下肢功率自行车运动对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的探讨功率自行车运动对恢复期脑卒中患者步行能力的影响。方法将具有一定步行能力的70例病程为3～6个月的脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各35例。对照组患者采用常规康复训练方法,治疗组在此基础上,增加功率自行车运动训练。治疗前和治疗6周后分别评定患者的下肢运动功能(采用简化Fugl-Meyer评分)、平衡功能(采用Berg平衡量表)、步行能力(采用10m步行时间和6min内步行距离测定、Holden步行功能评定)、肌张力变化(采用改良Ashworth量表),以及日常生活活动(ADL)能力(采用改良Barthel指数)。结果两组患者的下肢运动功能、平衡功能、步行能力和ADL能力治疗后均有改善(P<0.05),但治疗组患者的效果优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论功率自行车运动可改善恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能、平衡功能和ADL能力,提高其步行能力。     

功率自行车运动训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及步行能力的影响

目的观察功率自行车运动训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及步行能力的影响。 方法60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分成治疗组和对照组,每组30例。对照组采用常规康复训练方法,治疗组在此基础上增加功率自行车运动训练,每次10~20 min,每周6次,共6周。于治疗前及治疗6周后采用下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)、功能性步行能力分级（FAC）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）对2组患者进行评定。 结果治疗前2组患者下肢FMA评分、FAC分级及MBI评分差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）,治疗后2组患者上述指标均较治疗前显著改善（P<0.05）,且治疗组的改善优于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论功率自行车运动训练可进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢运动功能,提高步行能力。     

减重步行训练结合脑功能治疗对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响

目的 探讨减重步行训练结合脑功能治疗对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响.方法 112例脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组57例和对照组55例.对照组进行常规的康复训练,治疗组在常规康复训练的基础上配合减重步行训练及脑功能治疗.治疗前后分别对2组患者采用Fugl-Meyer评定法下肢运动功能和平衡功能评定、功能性步行量表(FAC)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)进行评定.结果 治疗后治疗组的下肢运动功能、半衡功能、FAC、MBI评分与对照组相比均有改善(P<0.05).结论 结合减重步行训练和脑功能治疗可以促进脑卒中患者下肢运动功能、平衡功能、步行能力和日常生活活动能力更好地恢复.     

高压氧治疗联合康复训练对偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的研究高压氧治疗联合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。方法 66例脑卒中后步行障碍的患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组33例。对照组进行常规康复训练,治疗组在运动训练的基础上加以高压氧治疗,治疗4周后采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价平衡能力,10 m最大步行速度(MWS)评价步行速度,简化Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)评价下肢运动功能,改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力。结果治疗前两组平衡能力、步行速度、下肢功能及日常生活活动能力比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。治疗后两组平衡能力、步行速度、下肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力评定均较治疗前有改善(P0.05),两组相比治疗组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论高压氧治疗配合常规康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者恢复步行能力有更好疗效。     

平衡训练对脑卒中Pusher综合征患者下肢运动能力的影响

目的：探讨平衡训练对脑卒中Pusher综合征患者下肢运动能力的影响。方法：Pusher综合征患者61例,将其随机分为观察组31例和对照组30例。2组均给予常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上加用Biodex平衡功能分析训练仪进行训练;训练前后进行功能性步行量表（FAC）、下肢运动功能评定量表（FMA）、日常生活活动能力Bar—thel指数（BI）及Berg平衡量表（BBS）评定。结果：治疗5周后,2组FAC、FMA、BI及BBS评分均较治疗前明显提高（P〈0．05）,且观察组更高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：平衡训练结合常规康复治疗对脑卒中Pusher综合征患者下肢运动能力的恢复较常规康复治疗效果更好。     

核心肌群训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的研究核心肌群训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。方法 78例脑卒中后步行障碍的患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组39例。对照组进行常规康复训练,治疗组在运动训练的基础上加以核心肌群训练,治疗8周后采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价平衡能力、10 m最大步行速度(MWS)评价步行速度、简化Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)评价下肢运动功能,改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力。结果治疗前两组平衡能力、步行速度、下肢功能及日常生活活动能力比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。治疗后两组平衡能力、步行速度、下肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力评定均较治疗前有改善(P0.05),两组相比治疗组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论核心肌群训练配合常规康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者恢复步行能力有更好疗效。     

减重步行训练对脑卒中早期偏瘫患者步行能力恢复的影响

目的探讨减重步行训练对脑卒中早期患者步行能力恢复的影响。方法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成2组，减重组30例，行减重步行训练加常规康复治疗；对照组30例，仅行常规康复训练。用Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、改良Ashworth法肌张力评级和Holder步行功能分级进行训练前、后评定。结果经过4周治疗后。2组患者Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、肌张力评级和步行功能分级较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01），但减重组Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、肌张力评级、步行功能分级改善均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论减重步行训练加常规康复治疗对脑卒中早期患者步行功能恢复具有明显促进作用。     

早期使用踝足矫形器对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能影响的表面肌电信号研究

摘要 目的：观察早期应用佩戴踝足矫形器（AFO）进行康复训练治疗脑卒中患者偏瘫步态的临床疗效。 方法：将63例脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组（Z组）和对照组（D组）。两组均按常规予以对症支持治疗和康复治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用AFO,康复训练4周后进行评定。治疗前后分别采用二维步态分析仪、表面肌电图机及相应量表评定两组患者的步行能力（包括步态参数及步行功能分级）、踝关节控制肌群（胫前肌及腓肠肌外侧头）的积分肌电值（iEMG）、运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力。 结果：治疗前后对比,治疗组步行能力的差异有显著性意义（P＜0.01）;对照组步行能力的差异也有显著性意义（P＜0.01）。治疗后治疗组步行能力、下肢运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力、踝关节控制肌群肌力与对照组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）,治疗组优于对照组。 结论：早期佩戴AFO能够促进偏瘫患者步行能力、平衡功能、运动功能、日常生活活动能力、踝关节控制肌群肌力的恢复。     

针刺治疗结合肌力训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的：探讨针刺治疗结合肌力训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。方法：将40例脑卒中后偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。对照组进行常规康复治疗，治疗组在常规康复治疗的基础上进行肌力训练和针刺治疗。治疗前后分别采用各种量表评定两组患者的步行能力、运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力。结果：治疗组与对照组的运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力治疗前均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；治疗后治疗组步行能力、下肢运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力与对照组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：肌力训练和针刺治疗。不仅能改善脑卒中后偏瘫患者的步行能力低下，而且能促进患者运动功能、平衡功能与日常生活活动能力的恢复。     

足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的临床研究

目的：观察足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响.方法：将36例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为对照组和研究组各18例.2组均接受常规下肢功能康复训练,研究组另外增加足下垂助行仪联合减重跑台训练,每周6d.治疗前后分别采用Fugl Meyer下肢运动功能量表（FMA-L）评定下肢运动功能、Berg平衡量表（BBS）评定平衡功能,足印法测量步速、左、右足步幅差.结果：治疗8周后,2组患者的FMA及BBS评分均较治疗前明显提高（P＜0.05）,且研究组各项评分更高于对照组（P＜0.05）.治疗后,2组患者的步速均较治疗前明显提高,左、右足步幅差明显减小（P＜0.05）,研究组较对照组改善更为明显（P＜0.05）.结论：足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练可明显改善早期脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢功能,改善日常生活活动能力.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.