临床分离念珠菌对5种常用抗真菌药物的体外敏感试验结果分析

目的了解临床分离的念珠菌对氟康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、伊曲康唑及酮康唑体外敏感性.方法采用Sensititre YeastOne试验板以微量稀释法测定上述5种抗真菌药物对临床分离的108株念珠菌最低抑菌浓度(MIC).结果 108株念珠菌中达到氟康唑、伊曲康唑、氟胞嘧啶耐药标准的分别有8株(7.4%)、15株(13.9%)、2株(1.9%),念珠菌属MIC值分布种间差异较大.白色念珠菌对5种药物的MIC90值最低,60株白色念珠菌中仅2株耐氟康唑,3株耐伊曲康唑,对氟胞嘧啶无耐药株;光滑念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、酮康唑的MIC值分布呈高值,10株光滑念珠菌中4株耐氟康唑,3株剂量依赖性敏感,7株耐伊曲康唑,且吡咯类之间有交叉耐药.其他菌株,除季也蒙念珠菌对伊曲康唑有一定的耐药(2/6)外,对5种抗真菌药物的MIC分布均较低.结论不同念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物敏感性存在差异,准确分离鉴定和药敏试验,对于指导临床合理选药有重要意义.     

146株念珠菌的检出分布与耐药分析

目的　了解近期我院念珠菌感染和耐药情况。方法　收集并分析我院临床标本分离的念珠菌 14 6株 ,用E test对分离株进行 5种常用抗真菌药的体外敏感性检测。结果　临床念珠菌感染以呼吸道最为严重 ,占 4 7.9% ,其次为尿道 (2 3.9% )、肠道 (8.9% )、生殖道 (8.9% )。菌种分布 :白色念珠菌为 5 9.6 % ,热带念珠菌为 2 4 .6 % ,光滑念珠菌为 7.5 %。对 5种常用药物 (氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、酮康唑 )进行耐药性分析 ,发现氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B对试验念珠菌具有良好的体外抑菌活性 ,其MIC50 、MIC90 值较低 ;唑类药物对试验念珠菌体外抑菌活性较差 ,其MIC50 、MIC90 值较高。结论　临床上念珠菌感染仍以白色念珠菌引起的呼吸道感染为主。用E test检测念珠菌对抗真菌药体外敏感性表明 ,唑类药物耐药现象比氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素严重。E test操作简便并可直接读取MIC值     

146株念珠菌的检出分布与耐药分析

目的 了解近期我院念珠菌感染和耐药情况。方法 收集并分析我院临床标本分离的念珠菌146株，用E—test对分离株进行5种常用抗真菌药的体外敏感性检测。结果 临床念珠菌感染以呼吸道最为严重．占47．9％，其次为尿道(23．9％)、肠道(8．9％)、生殖道(8．9％)。菌种分布：白色念珠菌为59．6％，热带念珠菌为24.6％，光滑念珠菌为7.5％。对5种常用药物(氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、酮康唑)进行耐药性分析，发现氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B对试验念珠菌具有良好的体外抑菌活性，其MIC50、MIC90值较低；唑类药物对试验念珠菌体外抑菌活性较差，其MIC50、MIC90值较高。结论 临床上念珠菌感染仍以白色念珠菌引起的呼吸道感染为主。用E—test检测念珠菌对抗真菌药体外敏感性表明，唑类药物耐药现象比氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素严重。E—test操作简便并可直接读取MIC值。     

281株临床分离念珠菌的药敏结果分析

目的 对临床送检标本分离鉴定出的念珠菌进行细菌构成及药敏结果分析,促进临床合理使用抗真菌药物.方法 对2009年1月至2010年12月临床送检标本进行 5种常用抗真菌药(5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B)的体外敏感性检测及耐药分析.结果 281株念珠菌中白色念珠菌184株,占65.5%,其次是光滑念珠菌50株(17.8%),热带念珠菌19株(6.8%).结论 该院患者念珠菌感染以白色念珠菌为主,药敏结果显示两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、伏立康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑敏感性高,对送检标本及时进行真菌培养和药敏试验,可及时、合理地使用抗真菌药物,减少多重耐药和深部真菌感染的发生.     

念珠菌感染的菌种分布及耐药性监测

目的了解本地区2004年~2005年念珠菌感染的菌种分布和耐药性情况。方法收集本地区数家医疗机构两年间临床分离的念珠菌1037株,采用科玛嘉显色培养基及梅里埃API 20C AUX方法进行念珠菌菌种的分离鉴定,药敏试验采用NCCLS推荐的M44-P方案检测念珠菌对氟康唑和沃尔康唑耐药性,对伊曲康唑、酮康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B的敏感性采用ROSCOS药片法。结果1037株念珠菌中以白色念珠菌为主,检出583株(56.3%),其他依次为热带念珠菌243株(23.6%),光滑念珠菌75株(7.2%),近平滑念珠菌43株(4.2%)葡萄牙念珠菌31株(2.9%)克柔念珠菌29株(2.7%),其他念珠菌32株(3,1%)。念珠菌对伊曲康唑、酮康唑、氟康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B的耐药率分别为26.5%、22.5%、10.7%、2.5%和1.0%。结论本地区念珠菌感染以白念珠菌为主,对伊曲康唑、酮康唑和氟康唑耐药性较高,对5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B敏感性较高。     

2011年呼吸道感染患者念珠菌属的病原菌比较及耐药性分析

目的：了解呼吸道念珠菌感染和耐药情况。方法收集2011年1～12月分离的呼吸道感染患者念珠菌。采用科玛嘉显色培养基对分离的493株念珠菌进行菌种鉴定,用珠海迪尔生物工程有限公司生产的细菌鉴定及药敏实验体外诊断试剂对分离株进行5种常用抗真菌药的体外敏感性检测。结果呼吸道念珠菌感染中以白色念珠菌为主316例（64．09％）,其次为光滑假丝酵母156例（31．64％）,近平滑念珠菌11例（2．23％）,热带念珠菌10例（2．03％）。对5种常用药（氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑）进行耐药分析,念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑均有较高的耐药率,唑类药物对试验念珠菌体外抑菌活性较差,其 MIC50、MIC90值较高。除了白色念珠菌和光滑假丝酵母对氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素有较低的耐药率以外,近平滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌对这两种药物的耐药率最低（0．00％）。氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素对试验念珠菌具有良好的体外抑菌活性,其 MIC50、MIC90值较低。结论呼吸道念珠菌感染主要以白色念珠菌为主,氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素对念珠菌均保持较高的体外抗菌活性,是治疗真菌的有效药物。同时,已出现不同程度的对抗真菌药物的耐药,并有增加的趋势。     

临床常见念珠菌对四种抗真菌药物体外敏感性研究

目的：了解临床常见致病念珠菌对4种抗真菌药物的敏感性情况，旨在为临床治疗此类菌株引起的感染提供实验依据。方法：采用美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会推荐的微量肉汤稀释法(NCCLS M27-A2)，测定从临床血液、痰液和尿液等标本中分离的226株常见念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B和氟胞嘧啶的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果：226株受试菌对氟胞嘧啶100％敏感，MIC90为≤0．125-0．5μg／ml；168株白色念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素B的MIC90分别为32μg／ml、1μg／ml和1μg／ml，敏感率分别为90．5％(S88．1％ SDD2．4％)、92．3％(S87．5％ SDD4．8％)和91．7％；31株热带念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素B敏感率分别为96．8％(S93．6％ SDD3．2％)、93．5％(S83．9％ SDD9．6％)和100％；16株近平滑念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素B均敏感；11株光滑念珠菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感率分别为81．8％(S18．2％ SDD63．6％)和72．8％(S36．4％ SDD36．4％)，而对两性霉素B100％敏感。在白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌和光滑念珠菌中有3．2％～27．2％菌株对氟康唑和伊曲康唑等唑类药物耐药。结论：临床常见致病念珠菌对氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B的敏感性最高，对唑类药物存在不同程度耐药。     

呼吸道真菌感染和药敏结果分析

目的 了解我院下呼吸道真菌感染和药敏测试情况.方法 收集我院呼吸道标本1020株,对其检出的271株真菌进行5种常用抗真菌药的体外敏感性检测.结果 通过痰液涂片结合分离培养,菌种分布以白色念珠菌为主,占59.6%.对5种常用药物(5氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B)进行耐药性分析,发现除克柔念珠菌外,其他真菌对5氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B和唑类比较敏感,克柔念珠菌对氟康唑耐药.结论 对痰液标本进行涂片和培养,发现真菌感染仍以白色念珠菌为主,除克柔念珠菌外,其他真菌对5氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B和唑类比较敏感,克柔念珠菌对氟康唑耐药,重视真菌分离鉴定和药敏测试.     

抗真菌药物对院内真菌感染的应用分析

目的 了解住院患者深部真菌分离株对4种常用抗真菌药物的耐药状况.方法 采用ATB Expression真菌鉴定和药敏分析系统,对238株临床分离株进行菌种鉴定及耐药性检测.结果 对于192株白色念珠菌,氟康唑的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)≤0.25～64.00 mg/L,敏感162株(84.37%),中度敏感10株(5.20%),耐药20株(10.41%);5-氟胞嘧啶MIC≤0.50～32.00 mg/L,敏感185株(96.30%),中度敏感4株(2.08%),耐药3株(1.56%);两性霉素B MIC≤0.50～2.00 mg/L,全部敏感;伊曲康唑的MIC≤0.13～1.00 mg/L,敏感177株(92.18%),中度敏感6株(3.12%),耐药9株(4.68%).热带念珠菌和光滑念珠菌对5-氟康唑耐药率分别为14.3%和27.3%,对伊曲康唑的耐药率为7.14%和9.09%,其余检出菌株均对5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B敏感.结论 及时合理地应用抗真菌药物是防治深部真菌感染的关键.     

尿培养161株念珠菌菌种分布及药物敏感分析

[目的]了解我院2010年尿标本中病原性念珠菌的分布情况以及临床常用5种抗真菌药物(5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伏立康唑及伊曲康唑)的敏感性,从而指导临床医师合理用药.[方法]收集我院2010年1～12月1758份尿标本中分离的161株念珠菌,进行菌种鉴定及药敏试验结果分析.[结果]161株念珠菌中白色念珠菌72株(占比44.7％),热带念珠菌55株(34.2％),光滑念珠菌25株(15.6％),近平滑念珠菌6株(3.7％),克柔念珠菌2株(1.2％),葡萄牙念珠菌1株(0.6％).药敏结果显示161株念珠菌对5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B敏感率较高,敏感率分别为98.8％和96.9％,对氟康唑、伏立康唑、伊曲康唑的敏感率依次是74.5％、74.5％及61.5％.[结论]临床尿液标本念珠菌分离菌株前三位依次是白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌和光滑念珠菌,三者共占念珠菌分离菌株的94.5％,尿液标本分离的念珠菌对唑类药物的敏感性下降且耐药菌株的检出率较之以往有所提高.     

In vitro susceptibility of 245 yeast isolates to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole.

The in vitro activity of amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole was tested against 245 yeast strains isolated from clinical specimens (68 Candida albicans, 74 Candida tropicalis, 43 Candida krusei, 28 Candida glabrata, 19 Candida parapsilosis, 8 Candida lusitaniae and 5 Candida guilliermondii). An agar dilution method was employed to carry out testing. Minimal inhibitory concentrations to restrain 90% of isolate growth (MIC90) ranged from 0.12 to 2 mg/l for amphotericin B and for 5-fluorocytosine, from 0.03 to 8 mg/l for ketoconazole, from 0.05 to 50 mg/l for itraconazole and from 0.1 to > 100 mg/l for fluconazole. Among the azole derivatives, the most active was ketoconazole, followed by itraconazole. Only 1 strain of C. albicans was resistant to amphotericin B (MIC > 4 mg/l). Both C. tropicalis and C. krusei responded poorly to fluconazole and the former to itraconazole as well. The species most susceptible to the antifungal agents tested was C. glabrata and the most resistant were C. tropicalis and C. krusei.     

In vitro susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates to five antifungal drugs using a colorimetric system and the reference microbroth method

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole were determined against 42 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans using the Alamar YeastOne colorimetric method and the NCCLS reference microdilution method. No strains with resistance to amphotericin B, itraconazole or ketoconazole were detected with either method. Using the reference method, the MICs of fluconazole were >/= 64 mg/L, whereas using the colorimetric method all MICs were >/=16 mg/L. The MIC values of 5-flucytosine were also higher using the reference method (8-16 mg/L for 32% of isolates) compared with the colorimetric method. The percentage of agreement between the methods, using a difference of two dilutions, was 70.7% for itraconazole, 73.2% for amphotericin B, 80% for fluconazole, 88% for 5-flucytosine and 95% for ketoconazole. Overall, we conclude that for fluconazole and 5-flucytosine, in a low but not insignificant number of isolates, results with the two methods are discordant, some isolates being found sensitive with the colorimetric test, but resistant with the reference method.     

Activity of a new triazole, Sch 56592, compared with those of four other antifungal agents tested against clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Sch 56592 is a new triazole agent with potent, broad-spectrum antifungal activity. The in vitro activities of Sch 56592, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B, and flucytosine (5-FC) against 404 clinical isolates of Candida spp. (382 isolates) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (22 isolates) were investigated. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed by a broth microdilution method performed according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. Overall, Sch 56592 was very active (MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited [MIC90], 0.5 microgram/ml) against these yeast isolates. Sch 56592 was most active against Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, candida lusitaniae, and Candida stellatoidea (MIC90, < or = 0.12 microgram/ml) and was least active against Candida glabrata (MIC90, 2.0 micrograms/ml). Sch 56592 was 2- to 32-fold more active than amphotericin B and 5-FC against all species except C. glabrata. By comparison with the other triazoles, Sch 56592 was equivalent to itraconazole and greater than or equal to eightfold more active than fluconazole. On the basis of these results, Sch 56592 has promising antifungal activity, and further in vitro and in vivo investigations are warranted.     

In vitro activities of isavuconazole and other antifungal agents against Candida bloodstream isolates

Isavuconazole is the active component of the new azole antifungal agent BAL8557, which is entering phase III clinical development. This study was conducted to compare the in vitro activities of isavuconazole and five other antifungal agents against 296 Candida isolates that were recovered consecutively from blood cultures between 1995 and 2004 at a tertiary care university hospital. Microdilution testing was done in accordance with CLSI (formerly NCCLS) guideline M27-A2 in RPMI-1640 MOPS (morpholinepropanesulfonic acid) broth. The antifungal agents tested were amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and isavuconazole. C. albicans was the most common species, representing 57.1% of all isolates. There was no trend found in favor of non-Candida albicans species over time. In terms of MIC(50)s, isavuconazole was more active (0.004 mg/liter) than amphotericin B (0.5 mg/liter), itraconazole (0.008 mg/liter), voriconazole (0.03 mg/liter), flucytosine (0.125 mg/liter), and fluconazole (8 mg/liter). For isavuconazole, MIC(50)s/MIC(90)s ranged from 000.2/0.004 mg/liter for C. albicans to 0.25/0.5 mg/liter for C. glabrata. Two percent of isolates (C. glabrata and C. krusei) were resistant to fluconazole; C. albicans strains resistant to fluconazole were not detected. There were only two isolates with MICs for isavuconazole that were >0.5 mg/liter: both were C. glabrata isolates, and the MICs were 2 and 4 mg/liter, respectively. In conclusion, isavuconazole is highly active against Candida bloodstream isolates, including fluconazole-resistant strains. It was more active than itraconazole and voriconazole against C. albicans and C. glabrata and appears to be a promising agent against systemic Candida infections.     

In vitro susceptibilities of bloodstream isolates of Candida species to six antifungal agents: results from a population-based active surveillance programme, Barcelona, Spain, 2002-2003

OBJECTIVES: The antifungal drug susceptibilities of 351 isolates of Candida species, obtained through active laboratory-based surveillance in the period January 2002-December 2003, were determined (Candida albicans 51%, Candida parapsilosis 23%, Candida tropicalis 10%, Candida glabrata 9%, Candida krusei 4%). METHODS: The MICs of amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin were established by means of the broth microdilution reference procedure of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Amphotericin B and flucytosine were active in vitro against all strains. A total of 24 isolates (6.8%) showed decreased susceptibility to fluconazole (MIC > or = 16 mg/L) and 43 (12.3%) showed decreased susceptibility to itraconazole (MIC > or = 0.25 mg/L). Voriconazole and caspofungin were active in vitro against the majority of isolates, even those that were resistant to fluconazole.     

Antifungal susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus species from Taiwan: surveillance of multicenter antimicrobial resistance in Taiwan program data from 2003

The susceptibilities of nonduplicate isolates to six antifungal agents were determined for 391 blood isolates of seven Candida species, 70 clinical isolates (from blood or cerebrospinal fluid) of Cryptococcus neoformans, and 96 clinical isolates of four Aspergillus species, which were collected in seven different hospitals in Taiwan (as part of the 2003 program of the study group Surveillance of Multicenter Antimicrobial Resistance in Taiwan). All isolates of Candida species other than C. glabrata and C. krusei were susceptible to fluconazole. Among the 59 C. glabrata isolates, 16 (27%) were not susceptible to fluconazole, and all were dose-dependently susceptible or resistant to itraconazole. For three (5.1%) C. glabrata isolates, voriconazole MICs were 2 to 4 microg/ml, and for all other Candida species isolates, voriconazole MICs were /=2 microg/ml were 100% (3 isolates) for C. krusei, 11% (23 of 207 isolates) for Candida albicans, 3.0% (2 of 67 isolates) for Candida tropicalis, 20% (12 of 59 isolates) for C. glabrata, and 0% for both Candida parapsilosis and Candida lusitaniae. For three (4%) Cryptococcus neoformans isolates, fluconazole MICs were >/=16 microg/ml, and two (3%) isolates were not inhibited by 1 mug of amphotericin B/ml. For four (4.2%) of the Aspergillus isolates, itraconazole MICs were 8 microg/ml. Aspergillus flavus was less susceptible to amphotericin B, with the MICs at which 50% (1 microg/ml) and 90% (2 microg/ml) nsrsid417869\delrsid7301351 of isolates were inhibited being twofold greater than those for Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. All Aspergillus isolates were inhibited by 相似文献   

In vitro activity of three new triazoles and one echinocandin against Candida bloodstream isolates from cancer patients

The in vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole and micafungin were compared with those of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin B against 164 candidaemia isolates recovered from cancer patients in two Canadian centres. The MIC(50) results for ravuconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and micafungin were 0.01, 0.03, 0.12 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. The new antifungal agents showed substantial activity against isolates demonstrating in vitro resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole. These results suggest that the newer antifungal agents possess promising activity against invasive Candida isolates, particularly against those with reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole.     

In vitro activities of ravuconazole and voriconazole compared with those of four approved systemic antifungal agents against 6,970 clinical isolates of Candida spp

The in vitro activities of ravuconazole and voriconazole were compared with those of amphotericin B, flucytosine (5FC), itraconazole, and fluconazole against 6,970 isolates of Candida spp. obtained from over 200 medical centers worldwide. Both ravuconazole and voriconazole were very active against all Candida spp. (MIC at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited [MIC(90)], 0.25 microg/ml; 98% of MICs were < or 1 microg/ml); however, a decrease in the activities of both of these agents was noted among isolates that were susceptible-dose dependent (fluconazole MIC, 16 to 32 microg/ml) and resistant (MIC, > or = 64 microg/ml) to fluconazole. Candida albicans was the most susceptible species (MIC(90) of both ravuconazole and voriconazole, 0.03 microg/ml), and C. glabrata was the least susceptible species (MIC(90), 1 to 2 microg/ml). Ravuconazole and voriconazole were each more active in vitro than amphotericin B, 5FC, itraconazole, and fluconazole against all Candida spp. and were the only agents with good in vitro activity against C. krusei. These results provide further evidence for the spectrum and potency of ravuconazole and voriconazole against a large and geographically diverse collection of Candida spp.     

Effect of pH on in vitro susceptibility of Candida glabrata and Candida albicans to 11 antifungal agents and implications for clinical use

The treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) due to Candida glabrata is challenging, with limited therapeutic options. Unexplained disappointing clinical efficacy has been reported with systemic and topical azole antifungal agents in spite of in vitro susceptibility. Given that the vaginal pH of patients with VVC is unchanged at 4 to 4.5, we studied the effect of pH on the in vitro activity of 11 antifungal agents against 40 C. glabrata isolates and compared activity against 15 fluconazole-sensitive and 10 reduced-fluconazole-susceptibility C. albicans strains. In vitro susceptibility to flucytosine, fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, ciclopirox olamine, amphotericin B, and caspofungin was determined using the CLSI method for yeast susceptibility testing. Test media were buffered to pHs of 7, 6, 5, and 4. Under conditions of reduced pH, C. glabrata isolates remained susceptible to caspofungin and flucytosine; however, there was a dramatic increase in the MIC(90) for amphotericin B and every azole drug tested. Although susceptible to other azole drugs tested at pH 7, C. albicans strains with reduced fluconazole susceptibility also demonstrated reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B and all azoles at pH 4. In contrast, fluconazole-sensitive C. albicans isolates remained susceptible at low pH to azoles, in keeping with clinical observations. In selecting agents for treatment of recurrent C. glabrata vaginitis, clinicians should recognize the limitations of in vitro susceptibility testing utilizing pH 7.0.