Comparison of the clinical characteristics of community-acquired acute pyelonephritis between male and female patients

BackgroundCommunity-acquired acute pyelonephritis (CA-APN) is relatively rare in men. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics of CA-APN between male and female patients.MethodsWe prospectively collected the clinical and microbiological data of hospitalized CA-APN patients aged ≥19 years in South Korea from March 2010 to February 2011 in 11 hospitals and from September 2017 to August 2018 in 8 hospitals. Only the first episodes of APN of each patient during the study period were included.ResultsFrom 2010 to 2011, 573 patients from 11 hospitals were recruited, and from 2017 to 2018, 340 patients were recruited from 8 hospitals. Among them, 5.9% (54/913) were male. Male patients were older (66.0 ± 15.2 vs. 55.3 ± 19.0 years, P < 0.001), had a higher Charlson comorbidity index (1.3 ± 1.5 vs. 0.7 ± 1.2, P = 0.027), and had a higher proportion of structural problems in the urinary tract (40.7% vs. 6.1%, P < 0.001) than female patients. Moreover, the total duration of antibiotic treatment was longer (21.8 ± 17.8 d vs. 17.3 ± 9.4 d, P = 0.001) and the proportion of carbapenem usage was higher (24.1% vs. 9.5%, P = 0.001) in men than in women. Male patients were hospitalized for longer durations than female patients (median, 10 d vs. 7 d, P < 0.001).ConclusionsMale CA-APN patients were older and had more comorbidities than female CA-APN patients. In addition, male patients received antibiotic treatment for a longer duration than female patients.     

尿干化学和尿流式检测结果快速预测肾结石患者尿路细菌感染模型的建立与评价

目的 建立一种可以通过尿干化学和尿流式检测结果预测肾结石患者尿路感染(UTI)的方法.方法 分析414例肾结石患者的清洁中段尿样本,将尿流式细菌计数和亚硝酸盐、白细胞酯酶尿干化学检测结果与中段尿培养结果进行比对,确定阈值.结果 尿流式细菌计数为231.8/μL时,检测敏感性为73.97％、特异性为91.14％.亚硝酸盐...     

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: clinical experience with 21 cases

In this retrospective study, a review of the features of 21 recent cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is presented and compared with current published reports to improve the preoperative diagnosis. The clinical, laboratory, and radiological features, preoperative diagnoses, and operative methods of 21 patients with XGP were retrospectively reviewed. Mean age of the patients was 52.1 years; the female:male ratio was 2.5:1. All patients were symptomatic, and most common symptoms were flank pain and fever greater than 38°C. The laboratory results showed anemia in 71.4 % of cases, leukocytosis in 61.9 %, and pyuria in 81.0 %. In radiologic examinations, renal or ureter stone in 9 patients, hydronephrosis in 12 patients, a renal mass in 2 patients, and kidney enlargement in 9 patients were observed. For the patient who was suspected as having XGP before surgery, partial nephrectomy was performed; for 2 patients who were suspected as renal cell carcinoma, radical nephrectomy was performed; and for the remaining 18 patients, simple nephrectomy was performed. Among patients complaining of flank pain and fever, if the patients have a urinary tract infection and show the signs of anemia or leukocytosis and have staghorn calculi or a urinary tract obstruction and renal mass by radioactive examination, it is believed that the possibility of XGP should be considered.     

The efficacy and safety of tazobactam/ceftolozane in Japanese patients with uncomplicated pyelonephritis and complicated urinary tract infection

We report efficacy and safety results for a combination of a novel cephalosporin class antibiotic and a β-Lactamase inhibitor, tazobactam/ceftolozane (1:2) at a dose of 1.5 g intravenously every 8 h in Japanese patients with uncomplicated pyelonephritis and complicated urinary tract infection.This study design was a nonrandomized, multicenter, open-label trial, and the treatment period was 7 days. Of 115 patients enrolled in this study, 114 received tazobactam/ceftolozane, and 90 were included in the efficacy analyses. Ninety-nine isolates (bacterial count ≥10⁵ CFU/mL) were identified by urine culture. The main baseline uropathogens were Escherichia coli (80 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8 isolates), and Proteus mirabilis (3 isolates). Of these, 13 isolates were ESBL-producers.The favorable per-patient microbiological response rate at 7 days after the final administration of tazobactam/ceftolozane was 80.7% (71/88). The response rate in uncomplicated pyelonephritis was 90.0% (36/40), complicated pyelonephritis 63.6% (14/22), and complicated cystitis 80.8% (21/26). The favorable clinical response rate was 96.6% (86/89), and composite response rate (based on microbiological and clinical response) was 80.7% (71/88). The eradication rate by uropathogen was 83.5% (66/79) in E. coli, 42.9% (3/7) in K. pneumoniae, and 100% (3/3) in P. mirabilis.The incidence of drug-related adverse events was 17.5% (20/114 patients). The most common drug-related adverse events were diarrhea and alanine aminotransferase increased in 5.3% (6/114 patients each). Drug-related serious adverse events and deaths were not observed.These results support the safety and efficacy of tazobactam/ceftolozane and suggest it will be a useful treatment for uncomplicated pyelonephritis and complicated urinary tract infection.     

Urosepsis caused by Globicatella sanguinis and Corynebacterium riegelii in an adult: case report and literature review

We report an extremely rare case of urosepsis caused by Globicatella sanguinis and Corynebacterium riegelii coinfection in a 94-year-old Japanese man with nephrolithiasis. Prompt identification of this coinfection is important so that effective antimicrobial coverage can be initiated.     

膀胱副神经节瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨膀胱副神经节瘤的临床病理及免疫组化特征.方法 对2例膀胱副神经节瘤进行组织病理学观察及免疫组化分析并复习文献.结果 2例大体肿物均有完整包膜.镜下肿瘤细胞排列呈巢状及条索状,其中1例伴有鳞状细胞或腺样分化的器官样结构.细胞大小不等,细胞核圆形、椭圆形、梭形,核分裂罕见.瘤细胞巢间有丰富的大、小血窦.免疫组化瘤细胞CgA、Syn、S-100阳性,CK、CK7、HMB45、CEA阴性.结论 膀胱副神经节瘤是较罕见的肿瘤,诊断依赖于组织病理形态及免疫组化.     

Clinical characteristics of Raoultella ornithinolytica bacteremia: A case series and literature review

Raoultella ornithinolytica is a rare pathogen in human infection and bacteremic cases had been scarcely reported. For further comprehension of the rare infection, we summarized clinical characteristics of 6 cases that were detected at our medical facility and 5 cases from previous literature. The most common infectious focus was biliary infection and elderly patients with a history of any biliary intervention or malignancy were considered to be at a great risk for the infection. The prognosis of the patients was quite satisfactory. Bacterial identification in this report was performed on the basis of biochemical tests alone, and further investigations by molecular analysis are required to confirm our findings.     

Vitamin A supplementation is effective for improving the clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections and reducing renal scarring in girls with acute pyelonephritis: a randomized,double-blind placebo-controlled,clinical trial study

IntroductionIt is believed that tubulointerstitial inflammation plays a role in the formation of renal scarring secondary to acute pyelonephritis (APN). Vitamin A is an anti-inflammatory agent that is involved in the re-epithelialization of damaged mucosal surfaces.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin A supplementation in combination with antibiotics for improving urinary tract infections (UTIs) symptoms and preventing renal scarring in girls with APN.Study designThis randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 90 girls aged 2 to 12 years old between 2015 and 2017. Patients with UTIs and first episode of APN diagnosed based on 99 mTc-DMSA scintigraphy (uptake defect) were assessed for eligibility. Patients were randomly divided into two groups that either received 10 days of oral vitamin A (intervention group) or 10 days of placebo (control group) in addition to antibiotics during the acute phase of infection. The clinical response was considered as the primary outcome [duration (positive days) of UTI symptoms during trial treatment period] and secondary outcomes (no change, improving and or worsening of 99 mTc-DMSA scan results 6 months after treatment from baseline). P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.ResultsSeventy-four patients (vitamin A group: 36 patients, placebo: 38 patients) were included in the analysis. The mean age was 5.25 ± 1 year old. Three patients (7.89%) in the placebo group and 2 patients (5.55%) in the vitamin A group had vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (p = 0.114). Duration of fever (vitamin A group: 1.8 days, placebo: 3.1 days, p = 0.0026), urinary frequency (1.3 days vs. 2.8 days, p = 0.003) and poor feeding (2.3 days vs. 4.2 days, p = 0.005) were significantly lower in the vitamin A group. Following the second 99 mTc-DMSA scan, worsening of lesions was observed among 8 (22.2%) and 17 (44.7%) patients in the vitamin A and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.003). 63.8% (23 patients) of the vitamin A group and 21% (8 patients) of placebo group showed lesion improving in the photopenic region. (P < 0.0001) There was no evidence of vitamin A intolerance.DiscussionOur results show the efficacy of vitamin A supplementation on reducing renal scarring secondary to APN and on fever, urinary frequency and poor feeding duration in girls with APN.ConclusionVitamin A supplementation is effective for improving the clinical symptoms of UTI and reducing renal injury and scarring following APN in girls with first APN. However, larger randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with longer follow up are needed to confirm these effects.     

<Emphasis Type=Italic>Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> bacteremia in adult patients: five case reports and a review of the literature

Pseudomonas putida belongs to the fluorescent group of Pseudomonas species, a group of opportunistic pathogens that primarily cause nosocomial infections. However, few cases of P. putida bacteremia in adult patients have been reported. We report five cases of P. putida bacteremia in adult patients and review 23 previously reported cases. Our five patients consisted of three cases of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), one case of indwelling biliary drainage tube-related cholangitis, and one case of cholecystitis. Many of the 23 previously reported cases also included CRBSI. Of the clinical backgrounds, in all 28 reported cases including ours, 24 (85.7%) were immunocompromised. Of the clinical management, in CRBSI, devices were removed in almost all cases (92.9%). Antibiotic susceptibility data of our five cases and another previous case showed that patients with bacteremia had a high susceptibility of P. putida to anti-pseudomonal β-lactams. The prognosis for bacteremia with P. putida was good, as 26 (92.9%) of the total 28 cases were cured.     

A case of urinary tract infection caused by Kluyvera ascorbata in an infant: case report and review of the literature

We experienced a case of urinary tract infection in a 3-month-old child caused by Kluyvera ascorbata. The authors report the case and review the literature regarding Kluyvera urinary tract infection exclusively in children. Kluyvera infection, which had been extremely rare, has increasingly been reported, including urinary tract infection. A prompt identification of Kluyvera species in clinical infections is important. Recognition of its disease-producing potential and the subsequent initiation of effective antimicrobial coverage are essential for appropriate management in the pediatric population.     

Point-of-care ultrasound for the early diagnosis of emphysematous pyelonephritis: A case report and literature review

BACKGROUNDEmphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare but fatal necrotic infection of the kidney, which usually leads to septic shock. Therefore, early diagnosis and optimized therapy are of paramount importance. In the past two decades, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has been widely used in clinical practice, especially in emergency and critical care settings, and helps to rapidly identify the source of infection in sepsis. We report a rare case in which a “falls” sign on POCUS played a pivotal role in the early diagnosis of EPN.CASE SUMMARYA 57-year-old man presented with fever and lumbago for 3 d prior to admission. He went to the emergency room, and the initial POCUS detected gas bubbles in the hepatorenal space showing a hyperechoic focus with dirty shadowing and comet-tail artifacts. This imaging feature was like a mini waterfall. His blood and urine culture demonstrated Escherichia coli bacteremia, and EPN associated with septic shock was diagnosed. The patient did not respond to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and a perirenal abscess developed. He subsequently underwent computed tomography-guided percutaneous catheter drainage, and fully recovered. We also review the literature on the sonographic features of POCUS in EPN.CONCLUSIONThis case indicates that a “falls” sign on POCUS facilitates the rapid diagnosis of severe EPN at the bedside.     

Impact of interventions by an antimicrobial stewardship program team on appropriate antimicrobial therapy in patients with bacteremic urinary tract infection

Background

Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy often leads to poor outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) team on appropriate therapy, in patients with bacteremic urinary tract infection (UTI).

Staphylococcus pettenkoferi bacteremia in a tertiary care hospital in Japan: Report of three cases

Staphylococcus pettenkoferi is a coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species first isolated in 2002. Human infections caused by S. pettenkoferi are rare. We herein report three cases of S. pettenkoferi bacteremia in a tertiary care hospital in Japan. Staphylococcus pettenkoferi can be a causative pathogen of catheter related blood stream infection including complicated infection, and unknown source of bacteremia. All of the patients presented with fever and shaking chills, and good clinical outcome. Further research is needed to determine the role of this organism as a pathogen and frequency.     

Diagnostic usefulness of procalcitonin as a marker of bacteremia in patients with acute pyelonephritis

Abstract

Background. Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is one of the most common community-acquired infections and frequently accompanies bacteremia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic role of procalcitonin in predicting bacteremia in patients with APN. Methods. We conducted a retrospective study of patients with APN who visited the emergency department (ED) at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul. Predictors of bacteremia were analyzed and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were plotted for procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leukocytes. Results. During the study period, a total of 147 patients who had microbiologically proven APN and available initial procalcitonin concentrations were identified. Of these, bacteremia was present in 84 patients. Multivariate analysis showed that age, hypotension, and higher procalcitonin concentrations independently predicted the presence of bacteremia. Procalcitonin had better discriminative power than CRP, as reflected by area under the ROC curve analysis (0.746 [95% CI, 0.667–0.826] vs. 0.602 [95% CI, 0.509–0.694], p = 0.02). At a cut-off value of 1.63 μg/L, procalcitonin predicted bacteremia with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of 61.9, 81.0, 81.3, 61.4 and 70.1%, respectively. Conclusion. Procalcitonin concentration could be used as a reliable marker to predict bacteremia in patients with APN in the ED.     

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans bacteremia in a patient hospitalized with acute cerebral infarction: Case report and review

Desulfovibrio spp. can be found in soil, water, and sewage, as well as in the digestive tracts of animals and humans. We report a case of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans bacteremia during hospitalization with acute cerebral infarction following aspiration bronchopneumonia and severe diarrhea, and the case strongly suggests that Desulfovibrio spp. bacteremia can occur as an infection due to disturbance of endogenous gut flora including antibiotic administration. Because Desulfovibrio spp. is difficult to detect in short-time incubation, its bacteremia is possibly overlooked in hospitalized patients. A few clinical cases of D. desulfuricans bacteremia have been reported in Japan, and they are reviewed briefly in this article.     

Diagnostic significance of secondary bacteremia in patients with COVID-19

ObjectivesWe investigated the occurrence of non-respiratory bacterial and fungal secondary infections, causative organisms, impact on clinical outcomes, and association between the secondary pathogens and mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study that included data from inpatients with COVID-19 from multiple centers participating in the Japan COVID-19 Taskforce (April 2020 to May 2021). We obtained demographic, epidemiological, and microbiological data throughout the course of hospitalization and analyzed the cases of COVID-19 complicated by non-respiratory bacterial infections.ResultsOf the 1914 patients included, non-respiratory bacterial infections with COVID-19 were diagnosed in 81 patients (4.2%). Of these, 59 (3.1%) were secondary infections. Bacteremia was the most frequent bacterial infection, occurring in 33 cases (55.9%), followed by urinary tract infections in 16 cases (27.1%). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common causative organism of bacteremia. Patients with COVID-19 with non-respiratory secondary bacterial infections had significantly higher mortality, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that those with bacteremia (aOdds Ratio = 15.3 [5.97–39.1]) were at higher risk of death. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, male sex, use of steroids to treat COVID-19, and intensive care unit admission increased the risk for nosocomial bacteremia.ConclusionsSecondary bacteremia is an important complication that may lead to poor prognosis in cases with COVID-19. An appropriate medical management strategy must be established, especially for patients with concomitant predisposing factors.     

Encrustations of the urinary catheter and prevention strategies: a literature review

Patients with an indwelling urinary catheter are at risk of developing urinary tract infection: for each day of the catheter remaining in situ, there is an increasing risk from 3% to 7% for infection to appear. One of the main complications of catheterization is the onset of encrustations, frequently resulting in obstruction of the catheter. Aim of this study is to describe the problem of indwelling urinary catheter encrustation and prevention strategies. A narrative review of the literature was conducted. Indwelling urinary catheter encrustations originate more easily when urine contains high concentrations of poorly soluble constituents and when the state of the urinary tract enables their precipitation as an alkaline urinary pH, often associated with the presence of bacteria urease‐producers, for instance Proteus mirabilis. Urease can generate crystals and this process keeps going until the accumulation of crystalline deposits block the urine flow within the catheter lumen. The literature suggests that there are manifold pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies to prevent encrustations. The literature analysis suggests that the permanence of the catheter could potentially be one of the most relevant causes of encrustation. The catheterization duration is the most important risk factor for bacteriuria, essential for the process of encrustation to start off. There are many prevention strategies, among which promotion of nucleation pH (pHn) supplementation in the daily diet with liquids containing citrate; this is the most simple and suitable for all patients being inexpensive and effective.     

2007-2013年浙江萧山医院分离自尿路感染患者的葡萄球菌种属分布及药物敏感性分析

目的 调查分离自尿路感染患者中葡萄球菌的菌种、临床分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法 尿液采用经典型浸片Uricult培养,VITEK-60全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感实验,利用WHONET 5.6软件对浙江萧山医院2007年1月至2013年12月从尿培养中分离的菌株进行回顾性分析。结果 共分离葡萄球菌284株,检出居前3位的细菌分别为表皮葡萄球菌118株(41.5%)、溶血葡萄球菌49株(17.3%)和金黄色葡萄球菌40株(14.1%)。菌株主要来源于内科106株(37.3%),其次泌尿外科89株(31.3%);耐药率前4位的是青霉素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、苯唑西林和红霉素(73.3%),耐药率较低的是利奈唑胺、万古霉素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、利福平、呋喃妥因和莫西沙星(0.0%～16.4%),MRS检出率为75.9%;2007年与2013年相比,耐药率上升较为明显的是莫西沙星和克林霉素,下降较多的有苯唑西林、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、红霉素、复方新诺明和四环素。结论 尿路感染患者分离的葡萄球菌种类达15种,其中以表皮葡萄球菌为主;呋喃妥因适合作为治疗尿路感染的经验用药,定期监测和分析尿路感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,有助于提高临床经验治愈率及合理用药水平。