动态足底压力检测痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童步行时的特征

背景:压力感测鞋是一种测量地面反应力的方便快捷的工具,近来利用这些系统检测具有神经疾患儿童步态的研究正在开始进行。目的:了解痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童步行时的动态足底压力特征。设计:病例-对照观察。单位:深圳市松岗人民医院康复科,深圳市儿童医院康复科,中山大学附属第一医院康复医学科。对象:①脑瘫组:2004-05/2005-04在深圳市儿童医院收治的痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童20例,男9例,女11例,年龄26～66个月,均能独立步行10m以上。②正常对照组:52例具有正常步行能力的健康儿童,男28例,女24例,年龄35～76个月。方法:应用Ultraflex步态分析系统对两组儿童进行连续性足底压力测试。步态的图表和动态足底压力数据被记录并由电脑分析。主要观察指标:①记录30s内连续的所有足底压力变化曲线,选取步态稳定后的10个步态周期,经过软件分析,得到平均足底压力曲线。②由足底压力曲线提取特征量,比较两组间的差异。结果:①正常对照组儿童的足底压力曲线表现为具有2个峰和1个谷的双峰波形;半数脑瘫组儿童步态的足底压力曲线不能表现出典型的双峰曲线,其足底压力曲线表现为单一的足底压力高峰,或双侧足底压力曲线不对称,同侧不同的步态周期足底压力曲线也形态各异。②10例能得到典型足底压力双峰图及相应特征量数据的脑瘫组儿童双侧的单足支撑时间长于正常对照组[左侧:(0.879±0.658),(0.472±0.051)s;右侧:(0.818±0.682),(0.478±0.050)s;P均<0.01];右侧的到达第一、二峰值的时间与支撑时间的比值大于正常对照组(P<0.01),到达谷值的时间与支撑时间的比值小于正常对照组(P<0.01)。结论:①运用动态足底式压力步态分析方法,可直观地观察足底压力曲线图,并直接提取运动力学特征信息。②部分痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿动态足底压力曲线不能表现出典型的双峰曲线,能得到典型足底压力双峰图的儿童,从其足底压力图中提取的各特征量数据能体现患儿步行时步态周期各时期的足底压力特征。     

足底压力式步态分析中痉挛型脑瘫儿童的平衡能力特征

目的:临床上坐位、站立位的平衡测试常利用平衡仪来进行,但由于平衡仪足踏板的限制,无法对脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)患儿步行时动态连续步行周期的平衡能力进行测试.文章利用足底压力式步态分析技术,观察痉挛型脑瘫儿童步行时在平衡能力方面的特征.方法:选择具有正常步行能力的健康儿毫78例作为正常儿童组,另外选择2004 05/2007-05在深圳市儿童医院康复科日间病房住院治疗的脑瘫患儿25例作为脑瘫儿童组.利用足底压力式步态分析系统,对2组对象分别进行足底压力式步态分析,记录2组儿童步行时的足底压力数据.观测指标分为量化指标和直观压力图.量化指标包括步频、步态周期时间、步态周期各时相的绝对对称性指标等参数.直观压力图包括动态足底压力图以及足底压力重心偏移轨迹图.结果:与正常儿童组相比,脑瘫儿童组步频较小,步态周期时间较长(P<0.01).脑瘫儿童组单足支撑期、摆动期、双足支撑期、步态周期时间的绝对对称性指标均大于正常儿童组(P<0.05).脑瘫儿童步行时双足的足底压力图的对称性、重复性较正常儿童差;重心偏移轨迹图不能形成左右对称的蝴蝶状图形.结论:痉挛型脑瘫儿童步行时,步态周期各时相均存在对称性下降的情况.足底压力式步态分析技术能有效地应用于痉挛型脑瘫儿童步态的平衡能力评估.     

佩戴踝足矫形器对痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童足底压力步态的作用

背景:由于设计及方法的差异,佩戴蹀足矫形器对脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)儿童步行时运动学、运动力学、能耗等各方面的影响尚未取得统一的结果.目的:观察佩戴踝足矫形器对痉挛型脑瘫患儿足底压力步态特征的影响.方法:采用足底压力式步态分析系统对21例具有独立步行能力的痉挛型脑瘫儿童进行步态分析.分别记录同一天内、同一时间段、同一种身体状态下不佩戴踝足矫形器及佩戴踝足矫形器步行时每例脑瘫患儿足底压力式步态分析数据,包括时间参数、运动学参数以及各参数的绝对对称性指标,并进行对比.记录双足的足底压力重心偏移轨迹作为步行能力的定性直观观察指标,对比佩戴支具前后的足底压力重心偏移轨迹图并做对照描述.结果与结论:与未佩戴踝足矫形器相比,佩戴踝足矫形器使痉挛型脑瘫患儿步态周期时间缩短,步频增加(P<0.01).佩戴踝足矫形器步行时脑瘫儿童单足支撑期、单侧支撑期、单足摆动期、步态周期时间的绝对对称性指标值均较未佩戴矫形器时显著减少(P<0.05).痉挛型脑瘫儿童步行时双足的足底压力重心偏移轨迹表现出无序的特性,不能形成左右对称的蝴蝶状轨迹图.佩戴踝足矫形器后,足底压力中心偏移轨迹比未佩戴时有序,尖足步态患儿佩戴踝足矫形器后患足的足底压力偏移轨迹起始点后移.结果提示痉挛型脑瘫儿童佩戴踝足矫形器后步态周期时间缩短,步频增加,步态对称性改善,总体步行能力得到提高.足底压力式步态分析系统能以客观精确的数据和直观的图表表达,是评定脑瘫儿童步行能力的一种新型测试手段.     

正常学龄前儿童步行时的动态足底压力特征

目的:了解正常学龄前儿童步行时的动态足底压力特征。方法:于2004-05/2005-04选择深圳市不同地区的4所幼儿园的具有正常步行能力的学龄前健康儿童52名,运用Ultraflex连续性足底压力步态分析系统,对其进行了步行时动态足底压力运动力学数据采样。经过电脑数据录入分析,可以得到特征性的双峰曲线。从双峰曲线提取特征量,进行统计分析。分析各特征量的变异系数,确定离散度较小的特征量。对不同性别、左右侧足底压力的特征量分别进行t检验,了解是否存在统计学差异。结果:52名儿童全部进入结果分析。①受试儿童的足底压力曲线表现为具有2个峰和1个谷的双峰波形。②在从足底压力曲线提取的特征量中,左侧的第二峰值、到达谷值的时间占该侧支撑时间的比率、到达第二峰值的时间占该侧支撑时间的比率的变异系数分别为11.8%,12.3%,7.1%,10.9%;右侧相应的变异系数分别为11.0%,11.4%,7.1%,10.5%(均小于12.5%,说明离散度较小)。③所有特征量在男女儿童之间无统计学差异,左右侧第二峰值和到达谷值的时间占该侧支撑时间的比率有差异(158.6±18.7)%,(146.8±16.1)%;(51.39±6.31)%,(54.44±6.24)%,P=0.000,0.001。结论:①该组儿童步行时足底压力变化表现为双峰曲线。②特征量的数据具有很好的重复性,满足生物力学实验可接受水平。③男女之间无统计学差异,左右侧存在一定的差异性。     

正常学龄前儿童步行时的动态足底压力特征

目的：了解正常学龄前儿童步行时的动态足底压力特征。 方法：于2004—05／2005—04选择深圳市不同地区的4所幼儿园的具有正常步行能力的学龄前健康儿童52名，运用Ultraflex连续性足底压力步态分析系统，对其进行了步行时动态足底压力运动力学数据采样。经过电脑数据录入分析．可以得到特征性的双峰曲线。从双峰曲线提取特征量，进行统计分析。分析各特征量的变异系数，确定离散度较小的特征量。对不同性别、左右侧足底压力的特征量分别进行t检验，了解是否存在统计学差异。 结果：52名儿童全部进入结果分析。①受试儿童的足底压力曲线表现为具有2个峰和1个谷的双峰波形。②在从足底压力曲线提取的特征量中，左侧的第二峰值、到达谷值的时间占该侧支撑时间的比率、到达第二峰值的时间占该侧支撑时间的比率的变异系数分别为11．8％．12.3％，7．1％，10．9％；右侧相应的变异系数分别为11．0％，11．4％．7．1％．10．5％（均小于12．5％，说明离散度较小）。③所有特征量在男女儿童之间无统计学差异，左右侧第二峰值和到达谷值的时间占该侧支撑时间的比率有差异[（158．6&;#177;18．7）％，（146．8&;#177;16．1）％；（51．39&;#177;6．31）％，（54．44&;#177;6．24）％，P=-0．000，0．001]。 结论：①该组儿童步行时足底压力变化表现为双峰曲线。②特征量的数据具有很好的重复性，满足生物力学实验可接受水平。③男女之间无统计学差异，左右侧存在一定的差异性。     

足底压力式步态分析技术在痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童步态研究中的应用

目的研究足底压力式步态分析技术在痉挛型脑瘫儿童步态分析中的应用。方法本研究共选取痉挛型脑瘫儿童20例(脑瘫组),同时选取84例健康儿童归为对照组。采用足底压力式步态分析系统对各组对象进行足底压力步态分析。采用两独立样本的t检验对2组对象步频、步态周期时间、步态周期各时相及其所占步态周期时间的比率进行统计学比较。结果脑瘫组患儿与对照组在步频、步态周期时间、步态周期各时相及其所占步态周期时间的比率等方面均存在统计学差异(P＜0．05),如脑瘫组患儿步态周期时间为(1．75±1．33)s,较对照组[(0．94±0．09)s]明显延长；脑瘫组步频为(100．75±48．84)次/min,较对照组[(129．13±13．77)次/min]显著下降；与对照组比较,脑瘫组患儿单侧支撑期、单足摆动期比率下降,双足支撑期比率升高。结论足底压力式步态分析技术能有效检测痉挛型脑瘫儿童的步态情况,具有使用方便、能获取连续性数据、准确客观等优点,值得临床推广、应用。     

足底压力式步态分析系统在脑性瘫痪儿童步态平衡能力评估中的应用——附20例报告

目的：研究足底压力式步态分析系统在脑性瘫痪儿童步行时平衡能力评估方面的应用价值，为脑性瘫痪儿童的步态评定及平衡功能评估提供准确量化的数据。方法：脑性瘫痪儿童组为痉挛型双瘫脑性瘫痪儿童20例，正常儿童组为84名健康儿童。采用足底压力式步态分析系统对2组对象分别进行足底压力式步态分析研究，记录2组儿童步行时的时间参数和运动学参数。并对2组的数据进行统计学比较。记录双足的足底压力重心偏移轨迹作为儿童步行时平衡能力的定性直观观察指标。结果：脑性瘫痪儿童组双侧单足支撑期与步态周期时间比率均较正常儿童组低；脑性瘫痪儿童组S1为0.997±0.041，S2为0.989±0.064；脑性瘫痪儿童组S1为1.008±0.219，S2为1.122±0.323，均较对照组儿童数据偏离1明显（P〈0.05）；正常儿童组步态周期时间的ASI值为4.69%±0.51%，脑性瘫痪儿童组步态周期时间的ASI值为21.42%±2.02%。脑性瘫痪儿童组步态周期时间的ASI值较正常儿童组明显增高（P〈0.01）。正常儿童组儿童步行时的足底压力重心偏移轨迹是左右对称的蝴蝶状的轨迹图。脑性瘫痪儿童步行时双足的足底压力重心偏移轨迹表现较无序的特性，不能形成左右对称的蝴蝶状的轨迹图。结论：痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童步行时，其动态平衡能力较正常儿童下降，此能有效地在足底压力式步态分析评定中反映，并以客观精确的数据和直观的图表数据表达。     

Halliwick技术对学龄期痉挛型脑瘫儿童步态的影响

摘要 目的：探讨Halliwick技术对痉挛型脑瘫儿童步态的影响，探索适宜于我国学龄期痉挛型脑瘫儿童的水中运动疗法的技术与方法。 方法：本研究选取在广州市脑瘫康复学校就读的痉挛型脑瘫儿童24例，自愿选择进入对照组和实验组，各12例。两组在性别、年龄、智力、社会适应行为能力、粗大运动功能及平衡能力上差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05），具有可比性。对照组采用常规康复疗法，实验组在常规康复疗法基础上增加Halliwick技术，于实验前后分别对两组儿童的步态功能进行评测。 结果：实验组步态时空参数组内前后对比（除负荷反应左、预摆动右）差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.05)，足底压力重心偏移轨迹图和足底压力曲线图前后观察也有改善。对照组步态时空参数组内前后对比差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05)，足底压力重心偏移轨迹图和足底压力曲线图前后比较基本没有变化。实验组与对照组实验后组间比较跨步长差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05)，其他参数差异都无显著性意义(P＞0.05)。 结论：在常规康复疗法的基础上，运用Halliwick技术能明显改善痉挛型脑瘫儿童步态功能，是学龄期痉挛型脑瘫儿童康复的一种有效的方法和手段。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗对痉挛型脑瘫患儿足底压力改变的影响

目的:探讨A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)对痉挛型脑瘫患儿足底压力改变的影响。方法:213例痉挛型脑瘫患儿随机分为BTX-A组108例(BTX-A注射结合物理治疗)和对照组105例(单纯物理治疗)。2组患儿在医院接受2周康复治疗,之后在家接受10周家庭康复治疗。在治疗前、治疗后2周和12周,对2组患儿进行以下评定:足底压力测试仪测试足底各区压力占全足的百分比,粗大运动功能测试量表中的站立与步行功能项评定粗大运动功能,改良Ashworth量表评定痉挛程度,医师等级评价量表评定步态。结果:BTX-A组的足底各区压力分布、站立和步行功能、痉挛程度和步态,在治疗后2周、12周与治疗前比较,均有明显改善(P<0.05);对照组各项评分在治疗12周后才有明显改善(P<0.05);治疗后12周,2组间的足底各区压力分布、站立和步行功能、痉挛程度和步态进行比较,BTX-A组均明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:BTX-A注射结合物理治疗更利于改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿的足底压力分布、缓解其肌肉痉挛、提高其步行能力、改善其步态。     

双膝骨性关节炎患者步态特征的研究

目的:比较双侧膝骨性关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)患者与健康成年人步态特征的差异。方法:应用现代步态测试系统对双侧KOA患者及健康成年人(各50例)进行步态检测,比较并分析受试者足底各区域受力时间参数、步角、单足支撑时间。结果:双侧KOA患者足底受力时间百分比M1值明显低于健康成年人,而M2、M3值则明显高于健康成年人(均P0.05);双侧KOA患者与健康成年人步角差异无统计学意义(P0.05);双侧KOA患者单足支撑时间明显大于健康成年人(P0.05)。结论:双侧KOA患者与健康成年人的步态特征存在差异。     

Intrasubject repeatability of gait analysis data in normal and spastic children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intrasubject repeatability of data obtained from computer-aided motion analysis in normal and spastic children. DESIGN: Prospective controlled study. BACKGROUND: Information from gait analysis is used in selecting therapeutic interventions for gait improvement in cerebral palsy. While there are several studies regarding repeatability of normal gait, there are no studies evaluating the repeatability of spastic gait. METHODS: Forty children (20 normal, 20 with diplegic type of cerebral palsy) were subjected to gait analysis. Kinematic, kinetic and time distance parameters obtained from gait analysis were studied for intrasubject variability within-day and between-day using statistical measures. RESULTS: Normal children had lower variability in time distance parameters than spastic children both within and between days. The repeatability of kinetics was better than those of kinematics, and values for normal children were better than those for spastic children. Within-day repeatability of kinematics and kinetics was better in normal children. Between-day repeatability of kinematics was better in normal children, while spastic children showed better repeatability for kinetics. CONCLUSIONS: We found lower repeatability of gait analysis data in spastic children compared to normal children. Restricted joint range of motion due to spasticity in the group of cerebral palsy patients may be responsible for the lower repeatability of data. Some errors due to marker placement are inadvertent and contribute to the lower between-day repeatability. RELEVANCE: The results of this study should be of interest to clinicians who make therapeutic decisions in patients with cerebral palsy using gait analysis data, and for scientists studying normal and pathological gait.     

Effects of biofeedback treatment on gait in children with cerebral palsy

Purpose:?We evaluated the effectiveness of biofeedback treatment on gait function in children with cerebral palsy.

Method:?Thirty-six children with spastic cerebral palsy and dynamic equinus deformity were included in the study. The biofeedback group consisted of 21 children who each received EMG biofeedback training plus conventional exercise programme. The control group consisted of 15 children who each received conventional exercise programme only. Active range of motion of the ankle joints, muscle tone of plantar flexors, and gait function of the children were evaluated and compared.

Results:?The biofeedback group displayed statistically significant improvements regarding tonus of plantar flexor muscles and active ROM of ankle joints (p?<?0.000 for all parameters). Gait function showed statistically significant progress in both of the groups, but the biofeedback group was superior to controls.

Conclusions:?Children with cerebral palsy and dynamic equinus deformities may benefit from biofeedback treatment for ambulation.     

Effects of biofeedback treatment on gait in children with cerebral palsy

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effectiveness of biofeedback treatment on gait function in children with cerebral palsy. METHOD: Thirty-six children with spastic cerebral palsy and dynamic equinus deformity were included in the study. The biofeedback group consisted of 21 children who each received EMG biofeedback training plus conventional exercise programme. The control group consisted of 15 children who each received conventional exercise programme only. Active range of motion of the ankle joints, muscle tone of plantar flexors, and gait function of the children were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: The biofeedback group displayed statistically significant improvements regarding tonus of plantar flexor muscles and active ROM of ankle joints (p < 0.000 for all parameters). Gait function showed statistically significant progress in both of the groups, but the biofeedback group was superior to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Children with cerebral palsy and dynamic equinus deformities may benefit from biofeedback treatment for ambulation.     

Kinetic Relationships between the Hip and Ankle Joints during Gait in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate kinetic relationships between the ankle and hip joints during gait, in the late stance, in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). [Subjects] The subjects were 3 ambulant children with spastic hemiplegic CP (aged 10, 13, and 14: CP group) and 3 typically developing children with the same ages (control). [Methods] A three-dimensional gait analysis including force data was performed to compare the peak moment, power, and ankle/hip power ratio between the hemiplegic (uninvolved and hemiplegic) and the control groups. In the statistical analysis, mean values from 5 gait cycles for each of 3 conditions (uninvolved, hemiplegic and control) were used. The three conditions were compared by performing a Kruskal-Wallis test and Steel-Dwass multiple comparisons. [Results] The peak moments of ankle plantar flexors in the 10-year-old case, were significantly lower on the uninvolved and hemiplegic sides compared with the control group, respectively. The peak flexion moments of the hip on the hemiplegic side were significantly higher compared with the control in the 14- and 13-year-old cases. The peak of ankle power generation (A2) in the 13- and 10-year-old cases were significantly lower on the uninvolved and hemiplegic sides, respectively, compared with the control. The peaks of hip flexor power generation (H3) in the 14- and 13-year-old cases were significantly higher on the uninvolved and hemiplegic sides, respectively. The A2/H3 ratios were significantly lower on the uninvolved and hemiplegic sides compared with the control, and the ratio for the hemiplegic side was lower than that for the uninvolved side. [Conclusion] This study shows that propulsion of walking is generated by hip, rather than the ankle, on both the hemiplegic and involved sides.Key words: Children with cerebral palsy, Gait, Ankle     

42例痉挛型脑瘫患儿的步态分析

目的 探讨痉挛型脑瘫患儿的步态分析及其在脑瘫康复中的作用。方法 采用三维力台测试、红外摄相等技术,为42例脑瘫患儿做步态分析。得出时间历程、力台参数、关节角度变化范围3项数据。结果 对3项数据做统计学处理,表明各型别之间无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论 痉挛型脑瘫患儿的步态分析表现个体差异较大,对脑瘫康复的评价、训练、治疗、疗效评估均有一定帮助。     

Step-to-step reproducibility and asymmetry to study gait auto-optimization in healthy and cerebral palsied subjects

ObjectiveThe purpose of our study was to compare plantar pressure asymmetry and step-to-step reproducibility in both able-bodied persons and two groups of hemiplegics. The relevance of the research was to determine the efficiency of asymmetry and reproducibility as indexes for diagnosis and rehabilitation processes.Material and methodThis study comprised 31 healthy young subjects and 20 young subjects suffering from cerebral palsy hemiplegia assigned to two groups of 10 subjects according to the severity of their musculoskeletal disorders. The peaks of plantar pressure and the time to peak pressure were recorded with an in-shoe measurement system. The intra-individual coefficient of variability was calculated to indicate the consistency of plantar pressure during walking and to define gait stability. The effect size was computed to quantify the asymmetry and measurements were conducted at eight footprint locations.ResultsResults indicated few differences in step-to-step reproducibility between the healthy group and the less spastic group while the most affected group showed a more asymmetrical and unstable gait.ConclusionFrom the concept of self-optimisation and depending on the neuromotor disorders the organism could make priorities based on pain, mobility, stability or energy expenditure to develop the best gait auto-optimisation.