低场MRI在膝关节退行性变中的应用20例分析

膝关节退行性骨关节病是骨关节常见疾病,膝关节MRI检查技术由于对软组织具有高分辨率、多平面成像,且能清晰显示半月板、交叉韧带、关节软骨、滑膜、关节囊及周围的软组织,而被广泛应用。低场MR降低了血管、运动等所引起的外来干扰,空间分辨率高,能较好的显示半月板、关节软骨、韧带及周边结构。笔者对20例膝关节退行性骨关节病的低场MRI征象进行回顾性分析,旨在探讨其临床应用价值。     

MRI在膝关节退行性骨关节病诊断中的价值

目的认识磁共振成像（MRI）在膝关节退行性骨关节病诊断中的价值。方法分析42例47个膝关节退行性骨关节病患者的MRI表现，结合其X线平片结果进行对比。结果MRI对膝关节中软骨、半月板、韧带、关节积液及骨质的影像学表现具有目前其他影像学设备无法替代的作用。结论MRI是目前膝关节退行性骨关节病的最佳影像学检查手段，其对病变的敏感性为临床早治疗提供了确切的依据。     

中场磁共振和螺旋CT在诊断膝关节退行性骨关节病中的对比研究

目的 探讨MRI、CT对诊断膝关节退行性骨关节病的优、劣势对比。方法对57例患者经MRI、CT诊断并经临床证实,或经手术、关节镜证实的病例进行回顾性分析。结果MRI能清晰显示膝关节半月板、韧带、关节积液、关节软骨、关节骨质形态。CT可以清晰显示不同程度的膝关节骨质增生、关节内的骨化和钙化、关节退行性改变,同时也可以显示断裂的半月板。结论CT能够清晰显示增生、退变的膝关节骨质,尤其膝关节内的游离“关节鼠”。MRI对韧带损伤、半月板;膝关节内积液、骨质的缺血改变具有明显的敏感性,同时可以显示关节软骨及骨质的增生、囊变。     

关节滑膜巨噬细胞的超顺磁性氧化铁粒子增强MRI实验研究

目的：探讨SPIO增强MRI扫描在抗原诱导兔关节炎动物模型的滑膜巨噬细胞成像中的应用价值。方法：共8只致敏成年新西兰白兔通过右侧膝关节内注射卵清白蛋白的方法建立抗原诱导关节炎模型,左膝关节以相同的方式关节内注射等渗盐水溶液作为对照;关节炎模型建立之后经静脉注射SPIO对比剂,24h后行T1WI、T2WI、T2*WI序列MRI扫描;实验动物在SPIO增强后处死制成膝关节病理切片,并与MRI表现对照。结果：MRI平扫右膝关节见关节滑模增生、关节积液增多,SPIO增强扫描T1WI序列2例出现右膝增生滑膜线条样阳性强化,T2WI序列6例右侧关节增生滑膜信号呈不均匀减低,关节积液有1例于T2WI出现信号减低,另6例信号改变不显著;T2*WI增强后7例右侧膝关节增生滑膜呈不均匀信号减低,关节积液有2例于T2*WI出现信号减低,另5例信号改变不显著。病理切片普鲁士蓝铁染色显示右膝增生的滑膜巨噬细胞胞浆内大量蓝色铁染色颗粒。结论：经静脉注射SPIO能够被抗原诱导兔关节炎模型的关节滑膜巨噬细胞吞噬,且在1.5T场强MRI条件下能够显示明确的增强效果。     

针刀松解术联合阿仑膦酸钠治疗膝关节退行性骨病

膝关节退行性骨病是老年人多发病,老年性骨关节退行性改变的患病率可达到68%[1]。退行性骨关节病又称骨性关节炎、老年性骨关节炎、增生性关节炎等,是由于关节软骨发生退行性变引起关节软骨完整性破坏及关节边缘软骨下骨板病变。在临床常发现不少老年     

膝关节滑膜（骨）软骨瘤病的x线及MRI表现（附17例报告）

目的：分析x线及MRI对膝关节滑膜（骨）软骨瘤病的诊断价值。材料与方法：回顾性分析17例经病理证实的膝关节滑膜（骨）软骨瘤病的X线、MRI表现,比较两种影像学方法对本病的诊断价值。结果：X线平片9例关节间隙及关节周围可见高密度游离体并伴有关节软组织肿胀,6例表现为不同程度关节周围软组织肿胀,2例x线平片未见异常,x线平片的诊断正确率为53％。MRI检查16例表现为关节内游离体,1例表现为滑膜明显增生呈结节状,并可见滑膜内结节信号略低。17例患者均可见不同程度的滑膜增生及多少不等的关节积液,MRI的诊断正确率为94％。结论：X线平片检查是诊断膝关节滑膜（骨）软骨瘤病最简便方法,而MRI检查对于早期病例及术前病例有更高的价值。     

膝关节树枝状脂肪瘤与慢性滑膜炎脂肪增生的MRI和病理表现

目的研究膝关节树枝状脂肪瘤(LA)的磁共振特征表现,结合影像病理探讨膝关节LA与慢性滑膜炎脂肪增生存在的联系。材料与方法回顾性分析14例膝关节滑膜病变,其中4例诊断LA,10例诊断慢性滑膜炎伴滑膜脂肪增生。所有病例均行病灶切除术,制作成病理标本,行HE染色。结果 14例中4例确诊LA的MRI及病理表现呈叶状、树枝状、乳头状的脂肪组织,轻度的滑膜增生,其中2例除了看到明显成团大量成熟的脂肪细胞,还可以见散在的点絮状的脂肪组织;10例确诊慢性滑膜炎脂肪增生MRI表现与病理上表现明显增生的滑膜组织、少量散在的脂肪细胞,部分较少量脂肪在MRI上观察不到。二者均可以伴随膝关节炎性、退行性改变。结论本研究表明LA与慢性滑膜炎脂肪增生在影像及病理均表现为关节下滑膜脂肪细胞的增生,而不同之处在于滑膜下脂肪的形态以及含量。推测LA与慢性滑膜炎脂肪增生是同一种病不同的表现。     

膝关节镜下治疗退行性骨关节病

关节镜下治疗膝关节退行性骨节病13例。常规膝关节镜检查,依次观察关节内各种结构的损伤。发现均有滑膜组织增生和程度不同的纤维束粘连带,软骨面剥脱及骨质增生。2例半月板边缘毛糙,3例见游离体。镜下松懈粘连带,取出游离体,打磨关节面冲洗关节腔。膝关节镜能对膝关节退行性骨关节病提供关节内良好视野,发现和处理关节内不同结构的病变。手术创伤小,可冲洗清除关节内碎屑,感染机会小,并发症小,能早日训练,有利于膝关节功能的恢复。     

膝关节骨性关节炎的治疗进展

膝关节骨性关节炎,亦称退行性骨关节病、骨质增生,是一个以关节软骨退行性改变为核心,累及骨质并包括滑膜、关节囊及关节其他结构的全方位、多层次、不同程度的慢性炎症;是一种无菌性、慢性、进行性侵犯关节,特别是负重关节的疾病,在中老年人群中十分常见。膝关节疼痛与功能障碍严重影响患者的生活质量,国内外对其病因病理及诊断与治疗进行了广泛研究。     

MRI和X线检查在诊断膝关节退行性骨关节病中的价值对比

目的探讨分析磁共振成像(MRI)和X线检查在诊断膝关节退行性骨关节病中的价值。方法选取2017年1月~2018年2月我院收治的膝关节退行性骨关节病患者156例,将其按照随机数字法分为观察组和对照组,各78例。对照组采用X线检查诊断,观察组采用MRI检查诊断,以手术病理诊断结果为金标准,统计对比两种检查方法的诊断效果。结果观察组的关节腔隙狭窄、关节面不平、软骨下赘骨、骨质增生、软骨下囊变的诊断率均与对照组没有显著差异(P0.05),关节积液、软组织肿胀、关节软骨改变、半月板变性、滑膜增厚的诊断率均高于对照组,两组比较差异显著(P0.05)。结论针对膝关节退行性骨关节病患者应用MRI检查的效果比X线检查更加清晰全面,可以提供更加确切的临床诊治依据,值得推广和应用。     

Surgical correction of leg alignment in unilateral knee osteoarthrosis reduces the load on the hip and knee joint bilaterally

Seventeen patients with strictly unilateral medial knee osteoarthrosis that justified surgical treatment constituted the study group. No patient had any symptoms from the hip or ankle joints or from the other knee. Eight patients were operated with high tibial osteotomy and nine were operated with unicompartmental prosthetic replacement (Brigham model). The forces and the external moment about the hip, knee, and ankle joints of the involved and uninvolved leg were calculated before and 1 year after corrective surgery and compared to the external moment in 10 normal controls. Clinical examinations was performed and the hip-knee-ankle angle in the involved leg was determined from whole-leg weightbearing radiographs before and 1 year after surgery. The external moments about the hip, knee, and ankle joints and the knee moment arms at mid-stance in the frontal plane during gait were determined with a Kistler force plate and a videorecording system. All patients improved clinically after surgery. The mean hip-knee-ankle angle changed from 11 degrees of varus to 0 degrees. In the uninvolved leg the mid-stance adduction moments about the hip and knee joints were significantly increased compared to normal subjects in the control group before surgery, but reduced to a normal level 1 year after surgery. This reduction was mainly due to a significant reduction of the medially directed force. The moments about the ankle joints were not found to be changed by the knee deformity or by the corrective surgery. RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates that a varus malalignment in the osteoarthrotic knee is accompanied by increased load about the uninvolved hip and knee joint. One might expect a more rapid progression of degenerative changes in joint cartilage as a consequence of such increased load. The reduced load after surgical correction of leg alignment might be beneficial to patients with osteoarthrosis of their hip and knee joints.     

Arthrosonography as a method to assess the degenerative and inflammatory components of knee osteoarthrosis

Ultrasound examination of the knee joints was performed in 254 patients with Kellgren-Lawrence I to III stage osteoarthrosis using Aloha Pro Sound 5500 device (Japan) and Philips Envision device with 7.5 to 12 MHz linear sensors. Bone contours, the height of the cartilage, the degree of the marginal osteophytosis, the structure of periarticular formations--the bursae, the tendons and their vaginas--as well as the presence and the quantity of articular excaudate, the thickness and changes in the synovian membrane, were evaluated. The degree of marginal osteophytosis detected by ultrasonography in manifest osteoarthrosis was in a direct correlation with the radiological picture. A decrease in cartilage height is an ultrasonographic sign of osteoarthrosis, while detailed evaluation of the stage of the degenerative process using ultrasonography should be based upon the revealing and evaluation of osteophytosis. An increase in the thickness of the knee joint synovian membrane by more than 2 mm according to ultrasound examination in case of prolonged secondary synoviitis evidences both the presence of an inflammatory process and the length of the osteoarthritic disease.     

木瓜蛋白酶诱导膝关节骨关节炎模型兔滑膜病理变化与药物注射时间的关系

背景:木瓜蛋白酶诱导兔膝关节骨性关节炎的造模方法可获得稳定的退行性关节炎模型。目的:观察兔膝关节腔内注射木瓜蛋白酶诱导骨关节炎后,滑膜炎性病理改变与药物注射时间的关系。方法:将木瓜蛋白酶水溶液分别在实验开始的第1,4,7天分别注射入15只西兰大白兔右膝关节腔内,建立膝关节骨性关节炎兔模型,于首次注射后第2,4,6周分别观察膝关节滑膜大体及组织病理学变化,每个时间点5只。结果与结论:木瓜蛋白酶首次注射后第2周,兔膝关节滑膜炎性反应最严重,表现为滑膜细胞增生最明显,下层疏松纤维及血管组织明显增生,可见较多淋巴浆细胞浸润,第4,6周时炎性反应逐渐减轻。说明兔膝关节首次注射木瓜蛋白酶后2周时滑膜炎性反应最严重。     

Change in lipid peroxidation in patients with primary osteoarthrosis deformans

The content of blood lipid peroxidation products was studied in 62 patients with primary degenerative osteoarthrosis. High concentrations of malonic dialdehyde and acylhydroperoxide were revealed in multiple involvement of the joints, in the presence of reactive synovitis, and at the initial stage of disease. Enhanced lipid peroxidation reflected antioxidant deficiency. Antioxidants were recommended for the correction of disturbed lipid peroxidation in degenerative osteoarthrosis. Vitamin E (antioxidant of direct action) at a dose of 100 mg/day as part of multimodality therapy caused a decrease in the blood level of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E was indicated in multiple involvement of the joints and reactive synovitis at the initial stage of degenerative osteoarthrosis.     

超声在老年膝关节软骨滑膜病变检查中的应用

背景：超声作为无创性检查手段应用于骨骼肌系统检查已得到广泛的认识与认可。目的：探讨超声检查在老年人膝关节退行性变中的临床应用价值。方法：选取60岁及以上连续就诊的膝关节疾病患者102例,204个膝关节,根据膝关节退行性变临床诊断标准,分为2组：膝骨关节炎组167个膝关节,非膝骨关节炎组37个膝关节。行膝关节超声探查,观察膝关节髌上囊、内侧滑囊、外侧滑囊积液深度、滑膜、血管翳、软骨情况。结果与结论：204个膝关节中,发生膝关节退行性变的有167膝,原发性膝关节炎91膝,非原发性膝关节炎76膝,退变率82%,膝骨关节炎组膝关节腔髌上囊、内测滑囊、外侧滑囊积液量显著多于非膝骨关节炎组,滑膜增生59膝,伴有血管翳形成23膝,软骨表面毛糙167膝,软骨变薄或丧失117膝。非膝骨关节炎组滑膜增生5膝,软骨表面毛糙27膝,软骨变薄或丧失4膝。结果提示超声作为一种影像学检查手段对评价老年人膝关节退行性变具有实际的应用意义。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植膝类风湿关节炎兔：关节滑膜体积和软骨厚度的MRI评价

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞具有显著的免疫调节功能和多向分化潜能,可抑制类风湿关节炎的炎症反应,促进软骨损伤的修复。目的：用骨髓间充质干细胞治疗兔早期类风湿关节炎,运用MRI观察软骨厚度及滑膜体积的改变,评价治疗效果。方法：选取42只新西兰大白兔,用卵蛋白制造类风湿关节炎模型,造模第4周（治疗前）取6只兔行MRI和病理检查以对照,余36只兔随机分模型组和骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组,两组于治疗后1,2,3个月分别选取6只兔行MRI和病理检查。对病变膝关节的滑膜体积和软骨厚度进行MRI测量及病理学评分。结果与结论：治疗1,2,3个月,类风湿关节炎组滑膜进行性增厚,软骨厚度变薄,病理学评分增加;骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组滑膜增厚程度减轻,关节软骨厚度恢复,病理学评分减低。MRI测量数据和病理学评分有相关性。提示MRI可用于评价骨髓间充质干细胞对早期类风湿关节炎的疗效。     

类风湿性关节炎:膝关节高频超声及超声造影表现与实验室检查的相关性

目的探讨类风湿性关节炎(RA)膝关节滑膜改变的高频超声及CEUS表现与实验室检查的相关性。方法对72例RA患者及30名正常人行高频超声及彩色多普勒超声观察滑膜状态(包括滑膜厚度、关节积液程度、滑膜血流情况);应用CEUS观察膝关节滑膜微循环情况,并分析其与抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(Anti-ccp)、类风湿因子(RF)、血沉(ESR)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)的相关性。结果超声示,与正常人比较,RA患者膝关节出现不同程度的滑膜增厚、关节积液增多(P<0.01);CEUS更为清晰地显示滑膜内血管翳形成情况;滑膜厚度与CRP(r=0.36,P<0.001)及ESR(r=0.49,P<0.001)、膝关节髌上囊液体厚度与CRP(r=0.44,P<0.001)及ESR(r=0.52,P<0.001)、滑膜厚度与Anti-ccp均有一定相关性(r=0.44,P=0.033)。结论 RA的高频超声及CEUS表现与实验室检查具有相关性,可在一定程度上为诊断RA提供依据。     

超声检查对评估滑膜病变的意义

目的　应用超声检查技术评估类风湿关节炎 (RA)及骨性关节炎 (OA)患者的膝关节的滑膜病变情况 ,了解正常人群膝关节的滑膜情况。方法　超声检查 3 6例RA、3 3例OA共计 13 8个膝关节及 44例正常对照组的 88个膝关节的髌上囊进行横切面与纵切面探查 ,测量其滑膜厚度 ,观察关节腔积液的情况。结果　正常人膝关节滑膜厚约 (0 .10± 0 .0 2 )cm ,RA与OA患者膝关节滑膜均明显增厚 ,与正常对照组相比在统计学上具有显著性的差异 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,但RA与OA比较在统计学上无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。RA膝关节积液发生率高于OA。结论　RA和OA患者双膝关节滑膜均明显增厚且表面不光滑、边缘不规则 ,RA膝关节受累后易发生关节积液 ;正常人的滑膜厚度与年龄无明显关系。     

正常及滑膜病变者膝关节MR间接造影检查

目的：探讨正常及滑膜病变者膝关节间接MR造影表现,评估MR间接膝关节造影的价值。方法：25例成年人共25个膝关节,正常组20例,临床拟诊膝关节滑膜病变者5例。所纳入的MR扫描序列为矢状位、轴位3D-SPGRT1WI及矢状位SET1WI脂肪抑制序列。对比剂钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Gd-DTPA）,注射剂量0.2mmol/kg。扫描时间窗为：平扫、经肘静脉注入对比剂后立即、2h及4h。选择矢状位髌上滑膜囊为感兴趣区,测量其内关节液信号强度,计算其与腘窝后方空气本底的信号强度比。统计分析正常及滑膜病变者关节液各时段强化差异。结果：正常组经肘静脉注入对比剂后2h,髌上滑膜囊内关节液显著强化,4h后其信号强度比与平扫无显著差异。滑膜病变组中,经手术证实3例为滑膜结核,2例为慢性非特异性滑膜炎,注入对比剂后4h关节液强化程度高于2h,平扫及增强后立即扫描无显著差异。结论：滑膜正常者膝关节腔内对比剂吸收较快,而滑膜病变者关节液强化延迟。MR间接膝关节造影在滑膜强化期能很好显示病变滑膜的形态改变并提供血供变化信息,在关节液强化期可显示关节内结构的改变。     

Degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the locomotor system in metallurgists

AIM: To evaluate prevalence of osteoarthrosis (OA) in metallurgists in conditions of high tension of the locomotor system and exposure to industrial pollutants depending on the age, sex and duration of service. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Epidemiological survey covered 713 workers (284 females and 429 males) of the Orsko-Khalilovsky Metallurgical Company. OA detection was made basing on screening questionnaire N 1, record N 2 and OA diagnostic criteria designed and tested in the RAMS Rheumatism Institute. RESULTS: Prevalence of OA among workers of the metallurgic company reached 71.6%. 83.5 and 63.8% females and males had degenerative changes in the joints and spine, respectively. This rate got higher with age and duration of service. Combination of OA with osteochondrosis (OC) was registered in 61.7%, isolated OC and OA--in 25.0 and 13.3%, respectively. OC developed most frequently in the lumbar, cervical-lumbar, cervical-thoracic spine while OA was found in the knee, shoulder and hand joints. CONCLUSION: Workers engaged in metallurgic industry work in conditions of high static-dynamic tension of the osteomuscular system and exposure to industrial chemical and physical hazards. The above risk factors contribute to high OA incidence. With age and longer exposure, both men and women fall ill with OA more frequently and have combined lesions of the spine and peripheral joints: 64.5 and 59.1% for women and men, respectively.