中老年二尖瓣腱索断裂彩色多普勒超声心动图特征及规律性研究

目的 探寻中老年二尖瓣腱索断裂(RMCT)彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)特征.方法 应用CDE检查35例中老年RMCT,寻找CDE特征,10例心血管造影对照,28例经手术证实.结果 根据CDE图像特征表现对所有中老年RMCT及合并畸形全部做出正确诊断.中老年RMCT的CDE特征明显:(1)二维超声心动图(2DE)显示断裂的二尖瓣腱索呈"梿枷样"改变,称2DE"梿枷征";(2)M型超声显示二尖瓣曲线附加线性回声;(3)合并二尖瓣脱垂患者,M型超声同时显示脱垂的二尖瓣叶呈"吊床样"改变,2DE于收缩期显示脱垂的二尖瓣叶凸向左心房内;(4)脉冲多普勒和连续多普勒在二尖瓣口可记录到收缩期湍流频谱;(5)彩色多普勒血流显像于收缩期显示过二尖瓣五彩镶嵌反流束血流信号;(6)中老年RMCT男性明显多于女性,部分断裂明显多于完全断裂.结论 中老年RMCT的CDE特征明显,CDE对中老年RMCT有特异性诊断价值,但需与二尖瓣脱垂和二尖瓣赘生物鉴别诊断.     

孤立性单心房彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征及规律性研究

目的：探寻孤立性单心房（ISA）彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）图像特征及规律性。方法：应用CDE检查30例ISA，寻找ISA的CDE图像特征及规律性，14例经心血管造影对照，所有病例均经手术证实。结果：根据CDE图像特征对27例ISA做出正确诊断，诊断准确率90.0％，另外3例误诊为部分房室隔缺损。ISA的CDE图像特征及规律性明显：①二维超声心动图（2DE）胸骨旁左室长轴切面显示右心室内径增大，左心室流出道变窄延长。心尖四腔心切面显示房间隔回声全部失落，收缩期二、三尖瓣关闭，正常心内“十字交叉”图像消失，呈“倒T形”改变。胸骨旁二尖瓣水平心室短轴切面显示二尖瓣前叶呈“断桥样”改变。②M型超声显示室间隔与左室后壁呈同向运动，左室流出道内径变窄，二尖瓣前叶呈双曲线回声。③连续多普勒估测肺动脉压力均大于30mmHg。④彩色多普勒血流显像于收缩期显示过二、三尖瓣五彩镶嵌反流束血流信号，于舒张期显示过肺动脉瓣五彩镶嵌反流束血流信号。结论：ISA的CDE图像特征及规律性明显，CDE对ISA有特异性诊断价值，但需要与部分房室隔缺损鉴别诊断。     

二尖瓣腱索断裂的彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断

应用彩色多普勒超声心动图（ＣＤＥ）在已手术的６０１６例各种心血管疾病中检出５例二尖瓣腱索断裂（ＲＭＣＴ），ＣＤＥ诊断准确率１００％。本病的ＣＤＥ表现是两维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）显示腱索断裂的二尖瓣叶呈“枷样”或“甩鞭样”改变，彩色多普勒（ＣＤ）显示收缩期过二尖瓣五彩相间返流束血流信号。结果表明ＣＤＥ对本病有特异性诊断价值，可代替心血管造影检查。ＣＤＥ诊断本病需与二尖瓣脱垂（ＭＶＰ）和二尖瓣叶赘生物（ＭＶＶ）相鉴别。一旦确诊应及早手术治疗。     

中老年Lutembacher综合征彩色多普勒超声心动图特征研究

目的 探寻中老年Lutembacher综合征(LS)彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)特征.方法 应用CDE检查20例中老年LS,寻找CDE特征改变,15例心导管资料对照,6例内科行介入治疗,7例经外科手术证实.结果 根据CDE特征表现对所有病例全部做出正确诊断.LS的CDE特征明显:(1)M型超声心动图显示二尖瓣曲线呈"城垛样"改变,称M型超声心动图"城垛征".(2)二维超声心动图(2DE)胸骨旁左室长轴切面显示左心房和右心室内径增大,二尖瓣开放受限,二尖瓣呈"壶嘴样"改变,称2DE"壶嘴征".胸骨旁二尖瓣水平心室短轴切面显示二尖瓣开放受限,二尖瓣呈"鱼口样"改变,称2DE"鱼口征".心尖四腔心切面显示左心房、右心房和右心室内径增大,房间隔不同大小回声中断.胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面显示2条大动脉位置关系正常,肺动脉内径明显大于主动脉内径;肺动脉瓣开放时间缩短,关闭时间延长 .(3)连续多普勒估测肺动脉压力所有患者均＞50 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).(4)彩色多普勒血流显像显示过房间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号;过二尖瓣五彩镶嵌射流束血流信号和反流束血流信号;过三尖瓣和肺动脉瓣五彩镶嵌反流束血流信号.(5) 中老年LS女性明显多于男性.结论 中老年LS的CDE特征明显,CDE对中老年LS有特异性诊断价值.     

分散性主动脉瓣下狭窄彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征及规律性研究

目的：探讨分散性主动脉瓣下狭窄（DSAS）彩多普勒超声心动图（CDE）图像特征及规律性。方法：应用CDE检查82例DSAS患者，寻找DSAS图像特征及规律性，26例经心血管造影对照，所有病例均经手术证实。结果：根据CDE图像特征对78例DSAS做出正确诊断，诊断准确率95．1％，CDE图像特征及规律性明显：（1）M型超声显示没有合并动脉导管未闭（PDA）或室间隔缺损（VSD）患者以室间隔，左室后壁对称增厚和升主动脉扩张为主，合并PDA或VSD者以左心房，左心室内径增大为主。（2）二维超声显示主动脉瓣下长短不一、距离不等的附加隔膜状回声，隔膜状回声越长狭窄越严重，附加隔膜状回声以室间隔单侧多见，于二尖瓣瓣前叶上方双侧少见。（3）没有合并畸形患者彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）只显示收缩期过去主动脉瓣下五彩镶嵌射流束血流信号，合并PDA或VSD患者CDFI同时显示分流束血流信号，合并主动脉瓣关闭不全（AI）或二尖瓣关闭不全（MI）患者CDFI还显示过瓣膜反流束血流信号。（4）DSAS合并AI和PDA多见，合并VSD和MI次之，还有右心室流出道狭窄，右室双腔心和二尖瓣狭窄等少见合并畸形，孤立性DSAS少见。结论：DSAS的CDE图像特征及规律性明显，CDE对DSAS有特异性诊断价值。     

成人Ebstein畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图特征及规律性研究

目的 探寻成人Ebstein畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)特征及规律性. 方法:应用CDE检查54例成人Ebstein畸形,寻找成人Ebstein畸形CDE特征及规律性,5例经心血管造影对照,所有患者均经手术证实. 结果:根据CDE特征对54例全部做出正确诊断.成人Ebstein畸形CDE特征及规律性明显:(1)二维超声心动图(2DE)显示三尖瓣隔叶和后叶不同程度下移,最轻者下移大于2.0 cm,严重者下移至右室心尖部,最严重者下移至肺动脉瓣下或部分三尖瓣叶缺如,下移越严重房化右心室越大,绝大多数三尖瓣前叶附着点仍在正常三尖瓣环位置上,三尖瓣前叶明显增大延长,呈"风帆样"改变,称2DE"风帆征".无论是否合并继发孔房间隔缺损(ASD)均显示右心房、右心室内径明显增大;(2)M型超声均显示室间隔与左室后壁呈同向运动,三尖瓣关闭时间比二尖瓣关闭时间延迟;(3)合并ASD和房间隔卵圆孔未闭(POF)彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)显示过房间隔分流束血流信号不明显,所有患者CDFI均显示过三尖瓣五彩镶嵌反流束血流信号;(4)在合并畸形中以ASD和POF为多见,还有主动脉窦瘤破裂和房间隔膨出瘤等合并畸形,但少见.结论 成人Ebstein畸形CDE特征及规律性明显,CDE对成人Ebstein畸形有特异性诊断价值,但对合并畸形ASD和POF诊断有一定难度.     

主动脉左室隧道彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征研究

目的:探寻主动脉左室隧道(ALVT)彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)图像特征。方法:应用CDE检查7例ALVT,寻找ALVT图像特征。7例均经心血管造影对照,5例手术证实。结果:根据CDE图像特征对5例做出正确诊断,1例误诊为左冠状动脉左室瘘,另1例误诊为主动脉瓣狭窄并关闭不全。CDE图像特征明显:①二维超声心动图(2DE)胸骨旁左室长轴切面在主动脉前壁或后壁显示一管状无回声腔与左室流出道相通。彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)显示收缩期血流信号从左室流出道进入无回声腔;舒张期血流信号从无回声腔进入左室流出道。②2DE胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面在主动脉窦与主动脉壁之间显示一半月状或新月状无回声腔。CDFI在无回声腔内显示血流信号。③绝大多数病例都合并主动脉瓣发育不全和主动脉瓣关闭不全,半数病例合并二尖瓣关闭不全,个别病例合并室间隔缺损。结论:ALVT的CDE图像特征明显,CDE对ALVT有特异性诊断价值,但需与冠状动脉瘘、主动脉夹层动脉瘤和主动脉瓣关闭不全鉴别。     

成人分散性主动脉瓣下狭窄彩色多普勒超声心动图特征和规律性研究

目的 探寻成人分散性主动脉瓣下狭窄(DSAS)及合并畸形彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)特征和规律性.方法 应用CDE检查50例成人DSAS,寻找成人DSAS及合并畸形CDE特征和规律性,10例经心血管造影对照,所有病例均经手术证实.结果根据CDE特征对48例成人DSAS做出正确诊断,诊断准确率96.0%.成人DSAS及合并畸形CDE特征和规律性明显:(1)二维超声显示主动脉瓣下长短不一,距离不等的附加隔膜状回声,附加隔膜状回声越长狭窄越严重,附加隔膜状回声以室间隔单侧多见,与二尖瓣前叶上方双侧少见.(2)M型超声显示没有合并动脉导管未闭(PDA)或室间隔缺损(VSD)患者以室间隔、左室后壁对称增厚和升主动脉内径增大为主,合并PDA或VSD同时显示左心房、左心室内径增大.(3)没有合并畸形彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)于收缩期显示过主动脉瓣下五彩镶嵌射流束血流信号,合并PDA或VSD患者CDFI同时显示五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号,合并主动脉瓣关闭不全(AI)或二尖瓣关闭不全(MI)患者CDFI还显示过瓣膜五彩镶嵌反流束血流信号.(4)成人DSAS合并AI(56%)、MI(32%)和PDA(30%)多见,VSD(22%)次之,还有主动脉瓣狭窄、右室流出道狭窄、感染性心内膜炎、右室双腔心、主动脉右窦脱垂和主动脉窦瘤破裂等少见合并畸形,孤立性DSAS少见.结论 成人DSAS及合并畸形CDE特征和规律性明显,CDE对成人DSAS及合并畸形有特异性诊断价值.     

成人矫正型大动脉转位的彩色多普勒超声心动图特征 及规律性研究

目的：探寻成人矫正型大动脉转位（CTGA）的彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）特征及规律性。方法：应用CDE检查40例成人CTGA，35例经心血管造影对照，38例经手术证实。结果：根据CDE特征表现，对39例做出正确诊断，诊断准确率97.5%，1例误诊为完全性大动脉转位。成人CTGA的CDE特征及规律性明显：①二维超声心动图（2DE）心尖四腔心切面所有患者均显示心房与心室连接不一致，其中SLL型显示心房正位、心室左袢；IDD型显示心房反位、心室右袢。②2DE胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面显示两条大动脉呈两个环状回声，称2DE“双环征”。通过两环相互位置关系可确定转位的类型，其中SLL型两个环状回声呈左前右后排列，IDD型两个环状回声呈右前左后排列；根据两个环状回声内径比较可判定是肺动脉狭窄（PS）还是肺动脉高压（PH），其中PS患者显示位于后方的环状回声明显小于位于前方的环状回声，PH患者显示位于后方的环状回声明显大于位于前方的环状回声。③合并房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损患者的彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）显示过房间隔和室间隔分流束血流信号不明显；合并房室瓣关闭不全和肺动脉狭窄患者的CDFI显示过房室瓣反流束血流信号和过肺动脉射流束血流信号明显。结论：成人CTGA的CDE特征及规律性明显，应用2DE判断心房与心室连接不一致和心室与大动脉连接不一致是诊断CTGA的关键，CDE对CTGA合并畸形诊断有一定难度，但对外科拟定手术方案有重要临床价值。     

鲁登巴赫综合征彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征研究

目的：探讨鲁登巴赫综合征（LS）彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）图像特征。方法：12例LS在CDE检查后10例经心导管检查，2例行经静脉二尖瓣球囊扩张术和房间隔伞闭合术治疗，8例经手术证实，结果：12例LS的CDE特征明显；二维超声均显示房间隔中间回声中断，二尖瓣开放受限和肺动脉高压特征，彩色多普勒血流显像均显示三种异常血流信号，即过房间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号，过二尖瓣五彩镶嵌射流束血流信号，过二、三尖瓣五彩镶嵌返流束血流信号，结论：LS的CDE图像特征明显，CDE对LS有特异性诊断价值，可与心血管造影相媲美。     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

Une estimation des décès traumatiques liés à la pratique sportive en France métropolitaine,en 2010

Introduction

Physical exercise presents numerous health benefits but it can also lead to accidents, of varying degrees of severity, some of which can result in death. The purpose of this study was to estimate, for the year 2010 in metropolitan France, the number of injury-related deaths linked to sporting practices.

Method

The study consisted in counting the injury-related deaths that occurred in 2010 in metropolitan France following a sporting practice, regardless of the context (professional, leisure or travel). Deaths linked to cycling, deaths in airplanes and deaths by drowning were not considered as sporting practices and so were not included in the study. The figures were collected from documentation compiled by government institutions or available in on-line media and the websites of associations and government organizations involved with sport.

Results

In 2010, 246 people died as a result of a sporting activity in metropolitan France. Mountain sports were the most dangerous (99 deaths), followed by water sports (50), hunting (27), aviation sports (23, of which 22 in ultralight/microlight aircraft), mechanical sports (23) and free flight sports (20, of which 10 were linked to paragliding and five to hang gliding). Seven times more men died than women. The most dangerous periods were summer and winter.

Discussion

Our study missed some cases, which led to an overly low figure for certain sports (horse riding and fishing, etc.), and missed those people who did not die immediately following their accident. This simple study, which remains to be completed, has provided an initial estimate of the number of injury-related deaths linked to sporting activities in metropolitan France.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.