经颅直流电对脑卒中致环咽肌失弛缓并吞咽失用症患者的疗效观察

目的 观察经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对脑卒中致环咽肌失弛缓并吞咽失用症患者的疗效。 方法 对2例脑卒中致环咽肌失弛缓并吞咽失用症患者依次给予A方案（基础吞咽训练+球囊扩张）及B方案（tDCS+基础吞咽训练+球囊扩张）治疗。于治疗前、A方案治疗4周后及B方案治疗4周后分别评估患者舌运动、口面吞咽失用和吞咽功能改善情况。 结果 经A方案治疗4周后2例患者舌运动、口面失用情况均无明显改善,不能执行吞咽指令,反射性吞咽时环咽肌不开放,吞咽功能无改善;经B方案治疗4周后,2例患者口面失用评分由8~10分提高到40~42分,能执行吞咽指令,自主吞咽及反射性吞咽时均见环咽肌协调性开放,食物能顺利进入食管到胃。 结论 tDCS能改善脑卒中致环咽肌失弛缓并吞咽失用症患者的吞咽失用症状,使患者能执行指令性吞咽、配合基础吞咽训练及主动球囊扩张治疗,从而加速患者吞咽功能恢复。     

应用脑电非线性分析观察吞咽失用症的皮质电活动

目的:应用脑电非线性分析观察吞咽失用症的大脑皮质电活动变化。方法:利用脑电非线性分析观察1例左侧额颞顶梗死后吞咽失用患者卒中后4周,安静闭眼、反射性吞咽、自主性吞咽3种状态下的大脑皮质电活动,同时进行吞咽失用的功能评价;计算脑电图非线性指数的近似熵(ApEn);记录3种状态下6名健康者的脑电图(EEG)作为正常对照。结果:脑电显示,与安静闭眼比较,正常对照组反射性吞咽时C3、C4、P3、P4、T6的ApEns值显著增高,自主性吞咽时除上述导联ApEn值增高外,F4和T5的ApEns值也显著增高。自主性吞咽时F4、T6的ApEns值比反射性吞咽增高。吞咽失用患者反射性吞咽时C3、P3的ApEns值增高,T6的ApEn值降低;自主性吞咽时,T6的ApEn值降低;自主性吞咽时的C3、P3、T5的ApEn数值比反射性吞咽时低。结论:吞咽失用患者自主性吞咽时左侧中央、顶、后颞大脑皮质的兴奋性不但没有升高,反而比安静闭眼和反射性吞咽时还低,符合吞咽失用的临床特征。应用脑电非线性分析可以观察到吞咽失用症吞咽任务相关的大脑半球的脑电变化。     

神经调控技术在吞咽障碍康复中的应用进展

神经调控技术基于皮质修复机制,通过电或化学方法直接或间接作用于大脑皮质,影响神经元兴奋性,辅助神经网络重建,促进功能恢复。经颅直流电刺激和经颅磁刺激技术近年来在吞咽障碍康复中被广泛应用,且疗效显著。吞咽障碍患者可根据大脑皮质受损情况,选择适宜的恢复模型,通过电极部位、频率的选择,实施不同的神经调控干预策略,兴奋、抑制或调控大脑目标皮质,从而改善吞咽功能。     

经颅直流电刺激的研究及应用

背景:经颅直流电刺激是一种非侵袭性的刺激脑方法,利用弱的电流经颅刺激目标区域引起脑兴奋性的改变.目的:回顾分析经颅直流电刺激的基本原理、刺激程序、优越性及不良作用及其在脑功能各个区域与脑卒中和脊髓神经系统疾病中的应用.方法:由第一作者检索1995/2011 PubMed 数据库及西文生物医学期刊文献数据库.检索词为"tDCS,Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation,noninvasive brain stimulation,stroke;经颅直流电刺激,非侵袭性脑刺激".结果与结论:国外近十年的研究已经确立经颅直流电刺激应用于人类大脑皮质的有益效果,并基本确立了其刺激模式.阳极刺激具有兴奋大脑皮质的作用,阴极刺激降低大脑皮质的兴奋性.应用于脑卒中患者的临床研究显示阳极刺激和阴极刺激均有有益的作用,阳极刺激对脊髓损伤的患者也有有益的效果.经颅直流电刺激作为一种新的,无创的,有效的治疗方法被广泛应用于神经系统损伤患者的研究中,为这样患者的康复带来新的希望.     

经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位有关指标及其在脑卒中运动功能评估中的应用研究进展

脑卒中是全球致残的最常见疾病,对患者功能障碍进行准确评定可更好的指导康复治疗并改善预后。大脑皮质兴奋性是脑卒中康复及预后的重要标志。然而目前临床评估多采用量表,精确性差,无法定量评定患者大脑兴奋性情况。由经颅磁刺激诱发的运动阈值及运动诱发电位是大脑皮质兴奋性的代表性评价指标,可定量评估大脑皮质兴奋性。近年来,经颅磁刺激成对脉冲刺激模式诱发的短间隔皮质内抑制及皮质内易化已成为皮质兴奋性相关研究的新方向。经颅磁刺激诱发的相关皮质兴奋性评价指标在脑卒中后运动功能评估及预后参考中有重要意义。本文就经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位有关指标的特性及其在脑卒中运动功能评估中的应用进行综述。     

经颅直流电刺激的研究及应用

背景：经颅直流电刺激是一种非侵袭性的刺激脑方法,利用弱的电流经颅刺激目标区域引起脑兴奋性的改变。目的：回顾分析经颅直流电刺激的基本原理、刺激程序、优越性及不良作用及其在脑功能各个区域与脑卒中和脊髓神经系统疾病中的应用。方法：由第一作者检索1995/2011PubMed数据库及西文生物医学期刊文献数据库。检索词为＂tDCS,Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation,noninvasive brain stimulation,stroke;经颅直流电刺激,非侵袭性脑刺激＂。结果与结论：国外近十年的研究已经确立经颅直流电刺激应用于人类大脑皮质的有益效果,并基本确立了其刺激模式。阳极刺激具有兴奋大脑皮质的作用,阴极刺激降低大脑皮质的兴奋性。应用于脑卒中患者的临床研究显示阳极刺激和阴极刺激均有有益的作用,阳极刺激对脊髓损伤的患者也有有益的效果。经颅直流电刺激作为一种新的,无创的,有效的治疗方法被广泛应用于神经系统损伤患者的研究中,为这样患者的康复带来新的希望。     

经颅直流电刺激联合吞咽训练对脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍的临床疗效观察

目的:研究经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)联合吞咽训练对脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍的疗效。方法:本研究采用随机对照设计,卒中后吞咽困难患者40例随机分为tDCS组和对照组,每组各20例。在吞咽训练的基础上,t DCS组患者给予健侧吞咽运动皮质1.5 mA阳极电流刺激,而对照组给予假性电流刺激。比较2组患者治疗前后的改良曼恩吞咽能力评估量表(MMASA)和功能性经口摄食量表(FOIS)评分的变化。结果:治疗前,2组MMASA量表评分和FOIS吞咽功能评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗2周后,2组MMASA量表和FOIS吞咽功能评分均高于治疗前,且t DCS组高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:t DCS联合吞咽训练比单独吞咽训练能更有效改善脑卒中后患者的吞咽功能。     

综合康复治疗脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍

目的：观察综合康复治疗对脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍患者的治疗作用。方法：脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,均按脑卒中常规治疗及口面肌群、声带、咀嚼及吞咽功能训练,感觉刺激等。观察组增加吞咽障碍训练仪（低频电）和经颅磁刺激（TMS）治疗。结果：治疗1个月后,2组吞咽功能与治疗前比较均有提高,洼田饮水试验≥3分的患者,观察组明显多于对照组（P〈0.05）。临床疗效比较,观察组治愈显效率及总有效率均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：脑卒中吞咽障碍患者结合低频电及TMS治疗可显著改善吞咽功能,提高临床疗效。     

高频重复经颅磁刺激联合任务导向性训练对卒中后偏瘫患者肢体功能影响观察

目的探究高频重复经颅磁刺激联合任务导向性训练治疗卒中后偏瘫患者的效果。方法选取某院2017年9月至2019年5月卒中后偏瘫患者94例,根据建档时间不同分为研究组47例、对照组47例,对照组给予任务导向性训练,研究组在对照组基础上联合高频重复经颅磁刺激,比较两组治疗前后肢体功能(Fugl-Meyer)、运动功能(MAS)、神经电生理检查[运动诱发电位皮质潜伏期(CL)、中枢运动传导时间(CMCT)]。结果治疗后两组Fugl-Meyer、MAS评分高于治疗前,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后研究组CL、CMCT低于治疗前,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。结论高频重复经颅磁刺激联合任务导向性训练应用于卒中后偏瘫患者,可促进肢体功能及运动功能恢复,改善大脑皮质兴奋性。     

经颅直流电刺激在脊髓损伤后神经病理性疼痛中的应用进展

经颅直流电刺激通过电流调节神经细胞跨膜电位,导致去极化或超极化,改变大脑皮质的兴奋性,从而改善脊髓损伤后神经病理性疼痛。本文主要综述经颅直流电刺激对脊髓损伤后神经病理性疼痛的作用机制、临床应用及其安全性与局限性。     

Neuroimaging evidence for cortical involvement in the preparation and in the act of swallowing

This study employed whole head magnetoencephalography and synthetic aperture magnetometry to investigate the cortical topography of the preparation and the execution of volitional and reflexive water swallowing and of a simple tongue movement. Concerning movement execution, activation of the mid-lateral primary sensorimotor cortex was strongly lateralized to the left during volitional water swallowing, less strongly lateralized to the left during reflexive water swallowing, and not lateralized at all during tongue movement. In contrast, the preparation for both volitional water swallowing and tongue movement showed a bilateral activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex. No activation was seen prior to reflexive water swallowing. Activation of the left insula and frontal operculum was observed only during both the preparation and the execution of volitional water swallowing. These new findings suggest a left hemispheric dominance for the cortical control of swallowing in humans.     

经颅直流电刺激同步吞咽任务对健康人吞咽皮质运动中枢的影响

目的探索经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）同步吞咽任务对吞咽运动中枢的神经电生理学影响。 方法采用自身对照,双盲设计。选取健康受试者20例,先后给予阳极tDCS(a-tDCS)、阴极tDCS(c-tDCS)和虚假tDCS（s-tDCS）三种刺激模式,以吞咽强投射区为靶半球进行干预,并同步完成用力吞咽任务。单脉冲经颅磁刺激分别刺激双侧吞咽皮质代表区,记录tDCS干预前以及干预后5、30、60和90min舌骨上肌群的运动诱发电位（MEP）;采用两因素重复测量的方差分析对数据进行统计学处理。 结果tDCS干预因素可影响双侧吞咽运动皮质的兴奋性［同侧,F(2,28)=241.2,P<0.01;对侧,F(1,20)=29.5,P<0.01］。时间因素和tDCS干预因素有交互作用［同侧,F(3,46)=25.4,P<0.01;对侧,F(4,53)=6.6,P<0.01］。其中s-tDCS对双侧兴奋性的影响差异无统计学意义［同侧,P=0.894;对侧,P=0.354］。与s-tDCS相比,a-tDCS提高了刺激同侧的兴奋性,而不是对侧［同侧,MEP均值差值为21%±2%,95%可信区间为15%～27%,P<0.01;对侧,MEP均值差值为1%±2%,95%可信区间为-3.4%～6.5%,P>0.05］。与s-tDCS相比,c-tDCS抑制同侧而增强对侧的皮质兴奋性［同侧,MEP均值差值为-21%±2%,95%可信区间为-18%～-42%,P<0.01;对侧,MEP均值差值为20%±3%,95%可信区间为12%～29%,P<0.01］。 结论tDCS同时结合吞咽任务对吞咽运动中枢的影响具有极性依赖性和刺激半球依赖性特征;a-tDCS可以提高同侧吞咽皮质运动区的兴奋性,而c-tDCS则在抑制同侧吞咽运动皮质同时兴奋对侧吞咽皮质区。     

Response Inhibition Induced in the Stop-signal Task by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Pre-supplementary Motor Area and Primary Sensoriomotor Cortex

[Purpose] This study examined whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of both the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and primary sensoriomotor cortex (M1) alters the response time in response inhibition using the stop-signal task (SST). [Methods] Forty healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. The subjects were randomly tested under the three: the pre-SMA tDCS, M1 tDCS, and Sham tDCS conditions. All subjects performed a SST in two consecutive phases: without or after the delivery of anodal tDCS over one of the target sites (pre-SMA or the M1) and under the Sham tDCS condition. [Results] Our findings demonstrated significant reductions in the stop processing times after the anodal tDCS over pre-SMA, and change response times were significantly greater under the pre-SMA tDCS condition compared to both the M1 tDCS condition and the Sham tDCS condition. There was no significant major effect after delivery of the tDCS for the go processing times observed among the three conditions. [Conclusion] Anodal tDCS of the pre-SMA or M1 during performance of the SST resulted in enhancement of the volitional stop movement in inhibitory control. Our results suggest that when concurrently applied with the SST, tDCS might be a useful adjuvant therapeutic modality for modulation of the response inhibition and its related dynamic behavioral changes between motor execution and suppression.Key words: Transcranial direct current stimulation, Stop signal task, Response inhibition     

Suppression of seizure by cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in an epileptic patient - a case report -

Epilepsy is an intractable disease, though many treatment modalities have been developed. Recently, noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can change brain excitability, was introduced and has been applied for therapeutic purposes regarding epilepsy. A suppression of seizures was experienced by cathodal tDCS in a medication refractory pediatric epileptic patient. The patient was an 11-year-old female who had focal cortical dysplasia of the cerebral hemisphere. The patient was treated with antiepileptic drugs but the mean seizure frequency was still eight episodes per month. The tDCS cathode was placed at the midpoint of P4 and T4 in the 10-20 EEG system where the abnormal wave was observed on a sleep EEG. Two mA of tDCS was applied 20 minutes a day, five days a week for two weeks. During a two-month period after treatment termination, only six seizure attacks occurred, and the duration of each seizure episode also decreased. tDCS was applied under the same conditions for another two weeks. For two months after the second treatment session, only one seizure attack occurred, and it showed great improvement compared to the eight seizure attacks per month before the tDCS treatment. The medications were not changed, and there were no notable side effects that were caused by tDCS.     

经颅直流电刺激调节迷走神经兴奋性对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的效果

目的 研究经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)调节迷走神经兴奋性对卒中后吞咽功能障碍的疗效。方法 2020年9月至2021年2月,本院康复科卒中后吞咽障碍患者28例随机分为对照组和tDCS组,各14例。两组均行吞咽功能训练,tDCS组行迷走神经tDCS,对照组行迷走神经假刺激。治疗前后,采用改良曼恩吞咽能力评估量表(MMASA)和澳大利亚治疗结局量表(AusTOMs)吞咽功能评分进行评定。结果 治疗后,两组MMASA评分(|t| > 5.593, P < 0.001)和AusTOMs吞咽功能评分(|Z| > 2.121, P < 0.05)均提高,tDCS组优于对照组(|t| = 2.439, |Z| = 2.079, P < 0.05)。结论 tDCS调节迷走神经兴奋性可促进卒中后吞咽功能障碍恢复。     

不同强度的经颅直流电刺激对脑梗死后吞咽障碍患者的疗效比较

目的 探讨经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)对脑梗死后吞咽障碍的有效强度及其神经机制。方法 2016年1月至2018年12月,脑梗死后吞咽障碍住院患者60例随机分为低强度组(n = 20)、中强度组(n = 20)和高强度组(n = 20),分别给予1.0 mA、1.5 mA和2.0 mA tDCS,共30 d。治疗前后观察吞咽造影和脑电α波变化。结果 与治疗前相比,高强度组口腔期评分升高(t = -2.196, P < 0.05),α波优势频率显著升高( t = -6.488, P < 0.001)。 结论 高强度tDCS可提高脑梗死后吞咽障碍患者脑兴奋性,改善吞咽功能。     

Introducing graph theory to track for neuroplastic alterations in the resting human brain: a transcranial direct current stimulation study

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that alters cortical excitability and activity in a polarity-dependent way. Stimulation for a few minutes has been shown to induce plastic alterations of cortical excitability and to improve cognitive performance. These effects might be related to stimulation-induced alterations of functional cortical network connectivity. We aimed to investigate the impact of tDCS on cortical network function by functional connectivity and graph theoretical analysis of the BOLD fMRI spontaneous activity. fMRI resting-state datasets were acquired immediately before and after 10-min bipolar tDCS during rest, with the anode placed over the left primary motor cortex (M1) and the cathode over the contralateral frontopolar cortex. For each dataset, grey matter voxel-based synchronization matrices were calculated and thresholded to construct undirected graphs. Nodal connectivity degree and minimum path length maps were calculated and compared before and after tDCS. Nodal minimum path lengths significantly increased in the left somatomotor (SM1) cortex after anodal tDCS, which means that the number of direct functional connections from the left SM1 to topologically distant grey matter voxels significantly decreased. In contrast, functional coupling between premotor and superior parietal areas with the left SM1 significantly increased. Additionally, the nodal connectivity degree in the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) area as well as in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right DLPFC) significantly increased. In summary, we provide initial support that tDCS-induced neuroplastic alterations might be related to functional connectivity changes in the human brain. Additionally, we propose our approach as a powerful method to track for neuroplastic changes in the human brain.     

Transcranial direct current stimulation over somatosensory cortex decreases experimentally induced acute pain perception

OBJECTIVE: Multiple cortical areas including the primary somatosensory cortex are known to be involved in nociception. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) that modulates the cortical excitability painlessly and noninvasively, over somatosensory cortex on acute pain perception induced with a Tm:YAG laser. METHODS: Subjective pain rating scores and amplitude changes of the N1, N2, and P2 components of laser-evoked potentials of 10 healthy participants were analyzed before and after anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that cathodal tDCS significantly diminished pain perception and the amplitude of the N2 component when the contralateral hand to the side of tDCS was laser-stimulated, whereas anodal and sham stimulation conditions had no significant effect. DISCUSSION: Our study highlights the antinociceptive effect of this technique and may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying pain relief. The pharmacologic prolongation of the excitability-diminishing after-effects would render the method applicable to different patient populations with chronic pain.     

Anatomy and physiology of feeding and swallowing: normal and abnormal

Eating and swallowing are complex behaviors involving volitional and reflexive activities of more than 30 nerves and muscles. They have two crucial biologic features: food passage from the oral cavity to stomach and airway protection. The swallowing process is commonly divided into oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages, according to the location of the bolus. The movement of the food in the oral cavity and to the oropharynx differs depending on the type of food (eating solid food versus drinking liquid). Dysphagia can result from a wide variety of functional or structural deficits of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, or esophagus. The goal of dysphagia rehabilitation is to identify and treat abnormalities of feeding and swallowing while maintaining safe and efficient alimentation and hydration.