51例高龄急性心肌梗死死亡病例的临床分析

目的分析高龄急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的住院死亡原因及相关危险因素。方法选择1999年1月～2003年12月住院年龄≥70岁的AMI患者459例,分为死亡病例组(51例)和非死亡病例组(408例)。对病史资料进行回顾性研究,比较两组临床特征,记录死亡原因,分析死亡高危因素。结果5年间年龄≥70岁AMI患者住院总病死率11.1%。死于心力衰竭15例(29.4%),心源性休克13例(25.5%),致死性心律失常-室颤8例(15.7%),心脏破裂6例(11.8%),肺部感染-呼吸衰竭6例(11.8%),急性肺栓塞和脑卒中3例(5.9%),其中31例(60.8%)死于入院48h内。死亡病例组前壁心梗、既往心梗、心衰和糖尿病史4项临床特征明显高于非死亡病例组,有统计学意义。结论高龄AMI患者死亡率高,死亡多发生于病程早期,心力衰竭、心源性休克和室颤是主要死因,前壁心梗、既往心梗、心衰和糖尿病史是死亡的重要危险因素。     

急性心肌梗死并发心房纤颤的临床意义

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）并发心房纤颤（AF）的临床意义。方法：回顾性分析289例AMI住院患者，其中经心电监护或心电图检查发生AF者36例，占12．5％（AF组）。未发生AF者253例（NAF组）。根据AF发生时间是否在24小时以内又分为AF早发亚组15例、AF晚发亚组21例。289例AMI患者接受静脉溶栓者61例，其中AF组19例。比较AF组和NAF组间年龄、伴发症、心功能（Killip)、病死率及静脉溶栓再通率的差异；还比较AF组和NAF组间、AF早发亚组和AF晚发亚组间心肌梗死部位的差异。结果：AF 组与NAF组比较年龄较大，同时伴有高血压病、糖尿病较多，心功能差，病死率高，静脉溶栓再通率较低（P＜0．05）。在AF 组中下壁心肌梗死占58．3％，与NAF组（35．2％）比较明显增多（P＜0．01），前壁心肌梗死两组间无明显差异；并且下壁心肌梗死在AF早发亚组中占80．0％，与AF晚发亚组42．9％比较明显增多（P＜0．05）；AF晚发亚组中前壁心肌梗死占57．1％，与AF早发亚组13．3％比较明显增多（P＜0．01）。结论：AMI并发AF时静脉溶栓再通率低。AMI并发 AF时以下壁心肌梗死较多，但AF发生时间与梗死部位亦有一定关系。高龄、高血压病、糖尿病、心功能差等可视为AMI并发AF的危险因素。     

老年急性心肌梗死患者住院死亡危险因素分析

目的探讨入院时影响老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者住院病死率的危险因素。方法选取因AMI收住的356例老年患者为研究对象。分析病死组(45例)与存活组(311例)患者的临床特征、实验室化验指标、心血管并发症(心源性休克、心力衰竭、室速/室颤),以Logistic多因素逐步回归分析影响老年AMI患者住院病死率的相关因素。结果单因素分析显示:年龄、糖尿病史、陈旧性MI病史、脑卒中病史、肾功能不全、贫血、首发症状呼吸困难、并发心源性休克、心力衰竭、室速/室颤,入院时血清肌酐升高、肾小球滤过率(eGFR)及血红蛋白减低、肌酸激酶及其同工酶峰值水平与老年AMI患者住院病死率相关(均P0.05)。多因素分析显示:年龄、糖尿病史、陈旧性MI病史,并发心源性休克、心力衰竭、室速/室颤,入院时eGFR水平是影响老年AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论年龄、糖尿病及陈旧性MI病史、发生心血管并发症、入院时eGFR水平是影响老年AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。     

急性心肌梗死后空腹血糖对短期，预后的影响

目的：探讨血糖对急性心肌梗死（AMI）预后的影响。方法：对211例AMI患者进行回顾性分析。分为血糖正常组（A组），糖尿病组（B组），非糖尿病血糖升高组（C组），比较三组住院病死率及并发症。结果：B组和C组住院病死率、并发症明显高于A组，差异均有显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：高血糖是AMI预后不良的标志之一。     

急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞的临床特征及冠状动脉病变位置分析

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB)患者的临床特征、冠状动脉病变位置及死亡危险因素.方法 选择AMI合并Ⅲ度AVB患者(AMI-AVB组),并随机选择35例AMI患者(AMI组),比较临床特征;另选择与AMI合并Ⅲ度AVB每例患者相同梗死部位的AMI患者共35例作为冠状动脉病变对照组(冠脉对照组),比较两组冠状动脉病变位置.结果 AMI-AVB组与AMI组比较,前者患者年龄大、下壁及下壁合并右室心肌梗死比例高;AMI-AVB组与冠脉对照组比较,冠状动脉前者病变于RCA开口及近段比例高;AMI-AVB死亡病例多与高龄、前壁心肌梗死、并发心源性休克和室速室颤有关.结论 AMI伴Ⅲ度AVB患者病死率高,需要采取积极的血运重建措施,以改善预后.     

急性心肌梗死患者再灌注治疗远期预后临床观察

目的：观察再灌注治疗对前壁或非前壁急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者远期预后的影响。方法：回顾性分析197例AMI患者的临床资料，根据再灌注治疗的方式，分为择期PCI治疗组（PCI组）101例及溶栓组（对照组）96例，对所有患者进行随访，记录主要心血管事件（MACE），并对存活患者进行超声心动图检查。结果：住院期间对照组病死率明显高于PCI组，住院期间PCI组的心功能改善不明显，随访期PCI组远期左室功能改善明显。其中前壁AMI患者对照组死亡率和MACE数目均明显高于PCI组（P〈0．05）。结论：择期PCI治疗可以改善AMI患者的左心室功能，降低远期MACE的发生率，明显改善前壁AMI患者的远期预后及生存质量。     

急性心肌梗死心室重构及心功能与脂联素水平的相关性研究

目的 分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者血清脂联素(APN)水平与心室重构及心功能的关系.方法 对我院心内科CCU病房2004-07～2008-10收治的270例资料完整的AMI患者进行了回顾性分析,根据患者入院后24～48 h血清APN水平最高值分为三组,即A组(APN水平≥8.5 mg/L)、B组(APN水平5.5～8.5 mg/L)和C组(APN水平≤5.5 mg/L),比较各组心肌酶、心肌梗死面积、心功能及住院病死率.结果 ①住院病死率:A组8%(5/66),B组8%(13/161),C组21%(9/43),C组显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05).②肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和心肌梗死面积:C组高于A组和B组(P<0.05).③住院期间死亡27例,存活243例,存活组和死亡组血清APN水平分别为(6.1±1.2)mg/L和(3.6±1.3)mg/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).④对AMI后30 d住院期间死亡危险因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析发现,血清APN水平与AMI后30 d住院期间病死率相关,30 d住院期间病死率随着血清APN水平降低而升高.结论 血清APN水平可能与AMI预后具有相关性.     

急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞的临床特征及死亡相关因素分析

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞（AVB）的临床特征及死亡相关因素。方法 选择急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ度AVB患者51例（Ⅲ度AVB组），选择与Ⅲ度AVB组每例患者前后相继入院的急性心肌梗死患者2例，共102例构成对照组，比较2组临床特征及治疗的差异。Ⅲ度AVB组排除合并全身疾患病例2例，根据住院期间转归分为死亡组（14例）和存活组（35例），比较2组基线临床特征、并发症及治疗的差异。结果 与对照组比较，Ⅲ度AVB组发病年龄较大，下壁、右心室梗死比例高，前壁梗死较少。住院期间死亡、心室颤动、低血压、心源性休克、心功能Killip Ⅳ级发生率高，起搏治疗比例较高，差异有显著性。与Ⅲ度AYB存活组比较，死亡组前壁梗死、低血压、心源性休克、心功能Killip Ⅳ级较多，12h内再灌注治疗病例较少，差异有显著性。结论 急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ度AVB预后差，住院期间病死率高。前壁梗死、低血压、心源性休克、Killip Ⅳ级心功能、12h内有无再灌注治疗是Ⅲ度AVB死亡相关因素。采取更为积极的血运重建措施可能改善Ⅲ度AVB预后。     

118例急性心肌梗死死亡病例临床分析

目的 分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的住院死亡原因及相关危险因素.方法 选择2003年1月至2008年6月住院的AMI患者1252例,对其中118例院内死亡患者临床资料进行回顾性研究,记录死亡原因,分析死亡高危因素.结果 AMI患者总病死率9.42%(118/1252).男性AMI病死率8.91%(84/943),女性AMI病死率11.00%(34/309),女性患者AMI病死率高于男性,但差异无统计学意义(X2=1.1972,P=0.2739).随着年龄增长,AMI病死率增高,＜40岁、40～54岁.55～64岁、≥65岁组的病死率分别为6.45%(2/31)、2.56%(6/234)、5.11%(16/313)、13.95%(94/674),差异有统计学意义(X2=36.1871,P＜0.0001).在118例AMI死亡病例中,泵衰竭77例(65.25%),心脏骤停21例(17.80%),心脏破裂13例(11.02%),心外原因(包括脑出血、消化道出血、肺炎等)7例(5.93%),死亡原因中泵衰竭比例最高.AMI介入患者与AMI非介入患者病死率分别为4.24%(39/920)、23.80%(79/332),心脏破裂发生率分别为0.33%(3/920)、3.01%(10/332)(X2分别为109.2943、20.0717,P均＜0.0001).在AMI患者中心脏破裂的发生率为1.04%(13/1252),女性患者的心脏破裂发生率为2.91%(9/309),男性为0.42%(4/943)(X2=14.0254,P＜0.0001).AMI死亡距发病时间＜24 h者占23.72%(28/118),24 h～1周占55.93%(66/118),1～4周占20.34%(24/118).广泛前壁、前间壁、下壁、侧壁、后壁、非ST段抬高性心肌梗死的病死率分别为12.47%(59/473)、9.23%(12/130)、6.73%(28/416)、8.70%(4/46)、5.97%(4/67)、9.17%(11/120)(X2=9.6675,P=0.0852).结论 高龄是AMI患者死亡的重要危险因素,死亡多发生于病程早期,泵衰竭是主要死亡原因,AMI介入患者病死率及心脏破裂发生率均较非介入患者明显降低,AMI中女性患者心脏破裂的发生率明显高于男性.性别、心肌梗死部位可能也是死亡的重要危险因素,需要更大样本量来验证.     

血糖改良的TIMI危险评分对急性心肌梗死患者住院病死率的预测价值

目的 探讨入院时高血糖是否增强心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)危险评分对急性心肌梗死(AMI)住院病死率预测的价值.方法 回顾性分析我院2002-01～2009-12 1056例AMI患者入院时血糖水平和TIMI危险评分.通过绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)并计算曲线下面积(AUC)来分析高血糖对AMI患者住院病死率的预测价值和最佳界值,并根据Logistic 回归分析中的OR值,确定高血糖在评分中的分值,建立高血糖改良TIMI危险评分.通过比较ROC曲线下面积来比较改良的TIMI危险评分和常规TIMI危险评分对住院病死率的评估价值.结果 1056例入选患者,死亡81例,存活975例,住院病死率7.7%.死亡组入院血糖中位数(9.5 mmol/L vs 6.8 mmol/L,P<0.01)和TIMI危险评分中位数(5 vs 2,P<0.01)均显著高于存活组.通过ROC曲线下面积分析发现,血糖对AMI患者住院病死率有很好的预测价值(AUC 0.758,95%CI 0.707～0.809,P<0.01),敏感度79.0%,特异度61.5%.血糖预测住院病死率的最佳界值为7.55 mmol/L.通过Logistic回归分析发现,高血糖(>7.55 mmol/L)经过TIMI危险评分和糖尿病史校正后仍然是住院病死率的独立危险因素.TIMI危险评分对住院病死率预测的ROC曲线下面积是0.79(95%CI 0.77～0.82,P<0.01),敏感度和特异度分别为76.5%和66.8%.增加血糖参数后,增强了TIMI危险评分对AMI患者住院病死率的预测价值(AUC 0.85,95%CI 0.83～0.87,敏感度81.5%,特异度70.7%,P<0.01),经配对比较,发现二者比较差异有统计学意义(Z=3.623,P<0.01).结论 入院时血糖可以增强TIMI危险评分对AMI患者住院病死率的预测价值.     

青年男女急性心肌梗死的临床特点对比分析

目的：分析青年男女急性心肌梗死（AMI）的临床特点。方法：从危险因素、发病诱因、临床表现、并发症及急性期预后因素等几个方面对比分析年龄≤45岁男、女性的AMI临床特点。结果：青年女性AMI的主要危险因素为高血脂、高血压、糖尿病、心血管病阳性家族史以及合并其他疾病。青年男性AMI的主要危险因素为吸烟、高血脂、高血压、心血管病阳性家族史、糖尿病。46%的青年女性AMI有明确诱因,低于青年男性的82%。结论：青年女性AMI与男性相比主要危险因素明显不同。     

Does diabetes mellitus explain the higher hospital mortality of women with acute myocardial infarction? Results from the Berlin Myocardial Infarction Registry.

BACKGROUND: Women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) exhibit greater hospital mortality than do men. In general, diabetes mellitus is one of the major factors influencing the outcome of patients with AMI. The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between diabetes and gender, specifically with regard to the higher hospital mortality of female AMI patients aged < or = 75 years. METHODS: We prospectively collected data from 3,715 patients aged < or = 75 (2,794 men, 921 women) with acute myocardial infarction who were treated in 25 hospitals in Berlin, Germany, from 1999 to 2002. In a multivariate analysis, we specifically studied the interaction between the factors diabetes mellitus and gender in their effects on hospital mortality. RESULTS: After adjustment in multivariate analysis, the interaction between gender and diabetes was statistically significant, and the estimated odds ratios were as follows: female diabetic patients compared with male diabetic patients, odds ratio (OR) = 2.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-3.68); female diabetic patients compared with male nondiabetic patients, OR = 2.90 (95% CI 1.90-4.42); and female diabetic patients compared with female nondiabetic patients, OR = 2.92 (95% CI 1.75-4.87). There was no statistically significant difference between the risk of dying for female nondiabetic patients or for male diabetic patients when compared with male nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In AMI patients aged < or = 75 years, female gender alone is not an independent predictor of hospital mortality. Detailed, multivariate analysis reveals that specifically diabetic women demonstrate higher hospital mortality than do men. Special attention should be provided to these female diabetic patients.     

糖尿病对急性心肌梗死病死率的影响

目的探讨糖尿病对急性心肌梗死(AMI)病死率的影响。方法在624例AMI患者中,有糖尿病者136例为A组,非糖尿病者488例为B组,然后将两组的发病年龄、临床特征及并发症进行比较,并对可能影响AMI患者住院病死率的因素进行多因素回归分析。结果与非糖尿病组相比,糖尿病组患者年龄较大[(66 10)岁比(64 9)岁,P0.01],空腹血糖较高[(10.8 3.9)mmol/L比(5.3 1.5)mmol/L,P0.01],心功能≥KillipⅢ级者较多(12.5%比6.1%,P0.01),A组发生的高血压、血脂异常及心律失常明显高于B组,两组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且A组患者住院病死率显著高于B组(15.4%比5.9%,P0.01)。结论糖尿病是影响AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。     

Cardiac outcomes after myocardial infarction in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between (1) comorbid conditions related to diabetes mellitus, clinical findings on arrival at the hospital, and characteristics of the myocardial infarction and (2) risk of heart failure, recurrent myocardial infarction, and mortality in the year after myocardial infarction in elderly 30-day survivors of myocardial infarction who had non-insulin- or insulin-treated diabetes. METHODS: Medical records for June 1, 1992, through February 28, 1993, of Medicare beneficiaries (n = 1698), 65 years or older, hospitalizedfor acute myocardial infarction in Connecticut were reviewed by trained abstractors. RESULTS: One year after myocardial infarction, elderly patients with non-insulin- and insulin-treated diabetes mellitus had significantly greater risk for readmission for heart failure and recurrent myocardial infarction than did patients without diabetes mellitus, and risk was greater in patients treated with insulin than in patients not treated with insulin. Diabetes mellitus, comorbid conditions related to diabetes mellitus, clinical findings on arrival, and characteristics of the myocardial infarction, specifically measures of ventricular function, were important predictors of these outcomes. Mortality was greater in patients not treated with insulin than in patients treated with insulin; the increased risk was mostly due to comorbid conditions related to diabetes mellitus and poorer ventricular function. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of heart failure, recurrent myocardial infarction, and mortality is elevated in elderly patients who have non-insulin- or insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. Comorbid conditions related to diabetes mellitus and ventricular function at the time of the index myocardial infarction are important contributors to poorer outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus.     

心肌梗塞患者24小时和短期节段性心率变异分析

目的：探讨心肌梗塞（ＭＩ）后心率变异（ＨＲＶ）的特点，昼夜节律变化的规律及其临床意义。方法：采用动态心电图（ＡＥＣＧ）技术连续观察了２８例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者（平均１１天）、３２例陈旧性心肌梗塞（ＯＭＩ）患者（平均８１天）及３６例正常人的ＨＲＶ多项时域指标。结果：ＨＲＶ在ＡＭＩ患者明显缩小，在ＯＭＩ患者已基本恢复，但仍低于正常人。如以ＨＲＶ＜５０ｍｓ为异常，ＡＭＩ、ＯＭＩ及正常人３组的阳性率分别为４２．９％、６．２％和０。与未发生严重心律失常者比较，ＯＭＩ组发生严重心律失常者ＨＲＶ减小。ＡＭＩ患者ＨＲＶ昼夜节律被破坏。结论：对于预测心肌梗塞患者的预后，２４小时ＨＲＶ分析较之短期节段性ＨＲＶ分析具有更大价值。     

老年急性心肌梗死61例临床分析

目的探讨老年人急性心肌梗死(AM I)者的临床特点。方法对61例老年人急性心肌梗死的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果老年人急性心肌梗死表现为无痛性心肌梗死者多(57%),并发心力衰竭多(38%),心律失常多(43%),感染多(59%),死亡率高(8%)。结论老年人AM I症状不典型,全身合并症多,并发症多,死亡率高。     

急性心肌梗死患者心血管危险因素及相关疾病回顾性分析

目的:探讨不稳定型心绞痛的预后影响因素。方法:102例急性心肌梗死患者按发病前2个月心绞痛类型分为稳定型心绞痛组(SA组)43例和不稳定型心绞痛组(UA组)59例。调查2组既往心血管病危险因素及相关疾病控制情况,分析其对不稳定型心绞痛患者心血管事件的影响。结果:UA组有冠心病家族史、糖尿病史、高血压病史及血脂异常史的比例与SA组比较差异无显著性意义,但在吸烟史方面UA组明显高于SA组(P<0.05);与SA组比较,UA组有相关疾病的患者血糖、血压、血脂水平及心功能控制不良较为突出(P<0.05)。结论:吸烟、左室功能差、血压、血脂和血糖水平控制不良可能是影响不稳定型心绞痛预后的重要危险因素。     

Prevalence and mortality of acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes

The purpose of this study was to investigate if insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) predispose to the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and modify the prognosis. The study includes 832 AMI patients consecutively hospitalized over a 3-yr period. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the AMI patients was 9.7% and is significantly higher than in an age-matched population, where it is 6.1% (P less than 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was higher for women than for men (14.9% versus 7.6%). The risk of AMI was found to be twice as high among IDDM than among nondiabetic patients (P less than 0.001). Men with NIDDM were not found to have a significantly higher risk of AMI (P greater than 0.1), but the risk of AMI in women with NIDDM was approximately doubled (P less than 0.01). During the first month following AMI the mortality rate for nondiabetic patients was 20.2% compared with 42.0% for diabetic patients (P less than 0.001). Insulin treatment in NIDDM was associated with a reduced mortality rate compared with treatment with oral agents (P less than 0.05). The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with poor metabolic control compared with patients in good control, whether before AMI or at the time of hospitalization. Diabetic patients had a higher risk of developing cardiogenic shock and conduction disorders than nondiabetic patients. We conclude that diabetes mellitus disposes to AMI and that the mortality rate of AMI is significantly increased among diabetic patients. Poor metabolic regulation of the diabetes may aggravate the prognosis for AMI.     

心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗疗效与D-二聚体水平的关系

目的评价血浆D-二聚体（DD）在判断急性心肌梗死（AMI）溶栓治疗疗效中的应用价值。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测健康人（对照组）心绞痛、陈旧性心肌梗死（OMI）及AMI患者血浆DD含量（AMI患者发病后进行连续测定），并比较其结果。结果对照组、心绞痛患者、OMI患者、未接受溶栓的AMI患者、接受溶栓治疗的AMI患者DD含量分别为0．41±0．30mg／L、0．55±0．36mg／L、0．60±0．48mg／L、1．01±0．52mg／L和2．91±1．04mg／L。与对照组相比较，心绞痛组和OMI组DD含量差异无显著性（P〉0．05），而未溶AMI组和溶栓AMI组DD含量明显升高，差异具有非常显著性（P〈0．001）。溶栓AMI组DD含量显著高于未溶AMI组，差异具有显著性（P〈0．001）。结论血浆DD测定不仅可作为观察心肌梗死病情的指标，对溶栓药物的疗效监测也具有重要价值。     

Predictors of acute myocardial infarction mortality in hypertensive patients treated in primary care: a population-based follow-up study in the Skaraborg Project

OBJECTIVE: To explore risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality in hypertensive patients treated in primary care. DESIGN: Community-based cohort study. SETTING: Hypertension outpatient clinic in primary health care. SUBJECTS: Patients who consecutively underwent an annual follow-up during 1992-1993 (n =894; 377 men and 517 women). METHODS: All events of fatal AMI were ascertained by record linkage to the National Mortality Register to December 31, 2002. Gender-specific predictors for AMI mortality were analysed by Cox regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: AMI mortality. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 8.7 years 32 cases (8.5%) of fatal AMI were observed in men and 31 cases (6.0%) were observed in women. Most important predictors for AMI mortality in men were microalbuminuria (HR 3.8, CI 1.8-8.0) and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR 4.0, CI 1.7-9.4), whilst in women type 2 diabetes (HR 4.8, CI 2.4-9.8) was an important predictor. In hypertensive patients without diabetes male gender was associated with high AMI mortality (HR 2.7, CI 1.4-5.3), but in patients with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes the higher risk in men disappeared (HR 0.8, CI 0.4-1.7). CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular disease risk factors remain strong predictors of AMI mortality in hypertensive patients but with a different pattern in the two genders. Markers of organ damage are more important predictors in men, whereas markers of impaired glucose metabolism are more important predictors in women.