血清肌钙蛋白I在多发伤患者中的应用探讨

目的观察严重多发伤患者肌钙蛋白Ι(cTnI)水平变化,并探讨其与创伤评分、多脏器功能障碍综合征之间的关系。方法将116例严重多发伤患者,根据有无合并胸部创伤分为两组:合并胸部创伤组80例,无合并胸部创伤组36例,进行ISS评分和胸部损伤定级(AIS)。用微粒子免疫发光法采集血样检测cTnI水平。结果116例多发伤患者中,cTnI升高37例,其中合并胸部创伤30例,无合并胸部创伤7例;cTnI峰值随ISS值升高明显前移且绝对值增高;严重多发伤合并胸部创伤患者cTnI值升高例数比例,随AIS值升高而升高,血清cTnI峰值比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);伴有MODS患者的血清,cTnI水平为8.48±5.22ng/ml,且持续时间较长,并与MODS的严重程度呈正相关。结论严重多发伤患者出现心肌损伤以合并胸部创伤者为主,但严重多发伤患者无论胸部创伤与否均可出现心肌损伤,心肌损伤程度与MODS的发生率密切相关。     

严重多发伤患者心脏肌钙蛋白Ι与创伤评分、多脏器功能障碍综合征之间的关系

目的观察严重多发伤患者心脏肌钙蛋白Ι(cTnI),探讨其与创伤评分、多脏器功能障碍综合征之间的关系.方法将116例严重多发伤患者,根据有无合并胸部创伤分为两组:合并胸部创伤80例,无合并胸部创伤36例,进行ISS评分和胸部损伤定级(IS).用微粒子免疫发光法采集血样检测cTnI浓度. 结果观察116例多发伤患者中,cTnI升高37例,其中合并胸部创伤30例,无合并胸部创伤7例;cTnI峰值随ISS值升高明显前移且绝对值增高;严重多发伤合并胸部创伤患者cTnI值升高例数比例,随AIS值升高而升高,血清cTnI峰值比较,差异有显著性意义(p<0.05);伴有MODS患者的血清,cTnI水平为(8.48±5.22)ng/ml,且持续时间较长,并与MODS的严重程度呈正相关. 结论严重多发伤患者出现心肌损伤以合并胸部创伤者为主,但严重多发伤患者无论胸部创伤与否均可出现心肌损伤,心肌损伤程度与MODS的发生率密切相关.     

Blunt cardiac trauma

The incidence of cardiac injury after blunt chest trauma is difficult to determine and ranges from 8% to 76%. Moreover, the clinical presentation varies tremendously without a real gold standard to exclude or document cardiac involvement. Electrocardiogram as a single test is not sensitive or specific for diagnosing cardiac contusion. Furthermore, creatine kinase MB is non-reliable in the setting of severe trauma involving the liver, intestines or diaphragm. Although troponins T and I are highly specific for cardiac injury, their sensitivity in the setting of trauma is poor. The echocardiogram is very useful in the evaluation of trauma patients with suspected cardiac involvement. However, poor windows in the setting of chest and lung injuries and in intubated patients might be a major problem limiting the accuracy of transthoracic echocardiogram. On the other hand, transesophageal echocardiogram seems to be more sensitive and specific in trauma patients and should be the test of choice in patients with high clinical suspicion for blunt cardiac trauma.     

Left Ventricular Rupture With Resulting Cardiac Tamponade Due to Blast Force Trauma from Gunshot Wound

Background: Acute cardiac tamponade can rapidly become a surgical emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and intervention. Common etiologies of acute cardiac tamponade include blunt or penetrating trauma, surgical complications, sequelae from myocardial infarction and effusion. Objectives: This case report illustrates an instance where penetrating trauma mimics non-penetrating blunt force trauma. Case Report: The following is a report of a woman who died from cardiac tamponade secondary to a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest. This case is unique because the pericardium was not perforated; the left ventricle sustained numerous lacerations from the blast forces upon discharge of the weapon, resulting in a hemopericardium. Conclusion: This article defines cardiac tamponade, presents the case, and discusses shotgun ballistics, wounding mechanisms, and blunt force trauma.     

Assessment, monitoring and emergency nursing care in blunt chest injury: A case study

The case study highlights several complications that commonly develop in trauma patients who sustain blunt chest injuries with underlying lung injury and discusses essential nursing assessment and care. Rib fractures are one of the most common injuries sustained from blunt chest trauma and frequently co-exist with underlying lung injury. Rib fractures alone are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The addition of underlying lung injury such as lung contusions increases the incidence of adverse outcomes. Emergency nursing care must involve thorough assessment and timely intervention with a particular focus on maximising respiratory function and reducing pain. This can be achieved by appropriate oxygen therapy, early chest physiotherapy and adequate analgesic strategies.     

ECG findings in nonpenetrating chest trauma: a review

Significant ECG findings frequently accompany blunt chest trauma. Surface ECG in conjunction with creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme assay, has been an accepted standard for diagnosis of posttraumatic cardiac dysfunction, or "cardiac contusion." Studies employing recently developed noninvasive cardiac imaging techniques have called this practice into question and have shed new light on the pathophysiology of this clinical entity. As a result, it is appropriate to review the ECG manifestations of blunt chest trauma and to reappraise the utility of the ECG in its evaluation. This article will concern itself solely with nonpenetrating cardiac injuries not requiring initial surgical management, since clinical presentation, course, and prognosis differ when operative therapy is indicated.     

Cardiac arrest associated with aortic valve regurgitation

Blunt chest trauma can cause not only damage to the thoracic cage, but can also injure intracardiac structures including the papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and valve leaflets. Aortic valve (AV) injury secondary to blunt chest trauma is a rare occurrence. Clinically, AV injury may be missed during the initial post-trauma assessment due to the lack of suspicion of cardiac involvement. Thus, the diagnosis of AV injury is often delayed or missed for a time interval of days to months. As a consequence, the traumatic AV regurgitation can rapidly or progressively lead to congestive heart failure unless surgically corrected. Therefore, emergency physicians should be aware of the possibility of intracardiac structure injury, such as valvular injuries, after blunt chest trauma. Guidelines for the appropriate use of bedside cardiac ultrasound (BCU) recommend BCU should be performed in all patients with new murmurs for clinically significant valvular lesions that could potentially change management.We described the case of a 73-year-old female patient with AV injury after blunt trauma. She experienced cardiac arrest (CA) secondary to a moderate-to-severe traumatic AR, which was successfully treated with emergency AV replacement. We discuss how to diagnose and manage a CA patient, aided by BCU, with ventricular failure associated with persistent AV regurgitation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report on CA associated with isolated rupture of bicuspid AV rupture and AV regurgitation secondary to blunt chest trauma because of the lack of early suspicion of AV injury.     

Blunt traumatic myocardial injury

This article reviews the cardiac sequelae of blunt chest injury. Major cardiac injuries of blunt chest trauma involve damage to the myocardium, although pericardial disease, valvular heart disease, and coronary artery disease may result. Recognition of the various syndromes associated is discussed, and a synthesis of diagnostic and management strategies for speculation is provided.     

Sinoatrial Wenckebach associated with blunt cardiac injury

A 20-year-old man developed sinoatrial Wenckebach after moderate blunt chest and cardiac trauma from a motor vehicle accident. This unusual dysrhythmia is manifested by grouped beating, a constant PR interval, progressive shortening of the cycle length, and repetitive pauses. Sinoatrial Wenckebach has not previously been described in association with blunt cardiac injury.     

Right atrial rupture due to blunt chest trauma

Violent injury currently accounts for the majority of deaths among young people. Cardiac trauma is responsible for 15% of deaths from thoracic injury, and the incidence of cardiac injury in blunt chest trauma is as high as 76% in some clinical series. Many of these cardiac injuries consist of myocardial contusions. Recently, however, there has been increasing recognition of chamber disruption caused by blunt chest trauma. Cardiac injury is usually the result of direct compression of the heart between the sternum and the dorsal spine. These patients are frequently in extremis, with signs of pericardial tamponade, hypotension, and/or massive hemothorax. Successful management is dependent upon prompt diagnosis and surgical repair. To date there have been only 28 survivors (including the three patients in this report) of this catastrophic and frequently unrecognized injury.     

Cardiac contusion following blunt chest trauma.

Cardiac contusion following blunt chest trauma is not rare, and the works in the literature report incidence rates between 5 and 50%. Traffic accidents are the most frequent cause of cardiac contusion followed by violent fall impacts, aggressions and the practice of risky sports. The spectrum of post-traumatic cardiac lesions varies greatly, ranging from no symptoms to decrease in cardiac function. Cardiogenic shock is a rarely encountered manifestation of blunt cardiac contusion. We review our experience of cardiac contusion after blunt chest trauma, and we describe two very severe cases that manifested as cardiogenic shock. We emphasize an early diagnosis by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, serial electrocardiograms, echocardiography, serum determination of biochemical cardiac markers, radionuclide imaging and coronary angiography. The treatment includes continuous monitoring of cardiac rhythm, use of inotropic drugs, insertion of a catheter in the pulmonary artery for continuous assessment of cardiac output and, in extreme cases, the insertion of a contrapulsation balloon to maintain haemodynamics until improvement of cardiac function.     

Definitive management of acute cardiac tamponade secondary to blunt trauma

Blunt cardiac injuries are a leading cause of fatalities following motor-vehicle accidents. Injury to the heart is involved in 20% of road traffic deaths. Structural cardiac injuries (i.e. chamber rupture or perforation) carry a high mortality rate and patients rarely survive long enough to reach hospital. Chamber rupture is present at autopsy in 36-65% of death from blunt cardiac trauma, whereas in clinical series it is present in 0.3-0.9% of cases and is an uncommon clinical finding. Patients with large ruptures or perforations usually die at the scene or in transit--the rupture of a cardiac cavity, coronary artery or intrapericardial portion of a major vein or artery is usually instantly fatal because of acute tamponade. The small, rare, remaining group of patients who survive to hospital presentation usually have tears in a cavity under low pressure and prompt diagnosis and surgery can now lead to a survival rate of 70-80% in experienced trauma centres. As regional trauma systems evolve, patients with severe, but potentially survivable cardiac injury are surviving to ED. Two distinct syndromes are apparent--haemorrhagic shock and cardiac tamponade. Any patient with severe chest trauma, hypotension disproportionate to estimated loss of blood or with an inadequate response to fluid administration should be suspected of having a cardiac cause of shock. For patients with severe hypotension or in extremis, the treatment of choice is resuscitative thoracotomy with pericardotomy. Closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation is ineffective in these circumstances. Blunt traumatic cardiac injury presenting with shock is associated with a poor prognosis. The majority of survivors of blunt or penetrating cardiac injury present to the ED/trauma centre with vital signs. The main pathophysiologic determinant for most survivors is acute pericardial tamponade. The presence of normal clinical signs or normal ECG studies does not exclude tamponade. In recent years the widespread availability and use of ultrasound for the initial assessment of severely injured patients has facilitated the early diagnosis of cardiac tamponade and associated cardiac injuries. Two cases of survival from blunt traumatic cardiac trauma are described in the present paper to demonstrate survivability in the context of rapid assessment and intervention.     

Cardiac luxation: an unusual complication of a log roll

Cardiac luxation is a rare but potentially fatal consequence of blunt thoracic trauma. We present a case of a pericardial tear with cardiac luxation following blunt chest trauma. It is hypothesised that the cardiac luxation occurred while log rolling the patient during the initial assessment. This report stresses the need to be aware of the potential for such a complication.     

Delayed diagnosis of post-traumatic acute myocardial infarction complicated by congestive heart failure

A 53-year-old man experienced persistent chest pain followed by slight shortness of breath after being hit in the chest by a stranger. Chest X-ray study showed no rib fractures but electrocardiography indicated acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. Echocardiography revealed akinesia in both the interventricular septum and anterior left ventricular wall. Emergency cardiac catheterization demonstrated total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, 9 h after the event. He was successfully treated with coronary angioplasty and stenting procedures. However, poor left ventricular function was observed 3 months after the event despite medications. We conclude that evaluation for possible myocardial injury should be considered soon after blunt chest trauma for early treatment to improve prognosis.     

Association of thoracic cage fractures and pericardial effusion in blunt trauma

BackgroundSeveral case reports suggest that penetrating thoracic cage fractures are an important cause for hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade following blunt trauma. However, the prevalence of this mechanism of injury is not fully known, and considering this association may provide a better understanding of the utility of cardiac component of the FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma).ObjectiveTo determine the association of thoracic cage fractures and pericardial effusion in patients with blunt trauma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective, multicenter cohort study using the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database (2015–2017) of adults ≥18 years of age whose mechanism of injury was either a fall or motor vehicle accident. Thoracic cage fractures were defined as any rib or sternum fracture. The primary outcome was the presence of pericardial effusion. Confounding variables were accounted for using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsWe included 1,673,704 patients in the study; 226,896 (14%) patients had at least one thoracic cage fracture. A pericardial effusion was present in 4923 (0.3%) patients. When a thoracic cage fracture was present, the odds of having a pericardial effusion was significantly higher (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 6.5 [95% CI: 6.1–7.0]). Patients with left and right-sided rib fractures had similar odds of a pericardial effusion (aOR 1.2 [95% CI 1.04–1.4]). Sternal fractures carried the highest odds of having a pericardial effusion (aOR 11.1 [9.9–12.3]).ConclusionThoracic cage fractures secondary to blunt trauma represent a significant independent risk factor for the development of a pericardial effusion. Our findings lend support for the mechanism of bony injuries causing penetrating cardiac trauma. Given these findings, and the fact that many thoracic cage fractures are detected after the initial evaluation, we support maintaining the cardiac view in the FAST examination for all blunt trauma patients.     

Value of a conventional approach to the diagnosis of traumatic cardiac contusion after chest injury

We wanted to evaluate whether current screening techniques effectively determine a patient's need for hospital admission and intensive care monitoring after blunt chest trauma. Consequently, we reviewed 104 consecutive admissions for "blunt chest trauma; rule out cardiac contusion." Neither clinical findings, cardiac enzyme levels, chest x-rays, nor ECGs predicted the high-risk patients who would subsequently develop complications related to myocardial contusion. Since only 23% of the study patients developed such complications, the plurality of study patients did not require admission and monitoring. There is, therefore, a definite need to develop new, accurate screening tests for patients at risk for myocardial contusion complications.     

Commodio cordis: an underappreciated cause of sudden cardiac death in young patients: assessment and management in the ED

Commotio cordis is the condition of sudden cardiac death or near sudden cardiac death after blunt, low-impact chest wall trauma in the absence of structural cardiac abnormality. Ventricular fibrillation is the most commonly reported induced arrhythmia in commotio cordis. Blunt impact injury to the chest with a baseball is the most common mechanism. Survival rates for commotio cordis are low, even with prompt CPR and defibrillation.     

Blunt chest trauma: utility of radiological evaluation and effect on treatment patterns

Minor chest wall trauma is a common complaint in the emergency department (ED) (Barnea Y, Kashtan H, Skornick Y, Werbin N. Isolated rib fractures in elderly patients: mortality and morbidity. Can J of Surgery 2002;45(1):43-6; Lee RB, Bass SM, Morris JA, Mackenzie EJ. Three or more rib fractures as an indicator for transfer to a level I trauma center. J Trauma 1990;30:689-94; Dubinsky I, Low A. Non-life-threatening blunt chest trauma: Appropriate investigation and treatment. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15(3):240-3). Up to 50% of rib fractures may be missed on standard x-ray (Ziegler DW, Agarwal NN. The morbidity and mortality of rib fractures. J Trauma 1994;37:975-9; Palvanen M, Kannus P, Niemi S, Parkkari J. Hospital-treated minimal-trauma rib fractures in elderly Finns: long-term trends and projections for the future. Osteoperosis International). Little consensus exists among emergency physicians with respect to the workup of minor blunt chest trauma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of emergency physicians in interpreting rib radiographs and to determine if that interpretation resulted in any variance in treatment patterns. Our study is a retrospective study of 271 charts from a community-based teaching hospital from August 2000 to August 2002. Patients were excluded if they suffered major trauma. The treatment rendered was categorized. Categories included over-the-counter medication, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, narcotics, and muscle relaxants. The overall chi2 calculation showed no differences between the fractured group and the no fracture group (P=.072). From this, it can be concluded that there were no between-group differences in drugs prescribed based on whether a fracture was diagnosed by the ED physician. Indicating that the interpretation of the rib series does not influence the physicians treatment plan.     

Electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation in the trauma patient: acute myocardial infarction vs myocardial contusion

The diagnosis of myocardial contusion in the setting of blunt trauma engenders much discussion and controversy-partly because of the lack of a gold standard for its identification other than histologic findings at autopsy. Furthermore, blunt cardiac trauma represents a spectrum of disorders ranging from transient electrocardiographic change to sudden death from myocardial rupture; hence, no single terminology exists to define such a wide range of scenarios. Here, we present 2 cases of electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation after high-speed motor vehicle crashes resulting in numerous injuries, including blunt chest trauma. Both patients demonstrated electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation, resulting from myocardial contusion and acute myocardial infarction.