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1.
Acetamiprid is popular for crop protection against piercing-sucking pests and is highly effective for flea control in cats and dogs. Repeated oral administration of acetamiprid at the dose rate of 1.5 mg kg?1 day?1 for 21 consecutive days in buffalo calves did not exhibit any significant toxic signs. It however produced significant elevation in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (14 %), alanine aminotransferase (35.98 %) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (30.26 %), whereas no significant effect was observed on total plasma protein, blood cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphatases, cholesterol, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose. Present investigation reveals that acetamiprid is a mild-risk insecticide in buffalo calves.  相似文献   

2.
Enrofloxacin was administered to commercial broiler chicken of 6 weeks of age at 10 mg kg?1 as oral bolus and pulse dose to two groups of twelve birds each. Blood was collected at predetermined time interval and plasma samples were analyzed for enrofloxacin concentration by using HPLC. Mean plasma concentration was significantly higher in oral bolus dose up to 2 h and at 48 h. In both the groups enrofloxacin concentration was above 0.30 μg mL?1 up to 24 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non compartmental analysis which revealed significant increase in AUC0–∞ (25.35 ± 1.92 vs. 19.66 ± 1.68 μg h mL?1) and t1/2β (10.63 ± 0.35 vs. 8.70 ± 0.74 h) in oral bolus dose when compared to pulse dose. There was no significant difference in other pharmacokinetic parameters such as MRT, MAT, Vd area/F, Vdss/F, ClB/F, Cmax and tmax. Hence it can be concluded that enrofloxacin administered to broiler chicken at 10 mg kg?1 every 24 h as pulse dose will result in better clinical efficacy at par with oral bolus dose.  相似文献   

3.
Bifenthrin is an insecticide, used extensively on some crops, including corn. Roughly 70 % of all US-grown hops and raspberries are treated with bifenthrin. The current study on bifenthrin was undertaken to investigate the potential alterations in biochemical parameters, induced by sub-acute oral exposure of bifenthrin, in goats. The animals were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 3) received only tap water and served as control, whereas, Group B goats (n = 4) received bifenthrin by gavage (Telstar 10 EC) at the dose rate of 5 mg Kg?1 body weight for 28 consecutive days. Bifenthrin exposed group showed significant alterations in the enzyme biochemical parameters. The activities of erythrocyte cholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase reduced significantly from 7th day and 28th day of bifenthrin exposure, respectively. The activity of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increased significantly from the 21st day of bifenthrin exposure. The activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly from the 14th day of bifenthrin exposure. All these parameters returned to the non-significant levels by 7th day of post-exposure period. Non-significant alterations in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and plasma proteins were also observed. The current study thus reveals that sub-acute oral administration of bifenthrin produces reversible liver damage.  相似文献   

4.
Pupillometry is a non-invasive monitoring technique, which allows dynamic pupillary diameter measurement by an infrared camera. Pupillary diameter increases in response to nociceptive stimuli. In patients anesthetized with propofol or volatile agents, the magnitude of this pupillary dilation is related to the intensity of the stimulus. Pupillary response to nociceptive stimuli has never been studied under ketamine anesthesia. Our objective was to describe pupillary reflex dilation after calibrated tetanic stimulations in patients receiving intravenous ketamine. After written consent, 24 patients of our pediatric burn care unit were included. They received an oral morphine premedication (0.3 mg kg?1) 1 h before their scheduled daily dressing change. Just before the procedure, they received 1 mg kg?1 of intravenous ketamine. Two minutes after this bolus, tetanic stimulations of incremental intensities were performed on the arm of each patient (5–10–20–30–40–60 mA, 60 s interval between stimulations). Pupillary diameter, heart rate and movements were recorded before and after each stimulation. Tetanic stimulations were associated with changes in pupillary diameter and heart rate. The magnitude of these changes was significantly influenced by the intensity of stimulation (ANOVA for repeated measures, p?<?0.001). Movement was associated with a 32% increase in diameter (ROC curves, AUC 0.758) with 65% sensitivity and 77% specificity. In children, pupillary reflex dilation to nociceptive stimuli persists under deep sedation obtained with 1 mg kg?1 of intravenous ketamine combined with a 0.3 mg kg?1 oral morphine premedication, and its magnitude depends on the intensity of the stimulation. Our results confirm that pupillometry could be a relevant way to monitor nociception in anaesthetised subjects, including those receiving ketamine. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT 02648412  相似文献   

5.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the cisplatin (cDDP) induced oxidative damage in hepatic tissue of wistar rats and mechanisms of protection by quercetin. A total of 24 wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups with six animals in each. Group I served as control, group II received cDDP (12 mg kg?1 body weight) and group III quercetin (50 mg kg?1 body weight) intra-peritoneally. Group IV received quercetin 6 h prior to cDDP administration intra-peritoneally. Administration of cDDP in rats resulted in significant (P < 0.05) elevation of plasma hepatic biomarkers, reduction of antioxidant system and marked histopathological alterations indicating acute hepatotoxicity. Treatment with quercetin prior to cDDP administration prevented hepatic dysfunctions as indicated by alterations in hepatic biomarkers, alleviated enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system with reduced histopathological changes in hepatic tissue. The results suggest that cDDP induced hepatic damage is due to imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant system of hepatic tissue. The pretreatment with quercetin attenuated the oxidative damage induced by cDDP in hepatic tissue and this hepatoprotective effect of quercetin may be due to its direct scavenging of free radicals and/or enhancing antioxidant defense system of hepatic tissue in wistar rats.  相似文献   

6.
Nanomaterials are finding widespread applications in industry, agriculture and environment due to their unique properties. But, before these materials are widely in use, their impact on soil ecology needs to be thoroughly investigated. In addition, how the nanoparticles behave in soil under elevated CO2 is unknown. A pot culture experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in phytotron to study the effect of nanoparticles on microbial biomass and enzyme activity in soil under rice crop at ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2. Manufactured nanoparticles of Fe and Zn (n-Fe2O3 and n-ZnO) were added to soil at concentrations of 100, 500 and 1,000 mg kg?1. FeSO4 (11.1 mg kg?1), ZnSO4 (5.33 mg kg?1) and ‘control’ treatments were also included for comparison. Results showed highest bacterial population at 100 mg kg?1 n-Fe2O3, which significantly decreased at 500 and 1,000 mg kg?1 n-Fe2O3 or n-ZnO. Similarly the dehydrogenase activity is significantly higher with 100 mg kg?1 n-Fe2O3 as compared to control and FeSO4 or ZnSO4. As compared to 100 mg kg?1 concentration, there was twofold to fivefold decrease in fluorescein diacetate activity at 500 and 1,000 mg kg?1 of nano-Fe2O3 treatment. At elevated CO2, the microbial biomass and activities were higher at tillering than panicle initiation of rice crop over ambient CO2 with 100 mg kg?1 n-Fe2O3 and ZnO than other treatments. It is concluded that n-Fe2O3 and n-ZnO at 100 mg kg?1 is effective to maintain various soil microbiological process but at higher concentrations (e.g., 500 and 1,000 mg kg?1) negative impacts on soil ecology can be expected.  相似文献   

7.
Agave americana was evaluated for its tolerance to different levels of Cr (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg?1 soil) and its suitability for the remediation of Cr contaminated sites. The pot culture experiment was carried out for 3 months in clay soil which was collected from 0 to 30 cm depth from the nearby agricultural field. The partitioning of Cr between roots and shoots and its uptake by the plant, bio-concentration factor, translocation factor, translocation efficiency etc. were used to determine the remediation potential of the crop. Overall, the plant could tolerate up to 200 mg Cr kg?1 soil, but a concentration of 81 mg Cr kg?1 soil caused a reduction in the dry weight of the plant by 50 %. The highest total uptake of Cr (2286 µg g?1 plant) and bio-concentration factor (6.59) was found at Cr 200 mg kg soil?1. However, the translocation factor values were found to be <1 (0.18–0.13) indicating that Cr was mainly located in the roots exhibiting an exclusion mechanism. Based on these findings, it was concluded that A. americana could not be considered as a hyperaccumulator for Cr. Nevertheless, as shown by the accumulation ratios the plant has a massive potential for phytostabilization of Cr.  相似文献   

8.
Zinc (Zn) deficiency in humans is a widespread problem across the globe. Since, vegetables are the important constituent of daily diet, it is very useful to enrich leafy vegetables with Zn in alleviating Zn deficiency in humans. Greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of applied Zn and organics on shoot Zn content and dry biomass yield of Chenopodium album grown in acid and alkaline soils. Zinc content increased significantly with increase in Zn level. Zinc content gets reduced to a great extent due to application of farmyard manure (FYM) and sludge in acid soil. As far as dry biomass yield is concerned, the crop responded positively to applied level of Zn @ 5 mg kg?1 in alkaline soil, while such response was conspicuously absent in acid soil. In case of alkaline soil, significant reduction in dry biomass yield occurred only at 100 mg Zn kg?1, whereas such reduction was recorded in acid soil even at 50 mg Zn kg?1. With reference to recommended dietary allowances of Zn for humans, substantial enrichment of Chenopodium in terms of Zn content is possible due to application of Zn from external sources. Taking health risk into consideration, applied rate of Zn may go up to 100 mg kg?1 for alkaline soil as against 50 mg kg?1 for acid soil in enriching Chenopodium with Zn.  相似文献   

9.
Plant species as well as cultivars of the same species differ in their Mn efficiency. This paper studied the differential Mn efficiency in relation to Mn dynamics in the rhizosphere and root shoot relations of one durum wheat (cultivar PDW 291), four bread wheat varieties (cv. PBW 509, PBW 636, DBW 17 and PBW 550) and one triticale (cv. TL 2908). The six cultivars were grown in pots under two Mn treatments: (i) 0 mg Mn kg?1 soil (i.e. soil with 1.54 mg kg?1 of DTPA-extractable Mn) and (ii) 50 mg Mn kg?1 soil. Plants were harvested at tillering and 45 days post tillering to record root length (RL), shoot dry weight (SDW), Mn uptake and soil parameters. Under Mn deficiency conditions, PBW 550 produced 47 % of its maximum RL and 58 % of its maximum SDW, whereas PDW 291 produced only 13 and 35 %, respectively. PBW 550 and PDW 291 showed highest and lowest RL/SDW ratio, root surface area and Mn uptake, respectively. Greater Mn concentration difference between bulk soil and root surface in PBW 550 and TL 2908 resulted into 1.4 times higher Mn influx as compared to durum cultivar. It seemed triticale cv. has adaptations to low nutrient availability as indicated by its lowest relative shoot growth rate and highest relative root growth rate.  相似文献   

10.
Airway management in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a challenging problem for anesthesiologists. The GlideScope video laryngoscope (GVL) is designed to assist tracheal intubation for patients with a difficult airway. The aim of the study was to report the successful intubation by GVL of four AS patients, and to discuss the use of GVL for tracheal intubation in patients with AS by performing a review of the literature. Four patients with chronic, severe AS were evaluated preoperatively; all had features associated with a difficult direct laryngoscopy. We performed the necessary preparations for difficult airway and intubation. Patients were kept in supine position, with their head and neck supported on pillows. Following sufficient preoxygenation, patients received i.v. remifentanil at 1 μg kg?1, propofol at 2 mg kg?1, and succinylcholine at 1 mg kg?1. GVL intubation was provided after full muscle relaxation. GVL is reasonable alternative to awake fiberoptic bronchoscopy or any other device, as it appears that less training and skill is involved in the actual intubation process. Adequate laryngeal exposure was obtained in all patients were successfully intubated in the first attempt. As with any challenging airway management, it is essential to have a rescue strategy. We believe that GVL can be a good alternative for oral endotracheal intubation in patients with AS. This series is very small and the reader should be very cautious about drawing broad conclusions regarding the GVL and patients with AS.  相似文献   

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