体表骶神经电刺激结合盆底肌肉电刺激治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱

目的观察体表骶神经电刺激结合盆底肌肉电刺激治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的疗效。 方法选取脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱患者17例，其中男15例，女2例；平均年龄（32.9±11.5）岁，脊髓损伤时间（85.0±51.4）d。给予体表骶神经电刺激结合盆底肌肉电刺激治疗，每次20 min，每日 1次，每周5 d，连续治疗4周。比较治疗前、后的排尿日记、脊髓损伤神经学分类国际标准评分和尿流动力学检查结果。 结果经4周治疗后，患者24 h尿失禁次数减少（P<0.05），24 h排尿次数减少（P<0.05），每次排尿量增加（P<0.05），残余尿量减少（P<0.05）；尿流动力学检查结果显示，最大膀胱容积增加（P<0.05），充盈期逼尿肌压力下降（P<0.05），最大尿道压增加（P<0.05）。 结论体表骶神经电刺激结合盆底肌肉电刺激对脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱治疗有效。     

盆底肌电刺激治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的疗效观察

目的:探讨盆底肌电刺激(PES)对脊髓损伤(SCI)后膀胱功能障碍的疗效。方法:60例完全性SCI患者随机分为常规治疗组和PES组,每组30例。常规治疗组采用间歇导尿、激发排尿技术或Crede手压法、Valsalva屏气法;PES组采用PES联合常规康复治疗。治疗前、治疗后分别评定患者日排尿次数、平均膀胱容量、最大排尿量、残余尿量、生存质量评分和国际下尿路症状(LUTS)评分等。结果:2个月的疗程结束后,两组患者日排尿次数减少、平均膀胱容量增加、最大排尿量、残余尿量减少,排尿症状有显著改善(P<0.05),生存质量评分和国际LUTS症状评分差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),PES组明显优于常规治疗组(P<0.05)。结论:PES联合常规膀胱功能训练对治疗SCI患者神经源性膀胱的疗效优于常规的膀胱功能训练。     

骶神经电刺激治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍

目的：观察骶神经电刺激(sacral nerve stimulation，SNS)治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍的临床效果。方法：对1例确诊为顽固性排尿功能患者行骶3孔神经电刺激治疗。结果：电刺激治疗8d后及拔除电极后第1，4，8周，B超测定剩余尿量为0，尿失禁、尿频、尿急等临床症状均明显改善，每次排尿量正常。结论：骶神经电刺激能有效地治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍。     

功能性磁刺激对神经源性膀胱患者的疗效追踪

目的：追踪观察功能性磁刺激(FMS)治疗神经源性膀胱的疗效。方法：20例神经源性膀胱患者采用MagLite型磁刺激仪，经S3神经根和膀胱区行FMS治疗，每日2次，5d／周，4—6周1个疗程。以生活质量评分和国际下尿路综合征症状评分评价治疗前后及停止治疗第1、3个月时排尿次数、平均尿量及单次最大排尿量。结果：治疗后，20例中17例症状显著改善，日排尿次数显著减少，平均尿量增加，尿急程度减轻，其中3例治愈；3例无效。结论：FMS可显著改善部分神经源性膀胱患者的排尿功能，提高生活质量。     

心理干预治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的疗效观察

目的观察心理干预对脊髓损伤（SCI）后神经源性膀胱的患者的疗效。 方法将60例SCI后神经源性膀胱的患者按随机数字表法分为治疗组（30例）和对照组（30例）。2组患者均给予常规的膀胱功能训练,治疗组在常规训练的基础上增加心理干预。2组患者均于治疗前和治疗8周后检测膀胱容量、最大排尿量、残余尿量、日排尿次数等指标,同时采用7级日常生活质量评分和国际下尿路症状（LUTS）评分进行疗效评定。 结果治疗8周后,2组患者的膀胱容量、最大排尿量、日排尿次数和残余尿量均显著改善(P<0.05),且治疗组上述各项指标较对照组改善更为显著,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05）。治疗8周后,治疗组的生活质量评分和LUTS评分分别为（1.75±0.86）分和（14.60±8.87）分,与组内治疗前和对照组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论在常规膀胱功能训练的基础上联合心理干预治疗,可显著改善SCI后神经源性膀胱的排尿功能,提高患者的生活质量。     

骶神经电剌激治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍(英文)

目的:观察骶神经电刺激(sacralnervestimulation,SNS)治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍的临床效果。方法:对1例确诊为顽固性排尿功能患者行骶3孔神经电刺激治疗。结果:电刺激治疗8d后及拔除电极后第1,4,8周,B超测定剩余尿量为0,尿失禁、尿频、尿急等临床症状均明显改善,每次排尿量正常。结论:骶神经电刺激能有效地治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍。     

骶神经电刺激治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍

目的观察骶神经电刺激(sacral nerve stimulafion,SNS)治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍的临床效果.方法对1例确诊为顽固性排尿功能患者行骶3孔神经电刺激治疗.结果电刺激治疗8 d后及拔除电极后第1,4,8周,B超测定剩余尿量为0,尿失禁、尿频、尿急等临床症状均明显改善,每次排尿量正常.结论骶神经电刺激能有效地治疗顽固性排尿功能障碍.     

不同时长任脉灸对骶上脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱患者排尿功能的影响

目的:观察不同时长任脉灸对骶上脊髓损伤(SSCI)后神经源性膀胱(NB)患者排尿功能的影响。方法:选择2016年12月—2018年12月在山东中医药大学第二附属医院康复医学科治疗的SSCI后NB患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组在患者鸠尾穴至中极穴的任脉段给予任脉灸,每次灸治1 h,3次/周,共治疗4周;观察组每次灸治时间改为2 h,其余治疗操作同对照组,3次/周,共治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用24 h排尿日记(单次排尿量、24 h排尿次数、24 h漏尿次数)、最大膀胱安全容量和残余尿量评价患者的排尿功能。结果:治疗4周后,对照组排尿次数、漏尿次数、单次排尿量、最大膀胱安全容量、残余尿量分别为(11.25±0.43)次/d、(5.30±0.37)次/d、(148.55±17.81)mL、(301.90±14.73)mL、(72.50±7.21)mL,观察组排尿次数、漏尿次数、单次排尿量、最大膀胱安全容量、残余尿量分别为(9.80±1.51)次/d、(4.45±0.31)次/d、(159.40±10.97)mL、(314.90±16.33)mL、(67.05±7.18)mL。与治疗前比较,2组治疗4周后每日排尿次数、漏尿次数、残余尿量均明显降低,单次尿量、膀胱安全容量均明显升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组每日排尿次数、漏尿次数、残余尿量降低更加明显,单次排尿量、最大膀胱安全容量改善更加明显(P<0.05)。结论:长时程任脉灸可以更有效改善SSCI后NB患者排尿功能,减少尿失禁。     

生物反馈联合电刺激治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的疗效观察

目的:观察生物反馈联合电刺激对脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱患者膀胱功能的影响。方法:将80例神经源性膀胱患者随机分为2组各40例。2组采用常规间歇式导尿技术并制定饮水计划,观察组加用生物反馈联合电刺激治疗。治疗前后评定2组患者膀胱功能及国际下尿路症候群症状(LUTS)评分。结果:治疗4周后,2组患者每日最大排尿量均较治疗前明显增加(P<0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P<0.05);2组每日平均排尿次数、残余尿量、平均漏尿次数及LUTS评分均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05),且观察组更低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:生物反馈联合电刺激治疗方法对SCI患者神经源性膀胱功能康复的疗效优于常规的膀胱功能治疗训练。     

体表膀胱及骶神经电刺激联合冷热交替膀胱冲洗法对脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱功能恢复的影响

目的：观察体表膀胱及骶神经电刺激联合冷热交替膀胱冲洗对脊髓损伤（SCI）后神经源性膀胱功能恢复的影响。方法将45例SCI后膀胱功能障碍患者按随机数字表法分为体表电刺激＋冷热冲洗组、体表电刺激组和常规组3组,每组15例。常规组采用常规无菌性间歇导尿和膀胱功能训练;体表电刺激组在常规组治疗的基础上给予患者体表膀胱及骶神经电刺激;体表电刺激＋冷热冲洗组在体表电刺激组治疗基础上加用冷热交替膀胱冲洗。对3组患者治疗前、治疗2个月后的膀胱容量、残余尿量、泌尿系感染发生率及停止导尿时间进行比较。结果3组患者治疗2个月后膀胱容量多于治疗前、残余尿量少于治疗前（均P＜0.05）;体表电刺激＋冷热冲洗组及体表电刺激组的膀胱容量明显多于常规组、残余尿量明显少于常规组（均P＜0.05）;体表电刺激＋冷热冲洗组的膀胱容量明显多于体表电刺激组、残余尿量明显少于体表电刺激组、停止导尿时间短于体表刺激组（均P＜0.05）。体表电刺激＋冷热冲洗组泌尿系统感染发生率为6.7%,体表电刺激组泌尿系统感染发生率为40.0%,常规组泌尿系统感染发生率为46.7%,体表电刺激组及常规组的感染发生率明显高于体表电刺激＋冷热冲洗组（均P＜0.05）。结论体表膀胱及骶神经电刺激联合冷热交替膀胱冲洗法能有效地减少SCI后膀胱功能障碍患者残余尿量,增加膀胱容量,减少泌尿系统感染发生率并缩短导尿时间,有效地促进了SCI后神经源性膀胱功能的恢复。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.     

Partial medial meniscectomy produces osteoarthritis pain-related behaviour in female C57BL/6 mice

Murine models of osteoarthritis (OA) provide a potentially powerful tool to elucidate mechanisms responsible for OA pain. However, few studies have examined pain behaviours in relevant OA models in mice. We have therefore characterized the time course and pharmacological sensitivities of pain-related behaviours in a model of OA in C57Bl/6 mice induced by partial medial meniscectomy. Progressive degenerative joint damage developed in a time-dependent manner and was first detected 4 weeks after surgery. Pain was assessed by monitoring weight bearing, mechanical hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, mechanical allodynia and vocalisation in response to knee compression for 12 weeks postsurgery. No significant weight-bearing deficits were observed during the course of the study. Significant mechanical allodynia was present in the ipsilateral hind limb from 9 weeks after surgery. Hind limb mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia, and increased vocalisation in response to knee compression developed in the ipsilateral limb in 2 phases. An early phase of hypersensitivities lasted for up to 3 weeks and was reversed by treatment with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac. Pain then resolved for several weeks, followed by a second phase of NSAID-insensitive pain after 7 weeks postsurgery. During this phase, all pain behaviours could be reversed by morphine. In contrast, other analgesic drugs (paracetamol, gabapentin, and tramadol) had selective effects on only 1 or 2 modalities. Pain levels fluctuated during the second phase, with transient periods of reduced pain. At these times, underlying hypersensitivities could be unmasked by administration of naloxone, indicating that reduced pain was due to endogenous opioids.     

Case Report: Delayed Subclavian Vein Injury Secondary to Clavicular Malunion

Background

Fractures of the clavicle are extremely common, representing 2.6–12% of all fractures and 35–44% of all shoulder girdle injuries; 69–82% of these fractures occur in the middle third of the clavicle. Vascular injuries relating to clavicle fracture are usually due to extreme force applied to the clavicle in an acute setting. No other reports of delayed subclavian vein laceration were found on literature search.

Objectives

We present this case to increase awareness among emergency physicians of the potential delayed presentation of this rare condition.

Case Report

A 21-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department with acute swelling of the base of the neck after carrying a heavy load on his left shoulder the night before. He had been recovering from a clavicle fracture for 2 months. Malunion of his left midshaft clavicle fracture led to subclavian vein injury and formation of a large hematoma secondary to reinjury that occurred at work the night before presentation. Computed tomography revealed a 9-cm hematoma at the fracture site. The patient was found to have a subclavian vein injury without evidence of arterial injury or nervous system involvement. The patient was admitted for observation and subsequently discharged without need for surgical intervention.

Conclusion

Subclavian vein laceration is a rare complication of clavicle fracture. Patient education at discharge after conservative management is important due to the risk of vascular complications from malunion and reinjury.     

The effect of muscle movement on the electroencephalogram during anesthesia with alfentanil

Using aperiodic analysis, we examined the impact on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of muscle activity from opiate-induced rigidity with alfentanil. We compared two groups of patients, one receiving alfentanil with neuromuscular blocking agents and the other group receiving no relaxants. The alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity exerted a noticeable effect on the EEG, with a moderate effect on total power at 1 Hz; a marked effect on the total number of waves, cumulative percent power at 3 Hz, and average power at 17 to 19 Hz; and a striking effect on F90, the frequency below which 90% of the power resides. The presence of electromyographic (EMG) noise in the EEG consistently altered the variables derived from the EEG, so that anesthetic depth appeared less than it actually was. This was true in spite of the fact that we gave slightly more alfentanil in the group not receiving a relaxant. Although the observed muscle activity was greater than that usually seen clinically, and may have differed qualitatively, the results do serve as a warning that muscle noise can interfere with the EEG. Currently, there is no computerized technique that will reject or account for this noise, and we must depend on observation to recognize the EMG patterns within the EEG, either with the raw recording or with a detailed analysis (such as aperiodic analysis), and to compensate for this noise if possible. Techniques that average the EEG or that present a single number have difficulty providing this information. These results do not detract from the usefulness of the EMG contained in EEG recordings as a supplementary or complementary indicator of anesthetic lightness.