肌电生物反馈疗法结合部分减重平板运动疗法对脑卒中恢复期患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的:观察肌电生物反馈疗法结合部分减重平板运动疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法:脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者40例随机分为治疗组和对照组各20例。两组患者均给予常规神经内科治疗、综合康复治疗及部分减重平板运动疗法,治疗组加用AM-800神经功能重建仪进行下肢肌电生物反馈疗法,共治疗4周。治疗前后进行功能评估,评估项目包括临床神经功能缺损评分、Fugl-Meyer评定、功能独立性评定(FIM量表)。结果:经治疗后,两组患者神经功能缺损评分均有下降,FIM量表得分及Fugl-Meyer下肢得分均上升,其中治疗组相比对照组神经功能缺损评分下降更显著,Fugl-Meyer下肢得分上升更显著(P均<0.05)。结论:肌电生物反馈疗法结合部分减重平板运动疗法,能有效改善脑卒中患者下肢运动功能,并可降低患者神经缺损程度。     

镜像疗法对脑卒中后复杂性局部疼痛综合征Ⅰ型的 疗效分析

目的:评价镜像疗法对脑卒中后复杂性局部疼痛综合征(CRPS)Ⅰ型的疗效。方法:选择脑卒中后CRPSⅠ型患者31例,随机分为试验组16例和对照组15例,均给予常规康复治疗,试验组还给予镜像治疗,评价2组治疗前后的疼痛VAS评分、Brunnstrom运动功能分期(BRS)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)、改良Ashworth痉挛评价量表(MAS)和功能独立性评定(FIM)评分。结果:所有患者均顺利完成康复治疗,试验组VAS评分、FIM、FMA腕部、FMA手部评分优于对照组(P0.05),BRS手部、BRS上肢、MAS评分组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:镜像治疗联合常规康复措施能有效改善CRPSⅠ型患者的运动功能和疼痛症状。     

常规康复联合感觉功能训练对脑卒中患者上肢功能恢复的影响

目的探讨常规康复联合感觉功能训练对脑卒中患者上肢功能恢复的影响。 方法选取脑卒中患者40例，按照随机数字表法将其分为治疗组与对照组，每组20例。给予2组患者神经内科常规药物、低频电刺激等康复治疗，治疗组在此基础上增加感觉功能训练。治疗前、治疗4周后（治疗后），对2组患者分别进行Fugl-Meyer感觉功能评定、Wolf运动功能评价量表（WMFT）评定、运动诱发电位（MEP）潜伏期检测。 结果治疗前，2组患者Fugl-Meyer感觉功能评分、WMFT运动功能评分、MEP潜伏期之间比较，差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。与组内治疗前比较，治疗组治疗4周后（治疗后）Fugl-Meyer感觉功能评分［（9.68±1.12）分］、WMFT运动功能评分［（3.89±0.63）分］、MEP潜伏期［（20.96±3.38）ms］均有所改善，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与组内治疗前比较，对照组治疗后仅Fugl-Meyer感觉功能评分［（5.74±0.85）分］、MEP潜伏期［（22.03±3.86）ms］显著改善，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与对照组治疗后比较，治疗组Fugl-Meyer感觉功能评分、WMFT运动功能评分、MEP潜伏期均较为优异，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论在常规药物及康复治疗基础上增加感觉功能训练不仅可提高脑卒中患者的感觉功能，还能改善其运动功能。     

感觉功能再训练对脑卒中后本体感觉障碍患者功能恢复的影响

目的探讨感觉功能再训练对脑卒中后本体感觉障碍患者功能恢复的影响。 方法共选取有本体感觉功能障碍的脑卒中患者60例，将其随机分为治疗组和观察组，同时选取无本体感觉功能障碍的脑卒中患者30例作为对照组。3组患者均采用常规康复措施进行治疗,治疗组同时接受感觉再训练。临床疗效评定采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能和四肢本体感觉功能评分法，患者日常生活活动能力（ADL）评定采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）。 结果3组患者分别经治疗后，其Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分和MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.01)，观察组Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分和MBI评分均明显低于治疗组和对照组水平(P<0.01)；而治疗组和对照组上述指标比较，差异无统计学意义(P&rt;0.05)；另外治疗组Fugl-Meyer感觉功能评分明显优于观察组，差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。 结论本体感觉障碍能明显影响脑卒中患者康复疗效，对脑卒中感觉障碍患者实施感觉功能再训练，不仅有利于其感觉功能进一步恢复,而且对提高患者运动功能和ADL也有显著促进作用。     

视听媒体指导脑卒中患者主动功能锻炼的效果观察

目的:研究视听媒体指导脑卒中患者主动功能锻炼对患者运动功能、平衡功能、功能独立性的影响。方法:将脑卒中偏瘫患者90例,随机分为对照组44例和观察组46例。对照组进行常规脑卒中康复治疗,采用口头讲解功能锻炼方法指导患者锻炼。观察组在进行常规脑卒中康复治疗基础上,通过视听媒体指导患者主动进行肢体功能锻炼,治疗结束后2组分别行Fugl-Meyer运动、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评定及FIM功能独立性评定。结果:治疗4周后,2组患者Fugl-Meyer运动、平衡功能评分及FIM评分均较治疗前明显提高(均P0.05),且观察组患者各项评分均高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:通过视听媒体来指导脑卒中患者主动功能锻炼,能更好地改善患者的运动功能、平衡功能及功能独立性。     

功能性电刺激同步节奏性听觉刺激对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的:探讨功能性电刺激同步节奏性听觉刺激对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法:将符合纳入标准的脑卒中偏瘫患者40例,随机分为对照组和试验组各20例,两组患者均予常规康复治疗。对照组予以功能性电刺激行步行训练,试验组则予以功能性电刺激同步节奏性听觉刺激行步行训练。分别于治疗前、训练2周后及训练4周后用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表中的下肢部分(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、威斯康辛步态量表(WGS)及P-WALK平板压力测试系统进行评定。结果:治疗2周后两组患者下肢FMA、BBS、WGS评分、步速、步长差、患侧负重比较治疗前改善(P0.05),治疗后组间比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05);治疗4周后两组患者下肢FMA、BBS、WGS评分、步速、步长差、患侧负重比均较治疗前显著改善(P0.05),治疗后组间比较,试验组各项评定改善程度较对照组明显(P0.05),且两组各项评定4周治疗前后变化率具有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:功能性电刺激同步节奏性听觉刺激可明显改善脑卒中患者下肢运动功能。     

重复性任务性训练联合神经肌肉电刺激对重度瘫痪急性脑卒中患者下肢功能的影响

目的:研究重复性任务性训练联合神经肌肉电刺激对重度瘫痪的急性脑卒中患者下肢功能影响.方法:将36例重度瘫痪的急性脑卒中患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组18例,对照组给予常规康复治疗和高强度神经肌肉电刺激治疗;治疗组在此基础上进行重复性任务性训练,内容包括坐位训练、坐-站训练和站立训练.分别于治疗前、治疗后2个月采用简式Fugl-Meyer下肢功能评分(FMA)进行下肢运动功能的评定,采用功能性步行分级(FAC)进行步行功能的评定,采用功能独立性评定量表(FIM)进行日常生活活动能力的评定.结果:治疗后2个月,2组FMA和FIM评分均明显优于治疗前(P＜0.05),而且治疗组FMA和FIM评分优于对照组(P＜0.01);治疗组FMA和FIM的评分改变量(△FMA和△FIM评分)均优于对照组(P＜0.01);治疗组的FAC分级更高,比对照组获得了更好的步行功能(P=0.004).结论:重复性任务性训练联合神经肌肉电刺激能更有效地改善重度瘫痪的急性脑卒中患者的下肢运功功能、步行功能和日常生活活动能力.     

强制性运动疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激在脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能康复中的临床疗效

目的观察强制性运动疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能康复的临床疗效。方法将120例脑卒中偏瘫患者按随机排列表分为对照1组、对照2组和观察组各40例。对照1组采取常规的康复训练方法和神经肌肉电刺激,对照2组采取常规的康复训练方法和强制性运动疗法,观察组在常规训练方法上加用强制性运动疗法和神经肌肉电刺激。应用运动功能评定Fugl-Meyer评分法和日常生活评价的改良Barthel指数评分法评定3组患者干预效果。结果干预后3组患者运动功能评定Fugl-Meyer评分及Barthel指数评分均较干预前提高,但观察组提高最明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05﹚。结论强制性运动疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能,提高日常生活能力。     

功能强化训练结合肌电生物反馈对急性脑卒中患者上肢功能的影响

目的:观察肌电生物反馈电刺激联合上肢功能强化训练对急性脑卒中患者上肢功能障碍的疗效。方法:将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例。2组均给予常规康复治疗和上肢功能强化训练,观察组在此基础上给予肌电生物反馈电刺激治疗。2组患者于治疗前和治疗4周后进行Brunnstrom分级上肢评定、简化Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评定(FMA)、功能独立性评定(FIM)、肩外展及腕背伸主动活动范围(AROM)测定、主动肩外展和腕背伸时三角肌和桡侧腕长伸肌等长收缩的肌电积分值(IEMG)测定。结果:经治疗后,2组患者Brunnstrom分级、FMA评分、FIM评分,肩外展AROM、腕背伸AROM、IEMG值均高于组内治疗前(P<0.05),其中观察组各项评分均更高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:肌电生物反馈电刺激结合功能强化训练能有效改善急性脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能,降低患者神经缺损程度,提高日常生活活动能力。     

计算机手功能训练联合任务导向性训练对脑卒中偏瘫上肢功能的影响

目的:探讨计算机手功能康复训练联合任务导向性训练治疗方法对偏瘫上肢功能障碍患者的影响。方法:选取符合入选标准的脑卒中偏瘫上肢功能障碍患者34例,随机分为试验组(17例)和对照组(17例),试验组在常规任务导向性训练的基础上予以计算机辅助训练进行偏瘫上肢功能康复;对照组只对偏瘫上肢进行常规的任务导向性训练。两组患者进行每天1次、每次45min、每周5天,共进行6周治疗。患者在治疗前后进行Fugl-Meyer上肢部分(FMA),简易手功能评定(STEF)和Barthel指数(BI)量表评定,及最大握力、捏力以及5s持续握力、捏力等功能检测。结果:1治疗后组内评分比较,两组的FMA总分、STEF评分及BI得分差异均有显著性意义(P0.05)。2治疗后组间评分比较,试验组的FMA总分、STEF评分及握力、捏力相关指标对比对照组差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。3试验组的握力与捏力相关指标前后对比有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:计算机联合任务导向性训练在改善偏瘫上肢功能方面优于常规任务导向性训练。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.