腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术患者的围手术期护理

目的:探讨腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术(TEP)患者的围手术期护理方法。方法:回顾总结2013年1~12月我科收治165例腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术患者的围手术期护理方法及效果。结果:165例患者平均手术时间(45.30±5.30)min,住院时间(5.80±1.60)d,术中出血量(29.3±7.4)ml,患者无其他并发症出现,均好转出院。6个月后随访患者均无慢性疼痛,且无复发。结论:腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术手术时间短、住院时间短、并发症少、复发率低,患者疼痛轻;且在手术过程中能同时发现隐匿性疝,做好围手术期护理,注重细节,可促进早日恢复。     

危重瓣膜病的围术期治疗

目的:总结对因重症心脏瓣膜病行瓣膜置换患者围手术期的治疗经验。方法:156例患者行二尖瓣置换术(MVR)52例,主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)50例,MVR AVR54例;术中同时行DeVega或Kay氏三尖瓣成形术89例,左房折叠术 MVR43例,术中保留二尖瓣后瓣65例,保留全部二尖瓣装置23例,行多支冠状动脉搭桥术6例,AVR同时行左乳内动脉和左前降支吻合2例,术中平均搭桥(1.8±0.9)根。结果:156例患者中有8例早期死亡。存活的148例患者中有112例经术后随访6～12个月,无晚期死亡,心功能I～Ⅲ级。结论:合理的手术方式和术后处理是治疗重症心脏瓣膜病的关键。     

人工髋关节置换手术室规范化护理探讨

目的:探讨人工髋关节置换术的手术室规范化护理流程。方法:对2007年6月～2009年3月施行人工髋关节置换术的84例患者所实施的手术室规范化护理措施进行总结。结果:84例全髋关节置换术的手术时间为47～102min,平均(81±12)min。出院时髋关节Harris评分(82.36±5.8)分。76例患者获得随访,随访时间12～33个月,平均(25.3±5.8)个月,截止随访时仅1例患者坐股神经损伤,1年后逐渐恢复正常,均无深部感染、关节脱位及假体松动等并发症,髋关节功能良好,Harris评分(93.52±3.7)分与术后出院时比较(P0.05),有统计学意义。结论:手术室实行规范化护理措施,对保证人工全髋关节置换手术的成功具有重要意义。     

高危高龄患者人工全髋关节置换术43例围手术期的护理

目的总结全髋关节置换术围手术期的护理要点。方法 43例全髋关节置换术患者采取术前充分准备,术后护理,早期功能锻炼及并发症的预防。结果无一例患者发生感染和下肢静脉血栓等并发症,均在术后13～21d出院。随访4个月～2a,所有患者术后髋关节疼痛症状明显缓解,对手术效果满意。结论全髋关节置换术的成功除了医生熟练的技术外,围手术期护理不容忽视。     

肾功能不全患者心脏手术的围术期管理

目的:总结肾功能不全患者心脏手术围手术期管理的临床经验.方法:对1998年8月至2009年3月中国医科大学第一医院院收治的24例(其中18例为冠心病,4例为风湿性心脏病,1例为主动脉瓣病变合并冠心病, 1例为二尖瓣病变合并冠心病)合并肾功能不全患者心脏手术围术期治疗进行总结.结果:18例冠心病患者中10例在体外循环下完成手术,8例在非体外循环下完成手术.2例风湿性心脏病患者行双瓣置换术,2例行二尖瓣置换术.1例行冠状动脉旁路移植术加主动脉瓣置换术,1例行冠状动脉旁路移植加二尖瓣置换术.术后均进行连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT),透析6 h后患者心率、中心静脉压、肌酐和尿素氮较未透析时明显下降(P ＜ 0.05),而平均动脉压、动脉血氧分压较未透析时明显升高(P ＜ 0.05).围术期3例患者死亡, 3例患者放弃治疗, 其余18例患者中有5例改为内科规律透析治疗,10例患者肾功能恢复到术前水平出院后尿量恢复未再透析治疗,术后随访(28.5 ± 25.4)个月,心脏症状均消失,生存质量明显提高. 结论:CRRT是肾功能不全患者心脏术后围术期治疗的重要手段.     

全机器人辅助3D高清胸腔镜下房间隔缺损修补术的护理管理

目的 总结29例全机器人辅助3D高清胸腔镜下房间隔缺损修补术的护理特点及体会,为今后的临床管理提供护理依据。方法 回顾性分析2016年12月至2017年7月南京医科大学第一附属医院心脏大血管外科29例行全机器人辅助3D高清胸腔镜下房间隔缺损修补术患者的临床资料,总结围手术期在系统规范的护理管理下实施护理的效果和体会。 结果 29例患者均手术顺利,无1例中转开胸。手术时间为（1.25±0.37）h,术中失血量为（132.36±15.26）ml;术后重症监护16~22 h,术后首次排气时间（24.1±3.35）h、首次进食时间（16.5±2.43）h、首次下床时间（2.96±0.08）d,术后平均住院日（12.4±2.6）d,无并发症发生。随访期间无1例死亡、复发。结论 系统规范管理全机器人辅助3D高清胸腔镜下房间隔缺损修补术围手术期的护理措施,有助于促进患者快速康复。     

电视腹腔镜下全子宫切除术围手术期的护理

目的 探讨电视腹腔镜下全子宫切除术(Total Laparoscpic Hysterectomy)的围手术期护理.方法 应用临床资料整理和回顾性分析、收集的方法 ,总结汇总.结果 本组48例病人平均手术时间(164±26.28)min,平均出血量(110±21.25)ml,术后肛门排气时间(20.8±2.1)h,术后平均下床活动时间15 h,平均住院天数为12天,术后腹胀1例,重插尿管2例,均无其他并发症,所有患者在相应的术前与术后护理下治愈出院,治愈率100%.结论 针对腹腔镜下行全子宫切除的病人的特殊性,加强对病人围手术期护理,可保证患者手术的顺利及术后早日康复,减少住院时间,避免并发症.     

危重症患者经皮扩张气管切开术的围术期护理

目的总结CICU危重症患者行经皮扩张气管切开术(PDT)的围术期护理方法。方法回顾分析CICU中行PDT的危重症患者33例,总结围术期护理经验。结果全组PDT一次成功率100%。手术时间9~21min,平均时间(12.1±6.3)min。全组发生并发症4例(12%),3例切口出血,1例皮下气肿,无手术相关死亡。27例好转出院,随访3月,未发生气管狭窄等远期并发症。结论 PDT是一种简便、快捷、安全、微创的气管切开技术,完善的术前准备、密切的术中配合和有效的术后护理,有助于提高手术成功率、减少术后并发症的发生。     

右心室双流出口矫治术患儿的围手术期护理

目的总结右心室双流出口矫治术患儿的围手术期护理经验。方法回顾性分析本院2004年1月～2009年9月29例进行右心室双流出口矫治术患儿的临床资料,并总结护理要点。结果本组患儿术程顺利,主动脉阻断时间43～120min,平均(71.6±18.5)min;体外循环时间72-196min,平均(120.2±26.8)min;住院时间13-38d,中位住院时间21.0d。术后14例患儿出现并发症,3例死亡,其余患儿恢复良好出院。结论右心室双流出口矫治术患儿围术期易于出现并发症,术后应做好循环和呼吸系统的护理,预防低心排综合征和肺动脉高压,以降低术后并发症和死亡的发生率,提高手术成功率。     

全胸腔镜二尖瓣置换术46例经验总结

目的对全胸腔镜下二尖瓣置换手术进行进一步评价。方法 2009年6月至2013年6月共对46例二尖瓣狭窄伴/或关闭不全患者行全胸腔镜下二尖瓣机械瓣置换术。手术采用双腔气管插管,单肺通气。股动、静脉插管,进行体外循环。右侧胸壁打3个孔,完全在胸腔镜直视下进行二尖瓣置换手术。结果全组病例无死亡。手术体外循环时间87~186(117±35)min;升主动脉阻断57~127(86±38)min;术后呼吸机辅助6.3~38.2(13.5±5.8)h;患者术后住院6~14(9.1±3.1)d;术后胸液引流量50~1 260(420±65)ml。术后因胸腔引流较多行二次胸腔镜探查止血2例。股动脉插管处脂肪液化2例,经换药后治愈;瓣周漏1例,瓣周漏约2 mm,术后半年随访患者无明显症状。出院后随访3~6个月,成功随访39例,经彩超检查瓣膜功能均良好。5例术后有轻度心功能不全症状,经药物治疗后好转。结论全胸腔镜下二尖瓣置换术安全可行,创伤小。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.