单侧皮层下缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能磁共振成像的纵向研究

目的分析单侧皮层下缺血性脑卒中患者患侧肢体运动时脑部激活区随时间的动态变化过程,以及与运动功能康复水平的关系。方法对6名健康志愿者与3例单侧皮层下缺血性脑卒中患者进行血氧水平依赖功能磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）,分别采取单侧手指和患侧手指顺序对指运动任务。采用统计参数图进行数据分析和脑功能区定位,计算不同感兴趣区内激活体素数目,并计算偏侧化指数（LI）。扫描结束后记录患者上肢Fugl-Meyer运动评分。对患者在发病后8个月内分别行两侧BOLD-fMRI检查,比较两次激活区域及LI的变化。结果脑卒中患者激活区较健康人广泛,3例患者在发病早期激活范围存在差异,但均表现为双侧感觉运动区（SMC）激活;在发病晚期,肢体同侧SMC激活减少,对侧SMC激活增多,相应的半球、SMC、M1区LI增高。结论单侧皮层下脑梗死患者随着病程时间延长,功能区逐渐向对侧SMC局限化。     

脑缺血性卒中患者运动功能康复的功能性磁共振成像研究

目的利用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术研究急性期缺血性脑卒中患者（以下简称急性期患者）运动相关皮质的激活情况，并探讨脑卒中后脑功能重组特点及其与肢体运动功能恢复的关系。方法采用GEI．5T双梯度16通道磁共振成像系统，对9例急性期患者和9例健康志愿者行Bold—fMRI检查。fMRI检查以被动对指运动（以下简称运动）为刺激任务，所有数据采用SPM2软件包进行离线后处理。比较健康志愿者与急性期患者fMRI结果的异同点，计算脑激活区体积和单侧化指数（LI），考察急性期患者患手运动LI值与患手运动功能的关系。结果健康志愿者单手运动激活对侧感觉运动皮质（SMC）、双侧辅助运动区（SMA）。急性期患者患手运动时同侧半球脑激话增多，健手运动的fMRI结果与健康志愿者基本一致。LI值也进一步确定，急性期患者患手运动时同侧半球脑激活增多。统计学分析表明，急性期患者患手运动的LI值与患手运动功能呈正相关。结论fMRI检查能客观地反映急性期患者运动相关皮质改变，提示存在脑功能代偿与重组。急性期患者患手运动LI值与患手运动功能呈正相关，提示fMRI是研究缺血性脑卒中后肢体运动功能康复与脑功能重组之间关系的一种有效工具。     

fMRI动态观察脑梗死患者脑运动功能的恢复

目的 采用fMRI纵向观察脑梗死患者双手握拳运动时脑功能区的动态重组和代偿情况,并探讨其与运动功能恢复水平的关系。方法 34例脑梗死患者(病例组)及16名正常人(正常对照组)分别进行双手的握拳运动,进行实时BOLD-fMRI,病例组在发病1周内(早期)首次扫描,其中11例患者5~7周(恢复期)再次接受扫描,正常对照组只扫描1次。应用SPM8软件测定初级运动皮层(M1)激活体积,计算偏侧化指数(LI)及Fugl-Meyer Assessment(FMA)运动积分,分析LI与FMA积分在早期和恢复期的变化。结果 早期患手运动激活双侧M1、次级运动皮层,恢复期主要激活对侧M1、次级运动皮层,同侧脑激活区减少;脑梗死患者LI与FMA值在早期与恢复期差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。患者健侧肢体运动的脑激活模式与正常人相似。结论 BOLD-fMRI可显示梗死患者脑皮层运动代表区的动态重塑过程,可为脑梗死治疗康复提供重要基础和方法。     

双侧上肢训练影响脑梗死患者脑功能重组的fMRI研究

目的利用BOLD-fMRI技术探讨双侧上肢训练对脑梗死患者脑功能重组的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将14例患侧上肢功能中度到重度损伤皮质下梗死患者分为双侧训练组及对照组,前者接受双侧上肢训练,后者接受以患侧上肢为主的常规单侧肢体训练。2组患者分别于治疗前、治疗4周后进行上肢功能评定以及BOLD-fMRI扫描,刺激任务为肘关节被动屈伸。 结果治疗后2组患者Fugl-Meyer量表上肢部分（FMA-UE）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）评分均明显提高（P<0.05）,但两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗后2组患者激活脑区增加,以双侧训练组更明显;治疗后双侧训练组患者出现双侧M1、S1、辅助运动区（SMA）激活;治疗后双侧训练组中度损伤患者呈M1对侧激活趋势,重度损伤患者呈M1同侧激活趋势。 结论双侧上肢训练能提高脑梗死患者上肢运动功能及日常生活能力,其机制可能与促进两侧大脑皮质间抑制正常化及同侧皮质脊髓通路开放有关。     

脑梗死患者脑功能重组的功能性磁共振成像研究

目的利用血氧水平依赖功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术研究恢复期脑梗死患者运动相关皮质的激活代偿情况,探讨脑梗死后脑功能重组的规律。 方法选取16例初发单侧放射冠和/或基底核区脑梗死患者作为研究对象,其中男12例,女4例;年龄37～80岁,平均（61.0±11.3）岁;病程1～3月,平均 1.7个月。每位患者依次进行患侧、健侧腕关节被动屈伸运动,同时对患者进行fMRI检查。所得数据采用SPM2软件包进行离线后处理,比较所有患者健侧及患侧腕关节被动运动时大脑皮质激活情况。 结果脑梗死患者患侧腕关节被动运动时较健侧运动时激活大脑皮质区域更多、范围更广,其中患侧腕关节被动运动时激活脑区特点如下：①主要运动皮质区（M1）激活缺失,仅4例出现对侧M1区激活,有5例出现同侧M1区激活;②非主要运动区明显激活,包括运动前区（PMC）、补充运动区（SMA）、扣带回运动区(CMA)、顶下小叶(IPL)、前额叶皮质(PFC)及小脑（CRB）等,并呈现双侧激活现象。健侧腕关节被动运动时主要激活对侧第一运动区（M1）、第一感觉区（S1）以及同侧CRB,有少数出现PMC、SMA、CMA及IPL激活,但均以对侧脑区激活为主。 结论脑梗死后大脑皮质功能发生代偿性改变,包括主要运动区激活缺失,非主要运动区激活增加,并且运动区发生移位,有向周围扩展的趋势,另外还可见非运动区激活。     

脑卒中后偏瘫手运动功能恢复的功能性磁共振成像研究

目的：应用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术探索脑卒中后运动功能恢复的脑代偿形式和机制。方法：选择25例脑卒中患者作为患者组，其中男16例，女9例；年龄28～75岁，平均54．1岁；进行fMRI检查时间最短为发病2周，最长为60个月。同时选择15例正常人作为对照组进行fMRI检查，其中男11例，女4例，年龄35～69岁，平均48．6岁。结果：对照组双侧手分别运动时，均在对侧SM1区产生激活，12例右手运动时激活同侧SM1区（12／15），6例左手运动时激活同侧SM1区（6／7）。SM1激活区呈斑片状或不规则状高信号。各非主要运动区亦有一定比例的激活。患者组均在对侧SM1区产生激活，同侧SM1区则有22例产生激活，激活体积多数以对侧较大，LI值为正值。右侧患手对侧SM1活平均体积及LI与正常组相近，同侧SM1均激活体积大于正常组，LI小于正常组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。左侧患手的双侧SM1均激活体积及LI与正常组比较，差异均无统计学意义。PM、SMA、CMA激活的出现率有不同程度增高，以对侧明显。结论：卒中后处于康复进程中者，患手对侧SM1积已恢复到正常水平，同侧SM1有代偿现象。双侧的PM、SMA和CMA也有代偿表现。     

急性脑梗死康复治疗对手运动中枢激活区BOLD-fMRI偏侧化的影响

目的 利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像(BOLD-fMRI)技术观察脑梗死急性期患者短期康复治疗前、后的手运动中枢激活区偏侧化指数(LI)的变化规律,探讨脑梗死患者急性期手运动功能康复的机制.方法 选取脑梗死急性期患者16例(病例组),依据每例患者的具体情况制订个体化的康复训练计划,在患肢功能恢复的不同阶段进行患肢运动功能的康复治疗.分别于入院当日(治疗前)及康复治疗后第14天(治疗后)进行BOLD-fMRI检查,并采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)评定其手运动功能,记录和比较康复治疗前和治疗后手运动中枢激活区大脑半球感觉运动皮质(SMC)体积和LI值;另选10例健康志愿者(健康对照组)进行单次fMRI检查,记录中枢激活区SMC体积及LI值.结果 16例脑梗死患者,治疗前患手运动激活对侧SMC的LI值(0.010±0.808)小于健手运动的LI值(0.789±0.157),且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗后患手的运动激活SMC的LI值(0.701±0.480)与健手运动激活SMC的LI值(0.859±0.163)比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后,患手被动运动激活SMC的LI值大于治疗前(P＜0.05),健手被动运动激活SMC的LI值与治疗前的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).12例右侧手功能障碍患者,治疗前右手运动LI值(0.071±0.749)小于左手运动LI值(0.779±0.168),且小于健康对照组(0.896±0.198),且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 脑梗死急性期患者短期康复治疗可以促进患肢手运动功能的恢复,患手运动的LI值可反映两侧大脑半球在缺血性脑卒中早期康复过程中各自功能重组情况.     

脑梗死康复治疗前、后手运动功能BOLD-fMRI定量分析

目的利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）技术研究急性期脑梗死患者短期康复治疗前、后的手运动中枢激活体积的变化，比较常规治疗者和康复治疗者中枢激活体积的变化规律，探讨脑梗死患者急性期手运动功能康复的机制。 方法选择脑梗死急性期患者16例作为患者组，随机分为康复治疗组8例，常规治疗组8例，分别于入院当日及治疗第14天进行fMRI检查，并采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分法（FMA）评定其手运动功能，记录并比较常规治疗组和康复治疗组治疗前、后的中枢激活体积；另选10名健康志愿者行单次fMRI检查，测定相同运动任务刺激后的脑功能区位置和激活体积，并与患者组进行比较。 结果16例脑梗死患者经治疗后，对侧感觉运动皮质（SMC）激活体积及FMA评分均大于治疗前（P<0.05）；康复治疗组治疗前、后患手运动激活对侧SMC的体积以及FMA评分的变化均较常规治疗组明显（P<0.05）。 结论脑梗死急性期采取临床短期康复治疗可引起患侧SMC区的相应变化，促进患肢功能的恢复。     

头针丛刺结合强制性运动疗法对脑梗死后手运动障碍疗效的功能性磁共振评价

目的采用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）观察急性期脑梗死患者经头针丛刺及强制性运动疗法（CIMT）治疗前、后其手运动中枢激活体积、激活强度变化。 方法采用随机数字表法将30例急性期（发病至入组时间≤3d）脑梗死患者分为试验组及对照组。2组患者均给予常规药物治疗，试验组同时辅以头针丛刺及CIMT治疗，对照组则辅以体针及一般康复治疗。于入院当天及治疗14d后进行fMRI检查，观察其大脑手运动功能区改善情况，并采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）上肢部分测定患者肢体功能改善情况。另外本研究同时选取15例年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者行单次fMRI检查，观察其相同任务下脑区激活体积与强度，并与患者组进行比较。 结果所有患者经治疗后其患肢运动时患侧感觉-运动皮质（SMC）激活体积、FMA评分均较治疗前增大（P<0.05）；试验组治疗前、后患侧手运动激活对侧SMC体积及激活强度均较对照组更明显（P<0.05）。 结论在脑梗死急性期采用头针丛刺结合CIMT治疗能进一步促进患侧大脑感觉-运动皮质功能恢复，改善患者运动功能，该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

卒中早期手指被动运动的脑功能磁共振成像研究

目的应用扩散张量成像及BOLD-fMRI技术观察卒中早期手指被动运动时大脑半球相关区域血氧水平的变化情况.方法采用1.5 T MR成像系统对6名早期卒中患者进行BOLD-fMRI及扩散张量成像,采用手指被动屈伸运动作为fMRI的刺激任务.结果在锥体束中断时,卒中早期健手运动时激活双侧SMC区,患手运动可激活对侧半球后顶叶皮层及同侧SMC区;锥体束较完整时健手运动时激活对侧SMC区,患手运动激活双侧SMC区、双侧后顶叶皮层.结论卒中早期可能发生运动功能通路的重构,但锥体束不同损伤情况下运动功能恢复可能存在不同的机制.DTI与fMRI联合应用将是监测和研究脑卒中后恢复的有用工具.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.