危重病人床头抬高依从性的调查分析

目的了解ICU危重病人床头抬高30°～45°依从性的执行情况。方法由经过培训的护理人员对1 485例ICU危重病人,从6个不同时间点:8∶00、12∶00、16∶00、20∶00、24∶00、4∶00对床头抬高依从性进行调查,并比较护士年资、班别对床头抬高依从性的影响。结果符合床头抬高30°～45°的共352例次,依从性仅23.7%,白天平均床头抬高依从性较夜晚高31.87%;护士年资、班别比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论ICU危重病人床头抬高30°～45°依从性低,影响依从性的因素比较多,在执行过程中应积极采取培训及干预措施.以提高床头抬高依从性效果。     

Responding to families' questions about the meaning of physical movements in critically ill patients

Background

Families may have questions about the meaning of physical movement in critically ill patients for whom movements are likely involuntary. If unresolved, these questions may contribute to difficult communication around end-of-life care. This study used qualitative methods to describe physicians' responses to families' questions about the meaning of patients' movements in critically ill patients.

Methods

Fifty-one family conferences in which withdrawal of life support or discussion of bad news was addressed were audiotaped and analyzed with a limited application of grounded theory techniques. Patients were identified from intensive care units in 4 Seattle area hospitals. Two hundred twenty-seven family members and 36 physicians participated in the study.

Results

Family members' questions indicating lack of resolution about the meaning of patients' movements that were likely involuntary occurred in 6 (12%) of the 51 conferences. Physicians used 3 approaches to respond to the following questions: (1) providing clinical information, (2) acknowledging families' emotions, and (3) exploring the meaning of families' emotions. Physicians were most likely to provide clinical information in these situations and infrequently explored the meaning of families' emotions.

Conclusions

Physicians' responses to family questions indicating lack of resolution about the meaning of patients' movements that were likely involuntary can be categorized into 3 types. Physicians may be better able to respond to and resolve these questions by using all 3 types of communication approaches. Future studies should determine if such responses can improve families' experiences and other outcomes.     

危重患者鼻肠管盲插成功率的影响因素分析*

目的: 分析重症患者盲插鼻肠管成功率的影响因素。方法: 收集2018至2019年应用盲插法行鼻肠管置入的危重症患者,收集其急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHE Ⅱ）、序贯器官衰竭评分（SOFA）、格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）、Ricker镇静躁动评分（SAS）、血糖、血钾、住院时间、肠鸣音情况、是否有人工气道、是否应用镇静镇痛药物、是否应用血管活性药物、是否手术、是否应用促胃动力药物、是否应用亚低温疗法、是否使用呼吸机以及一般资料,应用Logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果: 共收集鼻肠管盲插置入的危重患者156例,132例患者成功置入鼻肠管（84.6%）,平均置管用时为（15.1±9.4）min。APACHE Ⅱ评分≥20分、使用呼吸机是置管成功的危险因素;有肠鸣音是置管成功的保护因素。结论: 影响危重患者盲插鼻肠管的因素除自身疾病因素外,药物及治疗干预均可能影响置管,医护人员应尽早评估,早期留置合适的喂养管。     

Real-time monitoring of heart rate variability in critically ill patients

Purpose

Heart rate variability (HRV) is widely used to evaluate autonomic nervous function; however, real-time monitoring of HRV has rarely been attempted in the intensive care unit (ICU). We report our experience in performing real-time monitoring of HRV in our ICU.

Methods

We investigated 10 critically ill patients on total ventilatory support. Heart rate variability analysis was performed using the MemCalc system, which is a noninvasive, real-time analysis system. The low-frequency (LF) component of HRV reflects sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation, whereas the high-frequency (HF) component mainly reflects parasympathetic modulation. The LF/HF ratio represents a measure of sympathetic/parasympathetic balance.

Results

The HRV parameters for patients breathing spontaneously after extubation were significantly higher than those for patients on total ventilatory support. These findings suggest that mechanical ventilation under sedation may reduce autonomic nervous function in critically ill patients. In a representative case with septic shock, systolic blood pressure and LF/HF ratio showed a significant increase after intravenous infusion of epinephrine and then the HF component showed a significant increase due to vagal reflex.

Conclusions

The MemCalc system is practicable for real-time monitoring of HRV in the ICU. Heart rate variability parameters may offer useful information in the management of critically ill patients.     

重症患者床旁血糖监测的准确性评价及影响因素分析

目的 评价重症患者床旁快速血糖监测的准确性,探讨其相关的临床影响因素.方法 选择240例重症医学科收治年龄≥18岁的重症患者,血糖调控期间依据血糖检测值将患者分为3组:①低血糖组,血糖值＜4.5 mmol/L,32例;②目标血糖组,血糖值4.5 ～ 8.3 mmol/L,138例;③高血糖组,血糖值＞8.3 mmol/L,70例.试验期间,床旁同步采集患者静脉血、动脉血、指端血,分别采用葡萄糖氧化酶法(GOD法)和葡萄糖脱氧酶法(GDH法)快速检测血糖值,同时以中心实验室己糖激酶法(HK法)测定的血糖值作为标准对照进行准确性评估;对可能影响床旁快速血糖检测准确性的各因素进行logistic回归分析.结果 ①低血糖组患者静脉血、动脉血、指端血快速血糖检测错误率(GDH法:25.00％、40.62％、40.62％,GOD法:59.38％、71.88％、71.88％)显著高于同类受检血样的目标血糖组(GDH法:2.90％、9.42％、7.97％,GOD法:18.12％、27.54％、27.54％)和高血糖组(GDH法:1.43％、8.57％、4.28％,GOD法:11.43％、8.57％、11.43％,均P＜0.01).②低血糖组患者快速血糖检测值与实验室对照值间的差值平均水平为0.41～0.69 mmol/L(GDH法)和0.92～1.18 mmol/L( GOD法);目标血糖组分别为0.16～0.33 mmol/L和0.77～0.90 mmol/L;高血糖组相应降至-0.06～0.18 mmol/L和0.56～0.76 mmol/L.③低血糖组患者快速血糖检测值与实验室对照值间相关系数仅为0.812～0.853(GDH法)及0.723～0.816(GOD法);目标血糖组达0.862～0.890及0.768～0.857;高血糖组患者相应升至0.922～0.957及0.896～0.922(均P＜0.01).④Logistic回归分析显示,患者血糖水平、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、红细胞比容能进入回归方程.结论 重症患者血糖调控期间,血糖、红细胞比容及病情程度等因素影响床旁血糖监测的准确性.低血糖状态下,快速血糖检测的准确性显著降低,更易高估患者的实际血糖水平.     

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in Japanese pediatric patients

The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for meropenem in Japanese pediatric patients, and to use this model to assess the pharmacodynamics of meropenem regimens against common bacterial populations. Pharmacokinetic data were pooled from nine separate studies (229 plasma samples and 61 urine samples from 40 infected children), modeled using the NONMEM program, and used for a pharmacodynamic simulation to estimate the probabilities of attaining the bactericidal target (40% of the time above the MIC for the bacterium). In the final population pharmacokinetic model, body weight (BW, kg) was the most significant covariate: Cl_r (l/h) = 0.254 × BW, Cl_nr (l/h) = 3.45, V _c (l) = 0.272 × BW, Q (l/h) = 1.65, and V _p (l) = 0.228 × BW, where Cl_r and Cl_nr are the renal and non-renal clearances, V _p and V _c are the volumes of distribution of the central and peripheral compartments, and Q is the intercompartmental (central–peripheral) clearance. In most typical patients (BW = 10, 20, and 30 kg), the approved regimens of 10–40 mg/kg, three times a day (0.5-h infusions), achieved a target attainment probability of >80% against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in Japanese pediatric patients.     

早期肠内营养对危重患者的影响

目的通过对危重患者入院24～48h内早期肠内营养支持的研究，了解其对危重患者的影响。方法选择我院综合性ICU中的危重患者，随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组在入院24～48h内开始肠内营养；对照组在入院48h后开始肠内营养。检测两组患者的营养指标、感染发生率、机械通气时间。结果共有206例危重患者进入实验。实验组的热量摄入、氮平衡优于对照组，感染发生率降低。结论早期肠内营养能更好地改善危重患者的营养摄入，降低感染发生率。     

Elevated troponin T concentrations in critically ill patients

Objective To determine the incidence of troponin T elevations among a selected group of critically ill patients, to correlate these findings to electrocardiographs, and to compare troponin T-positive and T-negative patients in relation to clinical parameters.Design Prospective study.Setting Mixed surgical and medical intensive care unit.Patients Thirty-four consecutive critically ill patients who were mechanically ventilated or underwent thoracic or vascular surgery.Interventions Blood samples were collected at admission, the next morning, and 24 h after the second blood sampling. These samples were used for troponin T measurement and electrocardiographs were made when troponin T levels were elevated.Main results Eleven of 34 patients (32%) had elevated troponin T levels, which were already present upon admission in eight out of 11 patients (73%). Most patients underwent surgery prior to ICU admission (21 of 34 patients). Significantly (P=0.0055) more troponin T-positive patients underwent acute surgery, and significantly more (P=0.045) troponin T-positive patients suffered from hypotension. Only four of the troponin T-positive patients were diagnosed as suffering from an acute myocardial infarction based on electrocardiographs. All troponin T-positive patients had coronary artery disease: nine had a history of CAD and two had actual CAD. No difference in mortality rates was observed between troponin T-positive and T-negative patients.Conclusions An unexpectedly high percentage of included patients had troponin T elevations, which could be corroborated by electrocardiographs in only four cases suggesting that a high percentage of critically ill patients with a history of CAD suffer from clinically unrecognised (minor) myocardial damage.     

新型约束护理用具在危重患者中的应用

目的：探讨新型约束护理用具在重症监护病房（ICU）危重患者中的应用效果.方法：采用透气性强的棉织品材料改良三种约束工具：双保险约束带、球拍手套和安全背心.随机将100例急性生理和慢性健康评分系统（APACHEⅡ）评分≥10分患者分为观察组（51例）和对照组（49例）,分别应用改良式约束护理工具及传统约束用具,对患者进行防护性约束,比较两组患者并发症的发生率、家属满意率及护士心理压力.结果：观察组患者并发症发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）;家属满意率方面,观察组明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;护士的心理压力方面,观察组明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：改良式约束护理用具能有效降低护理并发症,提高家属对约束用具的满意度.     

肌钙蛋白I测定在急重症患者监测中的作用

目的探讨急重症患者的肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）变化,并分析其与预后的关系.方法 136例急重症患者,于入院后6 h及24 h测定cTnI浓度.记录患者的性别、年龄、心电图变化及预后等,评估其cTnI升高率.分析cTnI与肌酸激酶及其同工酶的相关性.结果 47例患者cTnI升高,升高率为35%.cTnI与肌酸激酶及其同工酶呈明显正相关.cTnI升高的前6位疾病为心功能不全、心律失常、肺部感染、休克、电解质紊乱和肺栓塞.cTnI升高组病死率较正常组高.结论急重症患者cTnI升高,与肌酸激酶及其同工酶相关.cTnI升高患者预后差.cTnI测定可作为急重症患者预后监测的一项可靠指标.     

危重患者早期肠内营养相关并发症分析

目的 观察综合性ICU危重症患者早期肠内营养支持中，相关并发症的发生及其相关因素。方法 119例入住ICU接受早期肠内营养支持患者，入ICU后根据24小时内各项监护指标及血常规、血气分析及肝肾功能检查，进行APACHE-Ⅱ评分。观察肠内营养量、速度、血清白蛋白(Alb)及肠内营养的耐受情况。总结各种肠内营养并发症的发生率。结果 随APACHE-Ⅱ评分的增加，肠内营养耐受的最大维持量降低、达最大维持量的时间延长、相关并发症的发生率增加。腹泻发生与Alb水平呈负相关，与APACHE-Ⅱ评分呈正相关。肠内营养并发症中以腹泻最为常见。结论 肠内营养相关并发症与疾病严重程度、血清蛋白水平等因素相关，一些危重患者无法过渡到完全肠内营养(TEN)，而需以静脉营养(PN) 肠内营养(EN)形式实现营养支持。     

Polymicrobial bacteremia in critically ill patients

Objective To characterize the epidemiology of polymicrobial bacteremia (PMB) among critically ill patients.Design Prospective clinical study.Setting University medical center.Patients All patients with positive blood cultures in a medical-surgical ICU.Measurements PMB represents 8.4% of all true bacteremia in our ICU. Most of these patients were post-operative but none had malignancies or significant immunodepression. Over three-quarters of the episodes were nosocomial. No significant differences in factors associated with PMB were found when they were compared with a cohort of 154 monomicrobial episodes. Enterobacteriaceae were the most common organisms. Intravascular devices (42.8%) were the most common source of PMB, followed by intra-abdominal origin (21.4%). The overall mortality was 7.1%, a lower rate than has previously been described.Conclusions We suggest catheter replacement in patients who develop PMB and improving techniques of catheter maintenance in order to reduce its incidence.     

Computer-assisted glucose control in critically ill patients

OBJECTIVE: Intensive insulin therapy is associated with the risk of hypoglycemia and increased costs of material and personnel. We therefore evaluated the safety and efficiency of a computer-assisted glucose control protocol in a large population of critically ill patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational cohort study in three intensive care units (32 beds) in a 1,300-bed university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: All 2,800 patients admitted to the surgical, neurosurgical, and cardiothoracic units; the study period started at each ICU after implementation of Glucose Regulation for Intensive Care Patients (GRIP), a freely available computer-assisted glucose control protocol. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We analysed compliance in relation to recommended insulin pump rates and glucose measurement frequency. Patients were on GRIP-ordered pump rates 97% of time. Median measurement time was 5[Symbol: see text]min late (IQR 20[Symbol: see text]min early to 34[Symbol: see text]min late). Hypoglycemia was uncommon (7% of patients for mild hypoglycemia, <[Symbol: see text]3.5[Symbol: see text]mmol/l; 0.86% for severe hypoglycemia, <[Symbol: see text]2.2[Symbol: see text]mmol/l). Our predefined target range (4.0-7.5[Symbol: see text]mmol/l) was reached after a median of 5.6[Symbol: see text]h (IQR 0.2-11.8) and maintained for 89% (70-100%) of the remaining stay at the ICU. The number of measurements needed was 5.9 (4.8-7.3) per patient per day. In-hospital mortality was 10.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Our computer-assisted glucose control protocol provides safe and efficient glucose regulation in routine intensive care practice. A low rate of hypoglycemic episodes was achieved with a considerably lower number of glucose measurements than used in most other schemes.     

Coagulation biomarkers in critically ill patients

This article discusses coagulation biomarkers in critically ill patients where coagulation abnormalities occur frequently and may have a major impact on the outcome. An adequate explanation for the cause is important, since many underlying disorders may require specific treatment and supportive therapy directed at the underlying condition. Deficiencies in platelets and coagulation factors in bleeding patients or patients at risk for bleeding can be achieved by transfusion of platelet concentrate or plasma products, respectively. Prohemostatic treatment may be beneficial in case of severe bleeding, whereas restoring physiological anticoagulant pathways may be helpful in patients with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.     

Etiology of troponin elevation in critically ill patients

Purpose

The aim of this study was to assess the etiology of cardiac troponin elevation among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and to examine whether etiology affects mortality and length of stay.

Methods

All patients admitted over 2 months underwent screening with troponin measurements and were included if 1 or more measurements were elevated. Two adjudicators retrospectively reviewed patient charts to determine the likely cause of troponin elevation.

Results

Of 103 patient admissions, 52 (50.5%) had 1 or more elevated troponin measurements, and 49 (94.2%) had medical charts available for review. Troponin elevation was adjudicated as myocardial infarction (MI) in 53.1% of patients, sepsis in 18.4%, renal failure in 12.2%, and other causes in 16.3%. Overall ICU mortality was 16.0%; 2.0% for patients with no troponin elevation, 23.1% in patients with MI, and 39.1% in patients with troponin elevation not due to MI. Having an elevated troponin level not due to MI was significantly associated with increased hospital mortality compared with having no troponin elevation.

Conclusions

The most common cause of troponin elevation among critically ill patients was MI. Patients with elevated troponin had worse outcomes compared with patients without troponin elevation, and troponin elevation not due to MI was predictive of increased hospital mortality.     

危重症患者早期肠内营养供给量的研究进展

对危重症患者而言,早期启用肠内营养（EN）不仅是补充营养,更重要的是发挥其在维持肠道功能和肠道微生态中的特殊重要作用。任何药物治疗产生的效果都与剂量相关,营养治疗亦是如此。理想的EN目标在于供给的量与质能够带给危重症患者最大获益与最小伤害,而充分营养供给并避免医源性营养不良是最终的理想目标。但是,早期EN的不耐受是危重症患者常面临的困难与挑战,不恰当的供给将会产生不良影响,甚至危害。认识这些可能的风险并予以规避是ICU医护人员需要重视与了解的必要知识。在一些严重的或特殊疾病状态下,及时评估及调整EN治疗方案才可能实现其理想目标,使患者最大获益。     

重症加强治疗病房妊娠期急性肾衰竭危险因素分析

目的 分析导致重症加强治疗病房(ICU)危重孕产妇妊娠期急性肾衰竭(ARF)的危险因素.方法 采用回顾性分析方法,选择因产后并发症入住ICU的危重孕产妇192例,排除3例因羊水栓塞死亡,7例 因记录不完整者,共182例纳入本研究.将患者根据是否合并ARF分为ARF组(68例)和非ARF组(114例),采集两组患者发生先兆子痫、HELLP综合征(溶血、肝酶升高、血小板减少)、妊娠急性脂肪肝、产后出血、脓毒症等指标;以及产后4 d内使用的主要药物: ① 血浆体积膨胀剂:液体(晶体液、人工胶体、高渗白蛋白、4%白蛋白)和血液制品(浓集红细胞、浓缩血小板、纤维蛋白原、新鲜冷冻血浆、活化因子Ⅶ); ② 抗纤溶药:氨甲环酸; ③ 抗高血压药物:血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI),利尿剂; ④ 肾毒性药物:氨基糖苷类,造影剂等.对上述指标先进行单因素分析,将有统计学意义的危险因素进行多因素logistic回归分析,筛选出ICU危重孕产妇妊娠期发生急性肾衰竭的危险因素.结果 单因素分析表明:HELLP综合征、产后4 h使用氨甲环酸和高渗白蛋白是ARF的危险因素(χ2值分别为4.92、4.29、5.53,均P<0.05).多因素logistic回归分析表明:HELLP综合征〔优势比(OR)=10.478,95%可信区间(95%CI)为1.248~17.953,P=0.030〕和产后4 h使用高渗白蛋白(OR=6.632,95%CI为1.211~16.328;P=0.029)是ARF发生的独立危险因素.结论 ICU危重孕产妇ARF是多因素参与的过程,应充分认识各种危险因素对ARF的影响,存在HELLP综合征和产后4 h使用高渗白蛋白是ARF发生的独立危险因素,对存在危险因素的患者实施重点防护以减少ARF的发生.     

The P50 is reduced in critically ill patients

A prospective study was designed to measure the P50 in 20 critically ill patients, and compare it with the P50 measured in 20 normal individuals. Arterial blood gases, lactate, haemoglobin (Hb) and phosphate (PO₄) levels were also measured and compared with the P50 in the critically ill patients. The mean P50 of the critically ill patients was 24.5 mmHg (SD±2.9) and was significantly lower than the mean P50 of 26.2 (SD±2.2) in the normal individuals (p<0.05). In the critically ill patients, strong correlations were observed between the P50 and the arterial pH and base excess (BE) levels, with coefficients of 0.79 and 0.69 respectively whereas correlations between the P50 and arterial oxygen tension (PO₂), carbon dioxide tension (PCO₂), lactate, Hb and PO₄ levels were poor, with correlations of 0.001, 0.008, 0.07, 0.13 respectively. It is concluded that the P50 is commonly reduced in critically ill patients, and has a strong correlation with arterial pH and BE.     

Serum selenium and zinc levels in critically ill surgical patients

Purpose

The authors designed this study to determine how serum selenium and zinc affect the outcomes of critically ill surgical patients.

Methods

The medical records of 162 patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) from October 2010 to July 2012 and managed for more than 3 days were retrospectively investigated.

Results

Overall, the mean patient age was 61.2 ± 15.0 years, and the median ICU stay was 5 (3-115) days. The mean Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 18.0 ± 8.0. Eighteen (11.1%) of the study subjects died in ICU. mean selenium levels were 83.5 ± 23.8 ng/dL in the survivor group and 83.3 ± 29.6 ng/dL in the nonsurvivor group, and corresponding mean zinc levels were 46.3 ± 21.7 and 65.6 ± 41.6 μg/dL, respectively. Mean selenium concentrations were significantly different in patients with and without shock (77.9 ± 25.4 and 87.2 ± 23.1 ng/dL, P = .017). Furthermore, mean serum selenium was lower in patients with sepsis than in traumatic or simply postoperative patients (P < .001 and P = .038). Serum Zn was significantly lower in patients with sepsis than in patients with trauma (43.4 ± 25.4 μg/dL vs 54.8 ± 28.1 μg/dL, P = .038).

Conclusions

To determine the effects of serum selenium and zinc levels on critically ill surgical patients, a large-scale prospective study is needed.     

Perioperative plasma melatonin concentration in postoperative critically ill patients: Its association with delirium

Purpose

Delirium is a common complication in postoperative critically ill patients. Although abnormal melatonin metabolism is thought to be one of the mechanisms of delirium, there have been few studies in which the association between alteration of perioperative plasma melatonin concentration and postoperative delirium was assessed.

Materials

We conducted a prospective observational study to assess the association of perioperative alteration of plasma melatonin concentration with delirium in 40 postoperative patients who required intensive care for more than 48 hours. We diagnosed postoperative delirium using Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit and measured melatonin concentration 4 times (before the operation as the preoperative value, 1 hour after the operation, postoperative day 1, and postoperative day 2).

Results

Postoperative delirium occurred in 13 (33%) of the patients. Although there was no significant difference in preoperative melatonin concentration, Δ melatonin concentration at 1 hour after the operation was significantly lower in patients with delirium than in those without delirium (− 1.1 vs 0 pg/mL, P = .036). After adjustment of relevant confounders, Δ melatonin concentration was independently associated with risk of delirium (odds ratio, 0.50; P = .047).

Conclusions

Delta melatonin concentration at 1 hour after the operation has a significant independent association with risk of postoperative delirium.