探讨静脉补钾局部疼痛缓解的方法

目的 寻找缓解静脉补钾局部疼痛的方法.方法 住院病人100例,第1天静脉输入10％葡萄糖溶液500 ml加入10％氯化钾15ml(A组),第2天静脉输入5％葡萄糖氯化钠500 ml加入10％氯化钾15 ml(B组),第3天静脉输入生理盐水500 ml加入10％氯化钾15 ml(C组).观察局部疼痛的发生情况.对第1天A组中出现疼痛的病例立即在输液中加入10％氯化钠10 ml,再观察局部疼痛的情况.结果A组中疼痛发生率为80％、B组疼痛发生率为12％、C组疼痛发生率为10％,与A组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),而B、C组之间差别无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组中疼痛病例加入10％氯化钠后93.75％病人疼痛消失,与加入前相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 采用糖盐水或生理盐水做溶剂补钾可显著减少疼痛的发生,在10％葡萄糖溶液中加入适量氯化钠可消除或减轻补钾时的疼痛.     

氯化钠缓解静脉补钾局部疼痛的临床观察

目的探讨氯化钠对缓解静脉滴注氯化钾溶液局部疼痛的效果。方法连续输液治疗患者240例，采用自身对照的方法。治疗第1天静脉输入10％葡萄糖500ml＋10％氯化钾15ml（A组）、第2天静脉输入5％葡萄糖氯化钠500ml＋10％氯化钾15ml（B组）、第3天静脉输入0．9％氯化钠500ml＋10％氯化钾15ml（C组），观察患者局部疼痛的发生情况。对A组中出现疼痛的病例。立即在输液中加入10％氯化钠10ml，观察对局部疼痛的影响。结果B、C组患者疼痛发生率分别为12．91％和9．17％，与A组（82．50％）相比差异非常显著（P〈0．01）；A组出现疼痛的病例，经处理后疼痛程度明显减轻，与处理前相比差异非常显著（P〈001）。结论采用糖盐水或生理盐水配合补钾可显著降低局部疼痛的发生率，在已发生局部疼痛患者的液体中加入适量氯化钠可消除或减轻疼痛症状。     

钠盐稀释对静滴氯化钾所致疼痛及补钾效果的影响

目的探讨使用氯化钠稀释对缓解静滴氯化钾所致疼痛及补钾效果的影响。方法将60例血钾偏低需静脉补钾病人随机分为两组各30例,钠盐组将10%氯化钾15ml加入生理盐水500ml中进行静脉滴注,葡萄糖组将10%氯化钾15ml加入5%葡萄糖液500ml中进行静脉滴注,2次/d,观察局部疼痛发生情况,补钾2d后观察血钾升高值。结果两组疼痛程度比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);钠盐组血钾升高(0.57±0.14)mmol/L,葡萄糖组血钾升高(0.89±0.39)mmol/L,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论钠盐可缓解静滴氯化钾所致的局部疼痛,同时钠盐亦会减慢补钾的过程。     

儿童静脉补钾致局部疼痛的观察及护理

目的 探讨糖盐水和葡萄糖氯化钠对儿童静脉滴注氯化钾溶液减轻局部疼痛的效果.方法 选取需静脉注射补钾的儿童112例,随机分为糖盐水组和葡萄糖氯化钠组,每组56例.糖盐水组静脉输注5％ ～ 10％的葡萄糖100～ 500 ml加10％氯化钠5～15 ml配制糖盐水,之后加入10％的氯化钾,每天一次静脉输液;葡萄糖氯化钠注射液组采用成品注射液,根据体重差别选用不同规格注射液(100、200、500 ml),每天一次静脉输液.观察两组患儿的局部疼痛情况,同时记录患者疼痛症状缓解的情况.结果 糖盐水组的疼痛发生率和疼痛程度均明显高于葡萄糖氯化钠钾注射液组(P＜0.01).结论 对于儿童静脉输液局部疼痛的缓解,葡萄糖氯化钠钾注射液比糖盐水作为补钾溶剂更有效,其疼痛发生率和疼痛程度均较低,值得临床推广.     

氯化钾溶液灌肠法治疗心力衰竭伴低血钾症的护理与观察

目的　寻找心力衰竭患者补钾的方法。方法　将心衰伴中度缺钾住院患者 5 0例分为两组 ,A组静脉输入 5 %葡萄糖溶液或葡萄糖氯化钠溶液 10 0 0ml+10 %氯化钾 2 0ml,B组肠道注入 0 .9%生理盐水 2 0ml+10 %氯化钾 2 0ml,观察两组补钾效果、患者反应及护理人力资源使用情况。结果　A组纠正血钾时间平均为 (8.36± 1.87)h ,2 4h后血钾值平均上升 (0 .32± 0 .0 7)mmol/L ,完成治疗需要时间为 8h ,护理耗时 4 0min ,需 2个班次护士完成 ;B组纠正血钾时间平均为 (3.0 1± 0 .6 9)h ,2 4h后血钾值平均上升 (0 .5 2± 0 .0 7)mmol/L ,完成一日 2次治疗共需约 10min ,2例患者 30min后排便 ,护士可在本班内完成。结论　采用氯化钾溶液灌肠法可显著纠正心衰伴中度缺钾患者的低钾血症 ,补钾速度快 ,患者易于接受 ,护理操作安全、简单。     

静脉补钾局部疼痛缓解方法的临床观察

目的 探讨缓解静脉补钾导致局部疼痛的方法.方法 对含有与不含有氯化钠溶液的补钾法,及翻转针柄法予以效果比较.结果 10%葡萄糖组疼痛发生率最高,达85.0%,糖盐水组与生理盐水组疼痛发生率较低,分别为25.0%与26.0%,其与不含氯化钠溶液组比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.01);各组采用翻转针柄法的疼痛发生率,前后比较均无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论 采用糖盐水或生理盐水作溶剂补钾,可显著减少疼痛的发生;翻转针柄法无明显效果.     

静脉补钾局部疼痛缓解方法的临床观察

目的探讨缓解静脉补钾导致局部疼痛的方法。方法对含有与不含有氯化钠溶液的补钾法,及翻转针柄法予以效果比较。结果10%葡萄糖组疼痛发生率最高,达85.0%,糖盐水组与生理盐水组疼痛发生率较低,分别为25.0%与26.0%,其与不含氯化钠溶液组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01);各组采用翻转针柄法的疼痛发生率,前后比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论采用糖盐水或生理盐水作溶剂补钾,可显著减少疼痛的发生;翻转针柄法无明显效果。     

周围静脉营养配合胰岛素治疗妊娠剧吐60例探讨

将120例妊娠剧吐的孕妇随机分为治疗组和对照组各60例。治疗组采用周围静脉营养配合胰岛素治疗(10%葡萄糖、糖盐、脂肪乳、氨基酸,含葡萄糖液中加入适量正规胰岛素,酌情补钾,液体3000ml),对照组采用常规补液治疗(用5%葡萄糖或氯化钠加入氯化钾、维生素B6、维生素C等,每日补液3000ml左右)。治疗第4、6天,治疗组与对照组在治愈率及总有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。周围静脉营养配合胰岛素治疗妊娠剧吐效果显著,可以推广应用。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚联合间苯三酚治疗急性肾绞痛的疗效观察

目的:探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚联合间苯三酚治疗急诊肾绞痛的疗效.方法:将急诊诊断为肾绞痛的126例患者随机分为3组.A组(盐酸戊乙奎醚联合间苯三酚组):给予盐酸戊乙奎醚针剂1 mg肌肉注射,继以间苯三酚80 mg加入5%葡萄糖注射液100 ml中静脉滴注;B组(间苯三酚组):给予间苯三酚80 mg加入5%葡萄糖注射液100 ml中静脉滴注;C组(抗胆碱能药物组):给予阿托品0.5 mg肌肉注射,继以山莨菪碱10 mg加入5%葡萄糖注射液250 ml中静脉滴注(糖尿病患者改用生理盐水稀释).观察3组患者的疼痛缓解率及不良反应.结果:A、B、C组有效率分别为92.8%,76.2%和53.8%,3组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).不良反应发生率,A组和B组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组和C组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论:盐酸戊乙奎醚联合间苯三酚对肾绞痛的镇痛治疗具有良好的疗效,值得临床推广应用.     

生理盐水湿敷与复方海普林软膏外涂对缓解静脉补钾局部疼痛的对比观察

目的 探讨生理盐水湿热敷,外涂复方海普林软膏分别对缓解静脉补钾局部疼痛的效果.方法选择静脉补钾局部重度疼痛患者104例随机分为A、B 2组,A组生理盐水湿热敷;B组外涂复方海普林软膏,观察两组患者疼痛程度.结果 A组中重度疼痛患者占61.5%,B组为13.5%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),生理盐水湿热敷,外涂复方海普林软膏均能使局部疼痛感减轻或者消失,但外涂复方海普林软膏效果优于生理盐水湿热敷.结论 外涂复方海普林软膏是缓解静脉补钾引起局部疼痛较好的方法.     

苄索氯胺法——一种新的尿蛋白定量检测方法

目的 对苄索氯胺法这种新的尿蛋白检测方法进行评价。方法 收集150例门诊就诊患者尿液，用苄索氯胺法检测其尿蛋白含量，以此评价该方法的线性范围、精确度、灵敏度、回收试验、重复试验。结果该方法线性范围上限达2.014g／L，回收率手工法为86．95％，自动法为106．85％，有良好的精密度（CV分别为4．97％和2．63%），灵敏度为单一钨酸比浊法的19～34倍，该法与单一钨酸比浊法的相关性良好，相关系数r为0．9846。两法结果进行t检验，t=0．436，P〉0．05，结果 差异无统计学意义。结论 该方法有灵敏度高、重复性好的优点，结果稳定，标本用量少，适用于自动分析，是值得在临床上推广的方法。     

苯扎氯铵药物贴一次性护脐带的研制与临床应用

新生儿脐部处理是爱婴区护理的工作重点,若脐带处理不当,容易引起新生儿脐部感染和出血,为了促进新生儿脐部残端的愈合,减少或避免新生儿脐部感染的发生。临床上新生儿出生断脐以后,传统的处理方法是用0.5%碘伏消毒断面后,以无菌纱布覆盖再用纱布绷带沿脐部环形缠绕,用胶布固定     

Functional characterization of Musca glutamate- and GABA-gated chloride channels expressed independently and coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ligand-gated chloride channels (LGICs) are important targets for insecticides and parasiticides. Genes encoding subunits of two LGICs, a glutamate-gated chloride channel (MdGluCl-alpha) and a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel (MdRdl), were cloned from house-flies (Musca domestica L.). These genes were first expressed independently in Xenopus laevis oocytes by cRNA injection in order to investigate the pharmacology of these ligand-gated channels using two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology. It was found that L-glutamate and GABA activated the MdGluCl-alpha homo-oligomers with an EC(50) value of 30 microM and the MdRdl homo-oligomers with an EC(50) value of 101 microM, respectively. Both channels were chloride ion-permeable, and the MdRdl channel was more sensitive to chloride channel blockers, such as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH), fipronil and picrotoxinin, than the MdGluCl-alpha channel. MdGluCl-alpha required only 1-2 days of incubation after cRNA injection to be expressed in oocytes, whereas 4-7 days of incubation was necessary to achieve MdRdl expression. However, when the cRNA of MdGluCl-alpha was injected at a dose of 1% (w/w) 1 day after the injection of the cRNA of MdRdl, a significant increase in the current amplitude of responses to GABA was observed, and the incubation period necessary for MdRdl expression became shorter. These results suggest that MdGluCl-alpha assists in the expression of MdRdl when the two are coexpressed.     

Is secondary wavelength always necessary in turbidimetric urine protein measurements?

ObjectivesTurbidimetric urine protein methods like Benzethonium Chloride (BTC) and Benzalkonium Chloride (BC) are previously reported to give falsely low protein results in very high protein concentrations (> 2000 mg/L).Design and methodsBTC and BC assays were adapted to an Olympus AU 640 analyzer in order to investigate the effect of the secondary wavelength on the linearity of the assays. Pyrogallol red (PYR) was also adapted to the same analyzer and used as the comparative method.ResultsThe linearity of BC was increased from 1500 mg/L to 3000 mg/L and the linearity of BTC was increased from 1500 mg/L to 2500 mg/L with the omission of the secondary wavelength.ConclusionsWe propose single-wavelength measurements for BC and BTC methods; however, urine samples with protein concentration > 2500 mg/L for BTC and > 3000 mg/L for BC should be diluted to appropriate concentrations.     

Nutrient agar with sodium chloride supplementation for presumptive detection of Moraxella catarrhalis in clinical specimens

We previously reported that Nissui nutrient agar (N medium) promoted the growth of Moraxella catarrhalis but not commensal Neisseria spp. In the present study, we examined which constituent of N medium was responsible for the selective growth of M. catarrhalis using 209 M. catarrhalis and 100 commensal Neisseria spp. clinical strains. We found that peptone, but not meat extract or agar of N medium, had growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting ability with respect to M. catarrhalis and commensal Neisseria spp. Thus, we investigated the amino acid content of N peptone and found it had higher concentrations of amino acids than other commercial peptone products. On varying the sodium chloride concentration of reconstituted N medium, we noted that the concentration was an important factor in bacterial growth differences. Varying the sodium chloride concentration of other commercial nutrient agars achieved similar results to those for N medium. This is, to our knowledge, the first study observing that sodium chloride concentration is responsible for difference in growth between the two organisms. We also successfully isolated colonies of M. catarrhalis from respiratory specimens on N medium, whereas the growth of commensal Neisseria spp. was inhibited, and by adding bovine hematin and β-NAD we were able to isolate Haemophilus influenzae colonies as efficiently as with a chocolate agar. In conclusion, nutrient agar can be used as a medium for the preferential isolation of M. catarrhalis from upper respiratory tract specimens.     

复合季铵盐对乙型肝炎表面抗原破坏作用的试验观察

以含3200mg／L复合季铵盐（含双癸基氯化铵与正12～16烷基苄基氯化铵）溶液对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）作用45min,或以含800mg／L复合季铵盐溶液作用60min,均可将HBsAg抗原性破坏。以含8000mg／L十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液作用120min亦未完全将HBsAg抗原性破坏。     

Differentiation of myeloperoxidase and glandular peroxidase in biological fluids: application to human saliva.

A modification of the assay system for peroxidase activity in human mixed saliva using 2,2'-azinobis-(-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) as the substrate is reported. The modifications permit differentiation between glandular peroxidase (SPX) and myeloperoxidase (MPX) activity. In addition, factors endogenous to saliva such as thiocyanate did not adversely affect the modified assay system. The basic peroxidase assay utilized 1.0 mM ABTS and 0.1 mM H2O2 in 0.1 M sodium acetate, pH 4.7. The addition of 100 mM NaCl to the assay inhibited 90% of the activity of purified MPX but only 40% of the SPX activity in parotid saliva presumed to be free of MPX. Addition of Cl- to the assay had varied effects on the mixed saliva SPX activity (44-68% inhibition), suggesting that MPX is present in varying amounts in mixed saliva. Assay of mixed saliva from patients with different states of periodontal health indicated that the amount of Cl- inhibition is dependent on amount of inflammation and thus amount of MPX present. The results suggest that the modified assay yields a reliable estimate of relative SPX activity in mixed saliva.     

改良液体氯化钾口服方法的效果观察

目的 观察改良液体氯化钾口服方法对提高患者服药依从性的效果.方法 将2010年8月～2011年7月在我院普外科及肿瘤科住院需口服液体氯化钾治疗患者78例,随机分为观察组40例和对照组38例.观察组采用改良口服方法,对照组采用传统口服方法.观察两组服药依从性.结果 两组服药依从性比较有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论 改良后液体氯化钾口服方法使患者服药的依从性提高,充分发挥药物疗效,促进患者康复.     

二氯甲烷不同途径染毒对小鼠骨髓细胞微核率的影响

目的 通过比较不同途径染毒的小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验,探讨二氯甲烷(DCM)的遗传毒性.方法 通过连续染毒5天的静式吸入和灌胃给予DCM,分别于末次染毒后6 h和24 h取股骨骨髓常规制片.结果 在经呼吸道染毒的小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验中,高浓度组(16 mg/L)小鼠骨髓细胞微核率与阴性对照组比较有极显著性差异(P＜0.01),中浓度组(8 mg/L)和低浓度组(4 mg/L)小鼠骨髓细胞微核率与阴性对照组比较也有显著性差异(P＜0.05).在剂量4～16 mg/L之间,小鼠骨髓微核率由4.0‰上升至15.0‰,呈明显的剂量反应关系.在经灌胃染毒的小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验中,随着剂量的增加,小鼠骨髓细胞微核率也有不同程度的增加,与阴性对照组比较有显著性差异.末次染毒后6h采样结果 与24 h采样无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 经呼吸道和消化道给予一定剂量的DCM均能明显增加小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞(PCE)的微核率,且微核率的增加并没有性别差异.     

使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾的临床监测与护理

目的总结在重症监护病房（ICU）使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾纠正低钾血症的护理体会。方法85例低钾血症患者使用微量注射泵，以5～15ml／h（6．65～20mmol／h）的速度经中心静脉输注浓度为10％氯化钾原液，以纠正低钾血症，对补钾过程严密监测和护理。结果采用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾，补钾前后血钾浓度比较有显著差异（P〈0．01），血钾浓度的改变与补钾速度呈线性关系，补钾2～8h血钾回升到正常为83例（占97．6％），补钾后出现高钾血症2例（占2．4％）。结论使用微量注射泵经中心静脉高浓度补钾纠正低钾血症的方法在ICU是有效、安全的，但需要严密的临床监测和护理。