/ ml、96 6 .5 pg/ ml± 712 .2 pg/ ml、418.5 pg/ ml± 412 .5 pg/ ml,显著高于对照组(2 3.3pg/ ml± 10 .7pg/ ml) ,(P<0 .0 1～ 0 .0 0 1) ,脑出血组第 1天 IL - 6即达高峰 ,平均 1376 pg/ ml,出血破入脑室者显著高于未破入脑室者 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;各 CNS感染者 IL - 6显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1～ 0 .0 0 1) ,病毒性脑炎 (2 96 .0 pg/ ml±337.7pg/ ml)显著低于化脓性脑膜炎 (16 6 3.5 pg/ ml± 6 44 .6 pg/ ml)和结核性脑膜炎 (10 33.6 pg/ ml± 5 19.8pg/ ml) ;脑外伤患者 IL - 6 (2 72 .3pg/ ml± 34 4.0 pg/ ml)显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 CNS患者 CSF中存在 IL - 6的过量表达 ,IL -6的检测可作为反映脑组织炎性反应和损伤程度的灵敏指标 ,有助于细菌性脑膜炎与病毒性脑炎的鉴别诊断。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.