心电图SⅠQⅢTⅢ波群在急性肺栓塞诊治中的价值

目的探讨心电图SⅠQⅢTⅢ波群在急性肺栓塞诊断和治疗中的价值。方法回顾性分析通过螺旋CT确诊的102例肺栓塞患者的心电图表现,提取SⅠQⅢTⅢ波群阳性组与阴性组对比分析。结果102例肺栓塞患者心电图SⅠQⅢTⅢ波群阳性29例,阳性率28.4%。SⅠQⅢTⅢ阳性组与阴性组患者入院前不能明确诊断分别为41.4%vs.69.9%（P〈0.05）;大面积肺栓塞分别为48.3%vs.23.3%（P〈0.05）;死亡率分别为24.1%vs.10.9%（P〉0.05）;双侧肺动脉栓塞分别为86.3%vs.65.8%（P〈0.05）;右侧肺动脉栓塞分别为10.3%vs.31.5%（P〈0.05）。结论心电图SⅠQⅢTⅢ波群阳性不能作为急性栓塞诊断的必要条件;SⅠQⅢTⅢ阳性可降低肺动脉栓塞的误诊;SⅠQⅢTⅢ阳性提示双侧肺动脉栓塞,大面积肺栓塞发生率高。     

心电图在急性肺动脉栓塞诊断中的价值

目的 评估心电图对急性肺动脉栓塞(肺栓塞)的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析43例既往无心肺疾病的急性肺栓塞患者住院首次、溶栓后及出院前系列心电图变化.结果 ①入院时首次心电图:心动过速26例(60.47%),右束支传导阻滞10例(23.26%);V1导联和V1～V2导联、V1～V3导联、V1～V4导联、V1～V5导联、V1～v6导联T波倒置分别为34例(79.70%)、20例(46.52%)、12例(27.91%)、9例(20.93%)、7例(16.28%)和2例(4.65%);SⅠ＞0.1 mV、TⅢ倒置、QⅢ和SⅠQⅢTⅢ分别为23例(53.49%)、21例(48.84%)、27例(62.79%)和20例(46.52%).②溶栓后心电图:心动过速消失20例(76.9%),右束支传导阻滞消失4例(40%),胸前导联T波倒置加深4例,SⅠ变浅、QⅢ减小或消失、TⅢ倒置变浅或直立11例.③出院前心电图:心动过速消失;胸前导联T波直立数增加,ST段回基线,QⅢ进一步减小或消失,TⅢ倒置变浅或直立.结论 急性肺栓塞心电图变化多变,需动态观察并密切结合临床加以识别.     

肺动脉血栓栓塞症30例

目的:探讨肺动脉血栓栓塞症的危险因素、临床特征和旱期诊断及治疗.方法:对我院2000年8月至2007年12月住院30例肺栓塞患者的危险因素、临床特征、疗效等进行回顾分析.结果:25例患者具有明确的易患因素.临床症状以呼吸困难出现频率最高(73.3%),晕厥出现频率为20.0%.胸痛、咯血、呼吸困难三联征出现率为6.7%.低氧血症、D-二聚体的阳性率分别是50.0%、95.8%.心电图典型SⅠQⅢTⅢ>的频率为24.1%.超声心动图中右室增大的频率为69.6%、肺动脉高压69.6%、三尖瓣返流82.6%.18例患者螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CT-PA)发现肺动脉充盈缺损16例(88.9%).结论:肺动脉血栓栓塞症与危险因素密切相关,临床表现多样.CT-PA可作为确诊手段.小剂量的溶栓抗凝治疗是安全有效的治疗方法.     

肺栓塞的心电图变化及其意义

目的 探讨肺栓塞患者的心电图特征及其意义.方法 回顾性分析近6年来本院收治的28例肺栓塞患者的临床及心电图资料.结果 肺栓塞的危险因素包括长时间卧床、外科手术史、心导管手术史、恶性肿瘤、下肢静脉曲张、肥胖和高龄;症状表现为呼吸困难、胸痛、咳嗽、发热、咯血、晕厥、癫痫发作、猝死;体征有心动过速、呼吸急促、低血压、紫绀、颈静脉怒张、P2亢进、肺部罗音、胸膜摩擦音、下肢肿胀压痛.心电图的主要改变为窦性心动过速、SⅠQⅢTⅢ现象、右束支阻滞、肺型P波、右室高电压、心房颤动、ST-T改变.住院期间的死亡率为25%,其中猝死率14.3%.结论 肺栓塞的心电图表现对诊断缺乏特异性,如能结合临床发病特点、危险因素和心电图的动态则具有诊断价值.     

急性肺栓塞34例临床分析

目的:对肺栓塞进行临床分析,评价肺栓塞的诊断方法及治疗效果.方法:对2003年8月～2008年8月入院并确诊的34例肺栓塞的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:本组肺栓塞检测D-二聚体均＞500 μg/L,超声心动图示均有肺动脉高压(肺动脉压平均54.9 mmHg),血气分析均为低氧血症,心电图表现为SⅠTⅢQⅢ者8例(23.53%),合并呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血三联征4例(11.76%).本组17例误诊,误诊率50%.结论:肺栓塞的临床症状、体征不典型,误诊率高,发病与易患因素密切相关,需结合医技检查进行诊断,溶栓治疗可提高患者生存率,而提高临床医生的认识和诊断水平是当务之急.     

肺栓塞43例临床心电图分析

目的:分析心电图改变在临床肺栓塞诊断中的价值。方法:病例选自我院住院的43例经肺CT、灌注/通气扫描或肺动脉造影明确诊断的肺栓塞患者,主要分析患者住院期间的临床表现及心电图特征性表现。结果:心电图改变者为97.7%,其中QⅢ占62.8%,窦速占55.8%,SⅠ占51.2%,TⅢ占41.9%,同时具备SⅠQⅢTⅢ占32.6%,右束支阻滞占23.3%,ST-T段下移改变占53.5%,T波倒置特别以右胸导联为主,肺型P波仅占7.0%,顺钟向转位占18.6%,肢体导联低电压占9.3%、心房纤颤占2.3%,室性早搏占4.7%,正常心电图占2.3%。结论:心电图在临床肺栓塞的诊断虽然是非特异性和非诊断性的,但有许多特征对提示肺栓塞有一定价值。     

急性肺栓塞30例心电图分析

目的 观察急性肺动脉栓塞患者心电图的表现和特征,为临床诊断提供依据.方法 回顾性分析确诊为急性肺栓塞的30例患者心电图改变.结果 异常心电图28例(93.33％),其中T波倒置17例(56.67％),S I Q Ⅲ T Ⅲ 10例(33.33％),S I TⅢ(S Ⅰ 或QⅢ)7例(23.33％),窦性心动过速9例(30.00％),心房颤动1例(3.33％),ST段改变7例(23.33％),完全性右束支阻滞5例(16.67％),aVR导联R波增高3例(10.00％),肺型P波1例(3.33％),电轴右偏2例(6.67％),顺钟向转位1例(3.33％).结论 急性肺栓塞的心电图改变无特异性,呈一过性及多变性,如能紧密结合临床及动态观察心电图的演变,则有助于急性肺栓塞的早期诊断.     

急性肺栓塞的临床特征与早期诊断的相关性分析

目的 探讨急性肺栓塞的早期临床特征和诊断方法及其相关性。方法 对50例急性肺栓塞患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 呼吸困难(68％)、胸痛(36％)、晕厥或黑朦(30％)等为急性肺栓塞最典型的早期表现；动脉血气分析、肺核素检查为重要的确诊手段；初诊确诊率为40％。结论 急性肺栓塞早期可无特异性临床表现，但对排除了其他原因的呼吸困难、胸痛等表现后，特别是对有晕厥史者应高度重视，应及早进行肺栓塞的相关检查，提高早期确诊率，以防误诊和漏诊。     

急性肺栓塞心电图1例

患者男,65岁,因突然胸前区剧痛,伴大汗、气促入院。体查:T不升,P70次/分,R26次/分,BP220/120mmHg。急性痛苦病容,神清,肺部听诊呼吸音低钝,可闻小水泡音。既往有高血压病史10年。入院查心电图:窦性心律,电轴左偏,完全性右束支传导阻滞。入院诊断:胸痛原因待查:急性肺栓塞?急性心肌梗死?肺部感染、高血压病Ⅲ期。查心肌酶均正常,次日上午再次突发胸前区剧痛。呼吸困难、晕厥、阿一斯综合征发作,心电图示:窦性心律,心电轴右偏,完全性右束支传导阻滞。Ⅰ导联出现深S波,avR导联R波增高,V_1导联R'波较前增     

外科手术后急性肺栓塞临床分析

目的 分析外科手术后患者急性肺栓寨的临床特点,以提高临床医师对术后急性肺栓塞的认识并增强早期预防观念.方法 对北京大学第三医院2000年1月至2008年1月8年问31例外科手术后急性肺栓塞患者的一般资料、临床表现、诊断、治疗和预后进行回顾分析.结果 ①术后急性肺栓塞占所有急性肺栓塞的比率为21.9%,其病死率为3.2%.②术后急性肺栓塞常见于脊柱手术、恶性肿瘤手术、腹腔手术、妇科手术和关节置换手术等.术后急性肺栓塞常发生于术后一周之内,恶性肿瘤术后发生肺栓塞的时间更早.③临床表现以呼吸困难最常见(90.3%),其次为胸痛、心悸、晕厥较常见,典型的呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血三联症并不多见.④静脉溶栓治疗禁忌用于术后大面积肺栓塞,介入取栓、碎栓或外科取栓是重要的替代治疗措施.结论 外科手术是急性肺栓寒的一个重要危险因素;术后患者出现呼吸困难、胸痛、晕厥等表现时,临床医师应警惕肺栓塞;积极抗凝或取栓治疗可以改善患者预后.     

容易误诊为肺部感染的青年急性肺栓塞(附15例报告)

目的分析青年急性肺栓塞的临床特点,提高临床医生对本病的诊断意识,以早期规范治疗。方法对我院2010年1月—2012年12月收治的15例青年急性肺栓塞的临床资料行回顾性分析。结果本组15例,14例经血管彩色多普勒超声检查确诊下肢深静脉血栓形成,2例有获得性危险因素,2例有基础疾病。症状以咳嗽、咳痰最常见,其次为发热、胸闷;体征以肺部听诊湿啰音多见;10例低氧血症,D-二聚体均升高。15例均经CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)检查确诊肺栓塞。结论青年急性肺栓塞症状不典型,临床医生接诊具有肺栓塞高危因素的呼吸道症状患者,应高度警惕肺栓塞,CTPA检查可助诊。     

胸痛相关肺血管病的诊治进展

胸痛是临床常见症状之一,本文针对以胸痛特点为临床表现的肺血管疾病进展予以综述,尤其是致死性肺栓塞的危险因素、临床表现、诊疗及预防等方面的进展,提高对肺栓塞的认识水平,为临床肺血管病的诊治提供参考,并提出了围绕肺血管病的诊治管理模式。     

心电图联合胸部X线片对肺栓塞的早期诊断

目的探讨胸部X线片与心电图联合应用对急性肺栓塞（APE）的早期诊断价值。方法回顾性分析81例可疑肺栓塞病案的临床资料。结果81例患者中单纯胸部X线片异常21例,3例确诊为肺栓塞,准确度14.3%;单纯心电图异常18例,1例确诊为肺栓塞,准确度5.3%;X线片及心电图均有异常38例,32例确诊为肺栓塞,准确度84.2%。结论联合应用胸部X线、心电图检查对于肺栓塞的早期诊断有较高的特异性,可以作为早期治疗的依据。     

Early recognition of pulmonary embolism: the key to lowering mortality

Pulmonary embolism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The majority of deaths from pulmonary embolism occur because an accurate diagnosis was not made. It is imperative for clinicians to have a high level of clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism when patients present with dyspnea, tachypnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, and cough. If pulmonary embolism is diagnosed and treatment initiated, death and recurrence of embolism are uncommon. Beyond correct diagnosis and treatment, the single most effective strategy that can be employed to decrease the high mortality associated with pulmonary embolism is identification of individuals at risk and the institution of prophylactic measures. This article reviews the incidence, risk factors, assessment, physical examination, laboratory, and diagnostic testing for pulmonary embolism.     

核素肺显像对鉴别貌似炎症的急性肺栓塞及真正肺部炎症的价值

目的研究核素肺吸入、灌注显像对鉴别貌似炎症的急性肺栓塞及真正肺部炎症的价值。消除由于误诊耽误最佳溶栓时机的危险。方法对１４例伴有胸痛、咳嗽或发热的急性肺栓塞及１０例肺部炎症患者进行核素肺吸入灌注显像。以其损伤肺段当量数占被检肺段的百分比及其形态学改变对两种疾病在两种显像中的表现进行比较分析。并与Ｘ线胸片进行对比。结果急性肺动脉栓塞肺灌注显像示以肺段分布的异常放射性缺损区,损伤肺段当量数占被检肺段的２７％;吸入显像基本正常,仅占０４％。反之,肺部炎症则示吸入损伤明显,按或不按肺段分布,占被检肺段的４０％;灌注显像占２４％,部位与吸入像匹配,多为放射性减低。急性肺栓塞的Ｘ线胸片为正常、血管纹理减少或非特异改变;而肺部炎症则改变明显。结论急性肺动脉栓塞尤其貌似炎症者核素显像诊断价值较高。肺部炎症动态观察Ｘ线胸片诊断价值较高。但核素显像亦有能区别于栓塞的特点。肺栓塞合并炎症者,核素显像、特别是动态观察具有独特价值。灌注显像损伤范围可大于吸入影像损伤范围,病变呈以肺段形态分布的放射性缺损。而单纯炎症吸入影像损伤范围大于灌注,且灌注像可为不按肺段分布的放射性减低     

支原体肺炎合并肺血栓栓塞症1例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）合并肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的临床特点和诊断、治疗要点及相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析1例MPP合并PTE的病历资料,复习文献,探讨MPP合并PTE的诊断要点、治疗方法及血栓相关危险因素。结果 患儿为7岁女童,学龄期,以呼吸道症状起病,发热、咳嗽为主要表现,有一过性胸痛、呼吸困难及低氧血症表现,病程14天出现PTE。左下肺叩诊浊音,左侧胸部呼吸音减低,可闻及少许湿啰音。辅助检查：胸腔积液淡黄、清亮。肺炎支原体抗体IgM 1∶320,血浆D 二聚体11.8 mg/L,肺动脉造影(CTA)示左上肺动脉及右下肺动脉部分分支内充盈缺损,心脏超声检查示左肺动脉起始部血栓形成,抗核抗体（ANA）（+）,狼疮抗凝物阳性,血浆蛋白S活性降低（59.5%）,出凝血疾病基因突变未检出。诊断PTE、MPP、胸腔积液,拉氧头孢钠联合阿奇霉素抗感染,地塞米松抑制炎症反应,肝素钙、利伐沙班抗凝治疗后,患儿症状、体征好转,胸腔积液消失,D 二聚体逐渐下降至0.1 mg/L。结论 MPP患儿有胸痛、呼吸困难,尤其伴有D 二聚体明显升高时,要考虑合并PTE可能,CTA可明确诊断,对于存在多个危险因素或有肺栓塞高度风险的患儿应及早行CTA检查,血栓形成可能与支原体感染导致的过度炎症反应及血管内皮损伤有关。     

Prevalence of acute myocardial infarction and other serious diagnoses in patients presenting to an urban emergency department with chest pain

A retrospective cohort study and chart review were performed to estimate the absolute and relative prevalence of the serious diagnoses that might cause a patient to present to the Emergency Department (ED) with a chief complaint of chest pain. In this study, we queried a database of 347,229 complete visits to the San Francisco General Hospital Emergency Department between July 1, 1993 and June 30, 1998 for visits by patients > 35 years old with a chief complaint of chest pain and no history of trauma. Visits for chest pain that resulted in hospitalization were assigned to one of nine diagnostic groups according to final diagnoses as coded in the database. Manual chart review by trained abstractors using explicit criteria was done when group assignment based on coded diagnoses was unclear and in all diagnoses of pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection. Of 8711 visits (2.5% of all visits) with a chief complaint of non-traumatic chest pain, 3271 (37.6%) resulted in hospitalization. Of the 3078 (94.1% of those hospitalized) assigned a final diagnosis, 329 (10.7% of hospitalizations, 3.8% of all visits) had acute myocardial infarction, 693 (22.5%) had either unstable angina or stable coronary artery disease, and 345 (11.2%) had pulmonary causes (mainly bacterial pneumonia) deemed serious enough to require hospitalization. Pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection were diagnosed in only 12 (0.4%) and 8 (0.3%) patients, respectively. In 905 (29.4%) hospitalizations for chest pain, myocardial infarction was “ruled out” and no cardiac ischemia or other serious etiology for the chest pain was diagnosed. Among patients presenting with chest pain, those in older age groups had dramatically increased risk of acute myocardial infarction. Women presenting with chest pain had a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction than men. In conclusion, the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction in the undifferentiated ED patient with a chief complaint of chest pain is only about 4%. An equal number of patients will have a serious pulmonary cause as the etiology of their pain. Pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection are important but extremely rare causes of a chest pain presentation to the ED.     

肺血栓栓塞症患者的观察及护理体会

目的:观察肺血栓栓塞症患者所具有的临床特征,总结护理体会。方法:将2008年1月~2010年12月的40例肺血栓栓塞症患者临床表现进行分析和统计学处理。结果:全部患者均存在着不同的危险因素,其中以慢性心肺疾病、血栓性静脉炎、肿瘤较为常见;具体体征与临床表现多为不典型特征,以活动后咳嗽、气促、胸痛以及静态下呼吸困难较为多见。结论:认识肺栓塞的各种危险因素,早期正确评估症状、体征,积极配合治疗、预防并发症,提供整体护理和出院指导,是提高护理质量的关键。     

Diagnosing the cause of chest pain

Chest pain presents a diagnostic challenge in outpatient family medicine. Noncardiac causes are common, but it is important not to overlook serious conditions such as an acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, or pneumonia. In addition to a thorough history and physical examination, most patients should have a chest radiograph and an electrocardiogram. Patients with chest pain that is predictably exertional, with electrocardiogram abnormalities, or with cardiac risk factors should be evaluated further with measurement of troponin levels and cardiac stress testing. Risk of pulmonary embolism can be determined with a simple prediction rule, and a D-dimer assay can help determine whether further evaluation with helical computed tomography or venous ultrasound is needed. Fever, egophony, and dullness to percussion suggest pneumonia, which can be confirmed with chest radiograph. Although some patients with chest pain have heart failure, this is unlikely in the absence of dyspnea; a brain natriuretic peptide level measurement can clarify the diagnosis. Pain reproducible by palpation is more likely to be musculoskeletal than ischemic. Chest pain also may be associated with panic disorder, for which patients can be screened with a two-item questionnaire. Clinical prediction rules can help clarify many of these diagnoses.     

Investigation and management of patients with pleuritic chest pain presenting to the accident and emergency department.

The assessment of a patient with pleuritic chest pain calls for a high degree of clinical acumen and a high degree of suspicion that the diagnosis might be pulmonary embolism. This area is one of the most difficult in A&E medicine (and indeed chest medicine). One error is to "think the best" when considering the diagnosis in such patients but experience soon teaches to "think PE" and diagnose less serious conditions only when pulmonary embolism has been excluded. A key consideration is the presence of risk factors. Because the diagnosis is difficult, there should be no hesitation in requesting a senior opinion or referring to the inpatient medical team. We have produced an algorithm (fig 1) for the investigation and management of pleuritic chest pain as discussed in this article. Three questions relating to this article are: (1) Can pulmonary embolism be the diagnosis in a patient with pleuritic chest pain but a normal chest radiograph, ECG, and arterial blood gases? (2) What is the chest radiograph abnormality which is most likely to alert you to the possibility of pulmonary embolism? (3) What percentage of patients with a low clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism but a high probability V/Q scan will have pulmonary embolism demonstrated on pulmonary angiography? The three key references are The PIOPED Investigators, Dalen, and Fennerty.