超声引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术在治疗复杂性肾结石中的应用

目的探讨超声定位引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗复杂肾结石的疗效及其安全性。方法 2009年5月至2011年2月,采用超声引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗56例复杂肾结石患者,均在B超引导下穿刺并扩张建立F24皮肾通道,应用瑞士EMS三代气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统在肾镜下进行碎石清石,术中B超检查示有残留结石的患者,则在B超引导下进入结石位置肾盏进行碎石清石。结果手术的时间为40～160 min,平均手术时间为(68.2士4.7)min;术中失血量为20～800 ml,平均失血量为(70.3±3.5)ml。45例患者一期经皮肾镜碎石(PCNL)取净所有结石,一期净石率为80.3%;11例患者接受二期碎石,总净石率94.6%(53/56)。结论超声引导下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术是治疗复杂肾结石的有效安全的方法,术中B超检查有助于检出和清除残留结石。     

经皮肾镜下两种碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效比较

目的探讨超声定位下经皮肾镜第4代超声碎石术与气压弹道碎石术治疗肾结石疗效比较。方法回顾性分析我院2007年1月～2010年6月用超声碎石清石系统、气压弹道碎石两种方式行经皮肾镜治疗肾结石90例的临床资料,比较两种碎石术的术中失血量,术后并发症的发生率,平均手术时间,一期结石清除率,平均出血量,平均住院时间。结果经皮肾镜第4代超声碎石组患者平均手术时间、平均结石处理时间比气压弹道碎石组明显缩短,一期结石清除率超声碎石组明显高于气压弹道碎石组,两组比较差异有统计学意义。两组患者术后并发症发生率、平均出血量、平均住院时间相比差异无统计学意义。结论运用第4代超声碎石清石系统治疗肾结石手术时间短,结石清除率高,有较高的有效性和安全性。临床疗效高于气压弹道碎石术。     

经皮肾镜下两种碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效比较

目的探讨超声定位下经皮肾镜第4代超声碎石术与气压弹道碎石术治疗肾结石疗效比较。方法回顾性分析我院2007年1月～2010年6月用超声碎石清石系统、气压弹道碎石两种方式行经皮肾镜治疗肾结石90例的临床资料,比较两种碎石术的术中失血量,术后并发症的发生率,平均手术时间,一期结石清除率,平均出血量,平均住院时间。结果经皮肾镜第4代超声碎石组患者平均手术时间、平均结石处理时间比气压弹道碎石组明显缩短,一期结石清除率超声碎石组明显高于气压弹道碎石组,两组比较差异有统计学意义。两组患者术后并发症发生率、平均出血量、平均住院时间相比差异无统计学意义。结论运用第4代超声碎石清石系统治疗肾结石手术时间短,结石清除率高,有较高的有效性和安全性。临床疗效高于气压弹道碎石术。     

B超引导标准通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术的临床价值

152例肾结石患者均在B超引导下进行标准通道经皮肾镜超声联合气压弹道碎石清石术。结果152例均成功建立F24皮肾通道并进行Ⅰ期碎石,平均手术时间85min,平均取石时间55min。137例取石干净,净石率90.1%;有结石残留的15例中,11例辅行体外冲击波碎石术,4例口服排石药物,并最终治愈。所有患者于术中、术后均未出现大出血、肠道损伤、气胸等严重并发症。B超引导穿刺的标准通道经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石清石术治疗肾结石高效、安全,值得临床推广。     

经皮肾超声和气压弹道碎石治疗上尿路复杂性结石

目的 探讨经皮肾镜下超声碎石联合气压弹道碎石术(PCNL)治疗肾、输尿管上段复杂性结石的临床疗效.方法 在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘,肾镜下应用组合式超声碎石和气压弹道碎石一体机将结石击碎,并同时将碎石块吸出体外.结果 116例患者中,96例一期取净结石,6例行二期PCNL后取净结石,12例肾盏内小块结石残留,经软性肾镜取石或体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)后治愈,2例肾盏内残留结石未进一步处理.平均手术时间96min,一期结石清除率82.8%,1例因术后活动性出血行超选择性肾动脉栓塞后止血,2例出现明显的冲洗液外渗,经引流后治愈,无其他严重手术并发症.结论 肾镜下超声和气压弹道碎石术具有高效、微创和结石清除率高之优点,可作为治疗肾、输尿管上段复杂结石的重要方法 .     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的评价经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效。方法2005年9月至2007年9月笔者采用经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗160例186侧复杂肾结石患者，对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者均Ⅰ期成功建立皮肾通道，160例178侧肾脏行Ⅰ期碎石，8侧患者Ⅱ期碎石。平均手术时间65min，结石处理时间为13～58min。未出现气胸、肠道损伤等手术并发症。术后复查KUB平片，176侧肾脏结石清除干净，清石率86％；10侧肾脏有结石残留，行二次肾镜取石，或辅助体外冲击波碎石治疗。结论经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术处理大的、复杂性肾结石具有高效、安全的特点，值得临床推广应用。     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗鹿角形肾结石30例疗效观察

目的 评估经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗鹿角形肾结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院2009年6月至2010年6月应用经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗30例鹿角形肾结石患者的临床资料.结果 30例患者均一次碎石取石成功,3例患者需配合体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗后结石排出,净石率90%(27/30),未发现严重并发症.结论 经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术处理肾结石安全、高效,值得临床推广应用.     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术的护理

目的探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术的护理。方法对202例泌尿系结石患者采用经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗,分别于术前、术中进行护理干预。结果 202例肾结石,单侧结石清除时间35～115min,平均45min。结石粉碎率100.0%,结石取净率89.8%（53/59）。平均失血量为（76±33）mL。术后5～7d拔除肾造瘘管,拔除肾造瘘管3d后拔除导尿管,术后1个月左右拔除双J管。术后住院5～14d,平均8d。194例一期完成（92.6%）;4例有结石残留;3例行二期经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）;1例因结石巨大（直径约8.5cm）,行二期PCNL共2次取石和体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）辅助碎石。结论对经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石患者,加强术前及术后护理,能减少并发症的发生,促进患者早日康复。     

经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石术治疗肾结石及护理配合

目的 探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术(PCNL)治疗肾结石的疗效及护理配合经验.方法 56例肾结石患者,B超引导下建立经皮肾穿刺通道,PCNL治疗肾结石.结果 56例患者中40例1期取净结石,5例1周后2期取净结石,11例肾盏内有小块结石残留,经体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗后治愈,无严重手术并发症发生.结论 PC-NL治疗肾结石具有微创损伤,恢复快、并发症少、安全高效、结石清除率高的优点.器械的正确、熟练使用及术中密切的护理配合是手术取得成功的保证.     

B超引导下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石

目的探讨B超引导下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石的临床疗效。方法2004年2月至2008年12月，采用微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石65例，结石直径1．5～6．5cm。结果65例均一期成功建立16F经皮肾通道，一次取净结石56例（86．15％），经2次取净结石6例，结石总清除率95．38％（62／65）。因出血较多改开放手术2例。平均手术时间56min。术中无气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石创伤小，并发症少，结石清除率高。     

Carotid artery ultrasound and intravascular ultrasound

Lipid lowering therapy is associated with a significant reduction in cardiocerebral events. But, additional studies are necessary to identify patients in whom atheroma may results in developing coronary events. Intravascular ultrasound(IVUS) and carotid artery echocardiography have significantly contributed to the understanding of nature of atherosclerosis and have validated the concepts of vascular remodeling and vulnerable plaque. Actually, intimal-medial thickness(IMT) in carotid echo is good predictors of cardiovascular events. Positive remodeled plaque with soft characteristics is more likely to rupture and cause acute coronary syndrome. Thus, studies using IVUS and carotid echo may lead to important insights into how risk factor reduction stabilizes plaque and reduces the risk of acute coronary events.     

Cardiac ultrasound

The use of echocardiography in the ED is well established and continues to gain widespread use in the evaluation of critically ill patients. In certain circumstances such as chest trauma, pericardial effusion, and cardiac arrest,EPs can perform and interpret echocardiographic examinations reliably. In other circumstances such as the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, PE,and endocarditis, the EP should be aware of the uses and limitations of echocardiography and obtain appropriate consultation when necessary.Academic- and community-based EPs should seek to incorporate further the use of echocardiography in their respective clinical practices, with special attention given to training and quality assurance. As EPs continue to improve their skills in cardiac ultrasound, their ability to diagnose a wider spectrum of cardiac diseases undoubtedly will grow proportionally.     

Renal ultrasound

Renal US is one of several imaging modalities available to the EP in the evaluation of patients with acute urologic disorders. It offers excellent anatomic detail without exposure to radiation or contrast agents but is limited in its assessment of renal function. It is an important alternative to helical CT scanning for evaluating renal colic, especially in children and pregnant women. It has an important role in excluding bilateral renal obstruction as the cause of acute renal failure. It is likely that Doppler renal US also will take on a prominent role in the evaluation of renal vascular disorders. It already has become the standard of care in the management of renal transplant patients. Bedside emergency renal US performed and interpreted by EPs with limited training and experience is increasing in use and gaining acceptance. At present, the primary role of renal US is to identify hydronephrosis in patients with renal colic or acute renal failure but, in the future, its role likely will expand as technology advances and its use increases. In many patients, bedside renal US may obviate the need for further diagnostic workup and speed the diagnosis and treatment of an emergency patient.     

Intra-operative ultrasound

Real time intraoperative ultrasound can provide instant evaluation of the operative field. One can expect high quality images of intracranial anatomy. With such information, the neurosurgeon can make determinations of direction and position as well as depth of the lesion. The procedure is safe and easy to perform. There are no radiation hazards present. It may be advantageous to keep the ultrasound available as one operates to visualize the progress of tumor removal; it can also be utilized after closure of the dura for bleeding or other complications. Biopsy procedures and localization of lesions in the brain can be extremely problematic. The neurosurgeon does not have the luxury of exploring a brain during a craniotomy as a general surgeon does in exploring an abdomen during laparotomy. Despite the fact that modern day technology with angiography and CT scanning may provide excellent preoperative localization information, the neurosurgeon must translate the information into his own perspective when operating and lesions may be missed by a millimeter. Once the transducer visualizes the brain substance, the neurosurgeon can actually observe the progress of the craniotomy.     

Testicular ultrasound

Acute scrotal pain makes up approximately 0.5% of all complaints presenting to an emergency department. Some of the most com-mon diagnoses for this complaint are testicular torsion and epididymitis. Misdiagnosing testicular torsion can lead to organ loss,cosmetic deformity, and compromised fertility. Modem ultrasound examination of the scrotum is the test of choice for acute scrotal pathology and yields high accuracy compared with surgical exploration. A key component of the testicular examination is use of power and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Examination of the acute scrotum should not be undertaken unless Doppler capability is available because the evaluation of blood flow is such an important part of diagnosis of testicular torsion, orchitis, epididymitis,trauma, and hemorrhage into a mass.     

Hepatobiliary ultrasound

The use of ultrasound technology in the emergency department(ED) is a recent and fast-growing phenomenon. Ultrasound is an extremely valuable tool for the evaluation of gallbladder (GB) dis-ease in the ED for several reasons: this disease is a common medical problem, cholecystitis can present in different ways clinically,the nature of the GB allows it to be well visualized by ultrasound,and ultrasound has many benefits and few complications associated with its use. This article reviews the focused examination of the GB, with specific attention to test characteristics (sensitivity,specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value)when performed by emergency physicians in the ED.     

Intravascular ultrasound

A new technique has been developed to compute left ventricular (LV) time activity curves from gated blood pool (GBP) studies without the use of manual, semiautomated or fully automated edge detection algorithms. The method utilizes the correlation of entropy calculated from the counts of a fixed region of interest covering the left ventricle during a cardiac cycle to compute the LV volume curve for a new patient. The new LV volume curve is obtained through interpolation of those volume curves of a data base which are associated with the closest variations in normalized entropy to the new one. The computed LV time activity curves agree with those obtained from manual or fully automated outlines of the left ventricle within 9 percent for the selected set of 67 patients demonstrating the potential of the method. The accuracy of calculated LV volume curves can be improved theoretically to any degree by increasing the number of cases in the data base of known statistical feature vectors associated with the LV images and LV volume curves. The new method for computation of LV curves is very efficient and robust when compared to traditional techniques.