强制性运动疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激在脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能康复中的临床疗效

目的观察强制性运动疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能康复的临床疗效。方法将120例脑卒中偏瘫患者按随机排列表分为对照1组、对照2组和观察组各40例。对照1组采取常规的康复训练方法和神经肌肉电刺激,对照2组采取常规的康复训练方法和强制性运动疗法,观察组在常规训练方法上加用强制性运动疗法和神经肌肉电刺激。应用运动功能评定Fugl-Meyer评分法和日常生活评价的改良Barthel指数评分法评定3组患者干预效果。结果干预后3组患者运动功能评定Fugl-Meyer评分及Barthel指数评分均较干预前提高,但观察组提高最明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05﹚。结论强制性运动疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能,提高日常生活能力。     

神经肌肉电刺激疗法对脑卒中上肢功能的影响

目的研究神经肌肉电刺激(NEMS)对脑卒中患者上肢功能的影响。方法随机NEMS加常规康复组(治疗组)30例,常规康复组(对照组)30例,6周为1个疗程。比较治疗前后采用Brunnstrom上肢/手分级、简式Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评价表、改良Barthel指数评定患者患侧上肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力。结果 2组治疗前后各项评分均有显著提高,治疗组与对照组疗效比较,改良Barthel指数无明显差异,Brunnstrom上肢/手分级、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分有明显提高(P0.05)。结论神经肌肉电刺激疗法可有效改善偏瘫患者上肢功能障碍,其疗效优于常规康复治疗。     

综合康复对老年脑卒中患者日常生活能力的影响

目的 探讨康复治疗对老年脑卒中患者日常生活能力的影响。方法 对56例老年脑卒中患者综合使用Bobath疗法、Brunnstrom疗法、Rood疗法、本体感神经肌肉促进疗法及心理疗法等技术对其进行3个月的康复，用修订的Barthel指数(MBI)评定治疗前后日常生活活动能力。结果 康复治疗前后MBI有高度显著性差异(P＜0．01)，并与运动功能和心理恢复相关(P＜0．01)。结论 康复可改善老年脑卒中患者日常生活能力。     

肌电触发神经肌肉刺激对改善脑卒中早期患者腕背伸功能的疗效观察

目的:探讨肌电触发神经肌肉刺激在改善脑卒中早期患者的腕背伸功能中的作用。方法:将60例脑卒中早期患者随机分为早期肌电触发神经肌肉刺激训练组(治疗组)和对照组各30例,对照组给予常规康复训练,治疗组在常规训练的基础上,应用AM800型神经功能重建仪对患侧上肢腕背伸肌群进行20min/d肌电触发的神经肌肉电刺激。在入院24h内和治疗后12周分别对两组的最大肌电幅度、腕背伸活动度、上肢运动功能Fugl-Meyer(FMA)评定法及改良Barthel(MBI)评分进行评定。结果:治疗后,治疗组患者的患侧上肢运动功能、手部功能及腕背伸活动度、日常生活活动能力较对照组明显提高(P<0.01)。结论:肌电触发神经肌肉刺激的早期介入可明显提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力。     

综合康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者预后的影响

目的观察综合康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者预后的影响。方法将100例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为康复组和对照组，各50例，康复组采用神经肌肉促进技术，同时辅以功能性电刺激、经络导平针灸等方法进行6个月综合康复治疗；对照组仅给予临床常规药物治疗。于治疗前后，采用Fugl-Meyer评分评定患者的运动功能；用Barthel指数评定日常生活活动能力。结果康复组患者的Fugl-Meyer评分及Barthel指数明显提高，与对照组差异有非常显著性意义（P〈0．01）。结论综合康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患的预后明显好于单纯药物治疗。     

运动想象疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激疗法对脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响

目的：探讨运动想象疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激对脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响。方法：60例脑梗死患者随机分为对照组、治疗组，2组患者均接受基础药物治疗,其中对照组：常规康复；治疗组：常规康复＋运动想象疗法＋神经肌肉电刺激。1个月为1个疗程，治疗前后分别进行简易上肢功能检测（STEF）、上肢运动功能FMA评分及改良Barthel指数（MBI）。结果：治疗1个月后, 两组患者的STEF、上肢FMA评分及改良Barthel指数（MBI）评分差异较治疗前均有显著性意义（P<0.05），但治疗组治疗效果较对照组更加显著（P<0.05）。结论：运动想象疗法结合神经肌肉电刺激不仅能改善脑梗死患者上肢功能,而且能促进日常生活活动能力的恢复。     

爬行训练结合双侧电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫上肢功能的影响

目的探讨爬行训练结合双侧电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫上肢功能的影响。方法60 例脑卒中患者分为治疗组和对照组,均接受基础药物治疗、常规康复,对照组加用单侧电刺激,治疗组加爬行训练和双侧电刺激,共2 个月。治疗前后分别采用改良Ashworth 量表(MAS)、Fugl-Meyer 评定(FMA)及改良Barthel 指数(MBI)进行测评。结果治疗后,两组上肢MAS 评分、FMA评分及改良MBI 评分均较治疗前改善(P<0.05),治疗组较对照组改善更优(P<0.05)。结论爬行训练结合双侧电刺激能比传统的患侧刺激更好地改善脑卒中偏瘫上肢功能,提高日常生活活动能力。     

康复护理对脑卒中患者日常生活能力影响的护理

目的观察康复护理对脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力的影响。方法88例脑卒中患者随机分为2组，即：常规护理组及康复护理组；康复护理组除常规护理外，加早期康复护理，以Barthel指数评测2组治疗前后日常生活活动能力。将2组治疗前后的Barthel指数评分进行χ^2检验。结果康复护理组Barthel评分明显好于常规治疗组，有显著性差异（p〈0.01）。结论康复护理的早期介入能明显提高脑卒中患者的日常生活活动能力。     

脑卒中早期中西医结合康复治疗疗效分析

目的　探讨早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中患者肢体运动功能及日常生活活动能力(ADL)的影响。方法采用以中药补阳还五汤加减及神经发育促进技术为主,辅助手法按摩、神经肌肉电刺激等综合治疗,采用Fugl-Meyer评分、Barthel指数进行运动功能及ADL的评定。结果　复组肢体运动功能及ADL在治疗后与对照组比较明显提高。结论　期进行中西医结合综合康复治疗能改善预后,促进运动功能及ADL康复。     

骑马机治疗对老年脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力的影响

目的 探讨骑马机治疗对老年脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力的影响.方法 对47例老年脑卒中患者分骑马机治疗组和对照组,进行康复治疗8周.治疗组在常规康复治疗的同时进行骑马机治疗,对照组仅进行常规康复治疗.两组在治疗前和治疗后均利用Barthel指数评分评定日常生活活动能力、利用Fugl-Meyer评分评定肢体运动功能.结果 治疗8周后治疗组较对照组Barthel指数评分及Fugl-Meyer评分有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 骑马机治疗可以改善老年脑卒中患者的日常生活活动能力.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.